THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Volume 12, Number 7, 2006, pp. 625–631

© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

The Effect of Johrei Healing on Substance Abuse Recovery:

A Pilot Study

AUDREY J. BROOKS, Ph.D.,1,2 GARY E. SCHWARTZ, Ph.D.,1,2,3 KATIE REECE, B.A.,4

and REV. GERRY NANGLE, B.A.4

ABSTRACT

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Johrei healing, a form of
energy healing, on substance use and psychologic symptoms in a sample of clients receiving substance abuse
treatment.
Methods: Twenty-one (21) persons in residential substance-abuse treatment participated in a randomized,
wait-list control pilot study of Johrei healing. Twelve (12) of the participants received three 20-minute Johrei
sessions for 5 weeks in addition to their regular treatment.
Results: The results are from the first treatment wave. Individual healing sessions were evaluated pre–post
with the Johrei Experience Scale. Participants showed significant decreases in stress/depression and physical
pain and increases in positive emotional/spiritual state, energy, and overall well-being after an individual Johrei
healing session. The Global Assessment of Individual Need (GAIN), Profile of Mood States (POMS), General
Alcoholics Anonymous Tools of Recovery, and 12-Step Participation scales were administered before and af-
ter the 5-week intervention to assess change in substance use, psychologic distress, mood, and 12-Step parti-
cipation. Improvements in depression and trauma symptoms, externalizing behaviors (GAIN), and vigor (POMS)
were found for the treatment group. Despite comparable 12-Step attendance the treatment group showed greater
improvement than the wait-list control group in the use of 12-Step recovery tools. No difference in substance
use was found between the two groups.
Conclusions: Variables related to substance use and relapse showed improvement in the treatment group
suggesting that Johrei healing shows promise and should be studied with a larger sample, over a longer treat-
ment period, with sham controls.

INTRODUCTION ease. Decreases in spirituality over time3 and self-identifying

as “unsure” as to religious background4 were found to predict

A ddiction is oftentimes characterized as a spiritual disease.

Prezioso1 described negative spirituality as the dominant
worldview of substance abusers. The bimodal spiritual model
of alcoholism argues that there are difficulties with integrat-
ing the spiritual and organizing, logical functions of the brain.2
Recent studies support this view of addiction as a spiritual dis-
increased substance use and relapse. A link between reli-
giousness and decreased substance use has been consistently
found in studies with both adolescents and adults.5–6 Based on
this view of addiction the changes necessary to resolve the is-
sues underlying substance abuse described above would re-
quire an ongoing spiritual process or transformation.1,7–10

1Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

2Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
3Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
4Johrei Fellowship, Tucson, AZ.

Research Institution: Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

625
626
Despite this, spirituality has traditionally been a neglected
measurement domain in addiction research even though re-
searchers have explained little of the variance in relation to
the onset, process, and outcome of addictions.11,12 Reasons
cited for this neglect include the isolation of the spiritual do-
main from the biomedical and psychosocial professions,11
difficulty with defining spirituality,12 and social disapproval
of altered states of consciousness.8 This oversight seems par-
ticularly conspicuous given that many contemporary treat-
ment models including the 12-Step approach have a spiri-
tual foundation.
A few studies have examined the relationship between
spirituality and recovery. Increases in spirituality13,14 and
purpose in life,14,15 and a shift in values16 have been found
in recovering individuals. Twelve (12)-Step–based spiritual
practices have also been found to be prevalent in recover-
ing individuals.17,18 In addition, 12-Step spiritual practices
are related to better emotional health17 and sobriety.19,20
Higher Theism and Self-Transcendence (from the Daily
Spiritual Experiences scale)21 and spiritual coping22 were
also found to be related to longer periods of sobriety. A qual-
itative study of the spiritual awakening process found sur-
render to and acceptance of a higher power, faith, gratitude,
and the development of humility, kindness, and gentleness
governing the recovery process.23
Spirituality in recovery is typically confined to guidance
contained in the 12-Steps. Other than this, spiritually based
interventions are virtually nonexistent. However, given the
spiritual nature of the 12-Step approach and the relationship
between spirituality and recovery, a logical progression
would be the examination of the effect of spiritual healing
practices on recovery. Few studies have been conducted in
this area. The first attempt in this area was the application
of Transcendental Mediation™ (TM) to substance-abuse
treatment. Several studies demonstrated the positive effects
of TM in treating substance use.24 More recently, pilot stud-
ies utilizing qigong,25 Therapeutic Touch,26,27 and Vipas-
sana Meditation28 have shown promising results in treating
substance use. Although these studies suggest that spiritu-
ally based modalities have a positive effect on recovery,
some studies show a minimal or no effect. A study of dis-
tant intercessory prayer found increased drinking in the treat-
ment group; however self-prayer was associated with de-
creased drinking early in recovery.29 Similarly, a study
comparing the addition of either Hatha Yoga or group psy-
chotherapy to methadone maintenance treatment showed
positive results for both groups with neither being superior.30
The purpose of the present pilot study is to examine the
effects of a spiritually based energy modality, Johrei, on
substance use and psychologic symptoms in a sample of per-
sons in residential substance-abuse treatment. Johrei is a
form of energy healing from Japan which has been practiced
for more than 70 years. The basic premise is that the uni-
verse consists fundamentally of energy that comes from a
BROOKS ET AL.
universal source. Johrei includes a general belief in a higher
power, and is open to practitioners of all faiths. Johrei is
premised on the body’s innate ability to heal itself of both
physical and mental symptoms via the application, or chan-
neling, of this spiritual vibration. Johrei’s belief system is
based on the idea that health and illness are a reflection of
a person’s spiritual condition.31 The intention is to facilitate
and promote overall health and well-being by releasing neg-
ativity from the individual’s spiritual self, thereby reflect-
ing healing to the physical and mental levels. In Johrei, it
is believed that focused spiritual energy can be transmitted
through the giver, interacting and synchronizing with the re-
ceiver. The typical Johrei healing session consists of a giver
and a receiver facing each other. It is thought that universal
(divine) energy comes from a higher power through the giver
and out the giver’s hand to the receiver. Studies have found
Johrei to be an effective stress-management tool.32,33 Sim-
ilarly, a preliminary study examining changes in emotional
state following Johrei treatment found that recipients of
Johrei reported a significant decrease in negative emotional
states (e.g., anxiety, depression, etc.) following a Johrei
treatment session.31 The effect of Johrei on a substance-us-
ing population has not been investigated.
METHODS
The present study was one of eight pilot projects funded
as part of the Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Sci-
ence (CFMBS) University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. The pi-
lot project program was designed to fund early phase re-
search related the broader integrative mission of CFMBS as
a whole with the goal of obtaining pilot data for generating
R-21 applications (a National Institutes of Health explor-
atory/developmental grant). The maximum amount a proj-
ect received was $10,000.
Twenty-one (21) persons in residential substance-abuse
treatment participated in a pilot study to determine the effect
of Johrei healing on the recovery process. A randomized, wait-
list control group design was used. The data presented repre-
sents the results of the first treatment wave. Twelve (12) par-
ticipants were assigned to the treatment group in the first wave.
Treatment
The Johrei intervention consisted of three 20-minute ses-
sions per week for 5 weeks. Because of a holiday, the total
number of sessions offered during the treatment program
was 14. Two sessions were offered at the treatment site, the
third session was offered at the Johrei Center. A 15-minute
class on Johrei was also offered during the Johrei Center
session before the treatment. Johrei practitioners followed
a standardized protocol designed specifically for substance-
abuse problems. In general, practitioners participated in only
EFFECT OF JOHREI ON SUBSTANCE ABUSERS
1 healing session per week. Thus, participants received
Johrei from multiple practitioners.
Intervention process measures
As an acute intervention effect check, the Johrei Subjec-
tive Experiences Scale (JES)34 and Arizona Integrated Out-
comes Scale (AIOS)35 were completed pre- and post each
individual healing session by the participants. The JES is a
21-item scale measuring the following states: energy/alert-
ness; stress/depression; positive emotional and spiritual
state; and physical pain. The AIOS is a single item mea-
suring overall well-being, taking into account physical, emo-
tional, social, mental, and spiritual well-being.
Outcome measures
Demographic and background characteristics, substance-
use recency, days of substance use, days of no use, behavioral
health, and emotional problems were measured with the Global
Assessment of Individual Need-Quick (GAIN) scale.36 Sub-
stance use recency and days of use were analyzed by individ-
ual substances (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine/crack, metham-
phetamine, opiates) and as a composite of the individual
substances. Behavioral health was measured by several indi-
cators. Internal behaviors consist of the depressive symptom
index, anxiety symptom index, suicidal thought index, and
traumatic symptom index. These indices were analyzed sepa-
rately and as an internal behavior composite. External behav-
iors consist of the activity/inattention scale, behavioral prob-
lems scale (e.g., lying, hitting, bullying, etc.), and general
crime scale (e.g., vandalism, stealing). These indices were an-
alyzed separately and as an external behavior composite. The
emotional problem index is comprised of 3 items measuring
the frequency and recency of psychologic problems.
Lower scores indicate fewer problems. Craving was as-
sessed with the 5-item PENN Craving scale.37 The Profile
of Mood States (POMS)38 measures changes in tension/anx-
iety, depression, anger/hostility, concentration, fatigue, and
vigor. Twelve (12)-Step involvement was measured with the
General AA Tools of Recovery scale (GAATOR),39 a 24-
item scale measuring the practice of the steps (e.g., “I have
made direct amends to those whom I have harmed,” I have
found character defects which I am willing to give up,” etc.)
and the 12-Step Participation scale,40 measuring level of par-
ticipation (e.g., number of meetings attended) in the 12-Step
program. All primary outcome measures were completed at
baseline and following the 5-week Johrei intervention.
RESULTS
Data presented are only for persons with both of the pre
and post 5-week intervention assessments (N  21). One
627
person assigned to the first treatment wave and three as-
signed to the wait-list control dropped out following the
pretest assessment.
Sample description
The whole sample (N  21) consisted of 13 males and 9
females. Fifteen (15) of the participants were Anglo (71%).
All of the participants were either single or divorced, with an
average age of 41 years old. Ten (10) participants had a high-
school education or less (48%). Participants had an average
of 10.7 prior substance-abuse treatment attempts. Thirteen (13)
participants (62%) met the criteria for substance dependence
with physical symptoms in the past year. The most frequently
used substances were alcohol, cocaine/crack, and marijuana.
Participants attended an average of 23 12-Step meetings and
had worked on an average of 5.7 steps in the past 30 days.
Many participants reported they had been diagnosed by coun-
selors or doctors and were found to have comorbid psycho-
logic disorders. For example, 9 participants reported anxiety
diagnoses (43%), 10 reported depressive disorders (48%), and
8 reported post-traumatic stress disorders (38%). Nine (9) par-
ticipants were taking psychotropic medication (43%). There
were no baseline differences between the two groups on the
demographic and outcome variables.
Intervention process measures
The average attendance in the first wave was 9.75 ses-
sions with a range of 1–14. Paired t-tests were conducted
on the JES and AIOS scales. Statistically significant differ-
ences (p  0.001) were found for all of the scales. Positive
emotional state, energy, and overall well-being (AIOS) in-
creased immediately following the Johrei session, while
stress/depression and physical pain decreased (Table 1).
Outcome measures
An analysis of covariance controlling for the pretest score
was conducted on the outcome variables. Because of the
small sample size and exploratory nature of the study, the
significance level was set at p  0.10.
Significant improvements in the GAIN depression symp-
toms, traumatic symptoms, and externalizing behaviors,
POMS vigor, and the GAATOR use of recovery tools were
found for the treatment group (Table 2). There was a trend
toward significance for the GAIN activity/inattention scale.
Although the findings were in the predicted direction for
substance use, none of the variables were statistically sig-
nificant. However, this is hypothesized to be the result of
the short duration of the treatment period and low use while
in residential treatment. A power analysis was conducted on
a composite of days of substance use in the past 30 days. A
sample size of 74 per group allowed us to detect a compa-
rable effect with 0.80 power at   0.05, two-tailed.
628 BROOKS ET AL.

TABLE 1. PRE–POST MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS JOHREI SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND AIOS SCALES
Variable Pre-test mean (SD) Post-test mean (SD) t, p  0.001

Positive emotional state 35.79 ( 9.26) 39.17 ( 9.92) t(188)  7.49

Energy/alertness 5.96 ( 1.98) 6.57 ( 1.96) t(188)  5.38
Stress/depression 14.65 ( 5.59) 10.85 ( 3.96) t(188)  12.71
Pain 2.17 ( 1.29) 1.81 ( 1.13) t(188)  6.29
AIOS 5.86 ( 1.94) 7.04 ( 1.85) t(188)  13.6

SD, standard deviation; AIOS, Arizona Integrated Outcomes Scale.

DISCUSSION stance-abuse treatment are still quite common.43,44 Only re-

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a
spiritually based energy modality on substance use and psy-
chologic symptoms in a sample of substance abusers in res-
idential treatment. Treatment process measures indicate that
participants experienced the positive effects of Johrei im-
mediately following the healing session, showing decreases
in negative emotional states and increases in positive emo-
tional states, suggesting an acute intervention effect. In terms
of the primary outcome measures, the primary differences
between the treatment and comparison groups were found
in the areas of 12-Step involvement, emotional health (de-
pression, trauma, and vigor), and externalizing behaviors.
No differences in substance use were found between the
groups.
12-Step involvement
Substance abuse has been characterized as a chronic, re-
lapsing disorder.41 Indeed relapse following alcoholism
treatment is estimated to range between 65% and 75%.42
The 12-Step approach has been the most prevalent substance
abuse treatment approach for decades, either as the founda-
tion of a treatment program, an adjunct to treatment, after-
care, or as a community-based self-help support group.
Despite this, low rates of attendance during or after sub-
cently, have researchers begun to examine the effectiveness
of the 12-Step approach. Twelve (12)-Step self-help meet-
ings participation is associated with better outcomes for both
patients who abuse alcohol and those who abuse drugs, and
at varying follow-up periods.44–50 However, most of these
studies examine 12-Step meeting attendance alone and ne-
glect 12-Step involvement or practice of the steps as distinct
from attendance. In studies that distinguish between 12-Step
involvement versus attendance, involvement has been found
to be a better predictor of substance use.44,50 In the present
study, participants were required to attend 12-Step meetings
on a regular basis as a part of their treatment; thus, the at-
tendance between the groups was comparable. However, the
Johrei treatment group showed greater 12-Step involvement.
Given the evolving evidence supporting the relationship be-
tween 12-Step attendance and, even more so, involvement
in the steps to substance-use outcomes, the findings of the
present study suggest that Johrei shows promise as an ad-
junct to normal substance-abuse treatment in facilitating 12-
Step participation.
Behavioral health
While 12-Step approaches are showing promise as an ef-
fective treatment approach, other factors have been identi-
fied as contributing to substance use and relapse. The Johrei

TABLE 2. ANCOVA POST-TEST MEANS BY INTERVENTION GROUP

Variable Group N Mean (SE) 95% CI Significance

GAIN depressive symptoms Treatment 12 1.44 (0.42) 0.556–2.325 F(1,17)  8.20, p  0.011
Wait-list 8 3.34 (0.514) 2.256–4.423
GAIN traumatic symptoms Treatment 12 1.178 (0.326) 0.492–1.865 F(1,17)  3.26, p  0.089
Wait-list 8 2.108 (0.399) 1.266–2.949
GAIN externalizing behaviors Treatment 12 1.851 (0.559) 0.676–3.025 F(1,18)  3.14, p  0.093
Wait-list 9 3.436 (0.653) 2.064–4.809
GAIN activity/inattention Treatment 12 1.385 (0.416) 0.510–2.26 F(1,18)  2.88, p  0.107
Wait-list 9 2.509 (0.486) 1.488–3.53
POMS vigor scale Treatment 12 15.119 (1.4) 12.178–18.061 F(1,18)  4.52, p  0.048
Wait-list 9 10.571 (1.617) 7.174–13.968
GAATOR Treatment 12 79.623 (2.049) 75.318–83.928 F(1,18)  7.09, p  0.016
Wait-list 9 71.169 (2.375) 66.18–76.158

ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; SE, standard error; GAIN, Global Assessment of Individual Need-Quick scale; POMS, Profile of
Mood States scale; GAATOR, General AA Tools of Recovery scale.
EFFECT OF JOHREI ON SUBSTANCE ABUSERS
intervention had a positive effect on depression and trauma
symptoms, vigor, and externalizing behaviors, all of which
can be associated with substance use initiation, ongoing sub-
stance use, and relapse. The National Comorbidity Survey
estimated that approximately 51% of patients with lifetime
mental health disorders also had lifetime substance-use dis-
orders; likewise, approximately 51% of patients with life-
time substance-use disorders also had comorbid lifetime
mental health disorders.51 Persons with comorbid mental
health and substance disorders are more prone to relapse,
are less compliant with medications and treatment, are im-
paired by social and economic stressors (e.g., homelessness),
experience more negative outcomes (e.g., incarceration, hu-
man immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C), and often do
not respond well to accepted treatments for single diag-
noses.52–55 In addition, substance abusers often report using
substances to self-medicate for psychologic symptoms.56,57
While the presence of a comorbid mental health disorder
was not specifically assessed in the present study, nearly
half of the sample was taking psychotropic medication and
many of these patients had been told by a health care pro-
fessional that they had a mental health disorder; thus, an ad-
junctive treatment that reduces psychologic symptomatol-
ogy may improve substance-use related outcomes also.
The positive effect of Johrei in the present study on be-
havioral health is consistent with findings from other stud-
ies on Johrei that found positive effects on depression, anx-
iety, vigor, confusion,33 and immune-system parameters
associated with stress (T-lymphocytes and natural-killer
cells)32 in students during examination periods. Similarly,
the positive findings for positive and negative emotional
states after a Johrei healing session mirror the results from
an earlier study examining emotional state following Johrei
healing34 supporting the notion that Johrei healing influ-
ences mood, psychologic symptoms, and stress-related vari-
ables. Given the relationship between behavioral health vari-
ables and substance use in general, Johrei may prove to be
an effective ancillary treatment on behavioral health vari-
ables related to relapse and relapse prevention.
Study limitations
This study was limited by the fact that this was an early
phase pilot study. As with any pilot, it used a small sample,
a short intervention period, and limited follow-up. The small
sample size and exploratory nature of the study necessitated
the adjustment of the significance level to a more lenient
level. However, the goal of any pilot study is to determine
implementation feasibility and possible efficacy of an in-
tervention and, as such, this pilot was successful. Pilot stud-
ies, or early phase research, are designed to highlight
promising new interventions. However, because of the lim-
ited funding and resources allocated to these types of stud-
ies the findings are often not very robust. Therefore, posi-
tive findings, such as those in the present study, need to be
629
followed with larger, more rigorous studies to avoid dis-
missing potential positive interventions.
Future research into the utility of Johrei healing with this
population needs to be conducted with a larger sample and
with a longer intervention and follow-up time frame. A
placebo effect in the form of another person paying atten-
tion to the participant cannot be ruled out either. The pres-
ent study used a wait-list control; larger studies should uti-
lize some form of sham healing condition as a control to
verify the effect of Johrei healing. A larger study using the
above suggestions would allow us to confirm the findings
from the present study, as well as assessing whether sub-
stance use changes also occur.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of the present pilot study suggest that Johrei
healing may be a promising adjunctive treatment in sub-
stance-abuse recovery process and, accordingly, warrants
further study. The lack of substance use findings may be at-
tributable to the short follow-up period. Given the effect of
Johrei on variables normally associated with substance use
and relapse, one would expect to also find a beneficial ef-
fect on substance use over time. Some researchers have ad-
vocated for the addition of complementary and alternative
methods to substance abuse treatment in keeping with a
bio–psycho–social–spiritual model of treatment. Along
these lines, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hos-
pitals has mandated assessment of spirituality as part of the
substance abuse intake process.58 Thus, the time may be ripe
for the study of spiritually based interventions for the treat-
ment of substance abuse disorders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Johrei practitioners and the
staff at Compass Behavioral health for their participation in
and assistance with this study.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of
Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (NIH/NCCAM; P20AT00774). The experiment
was funded as a pilot study as part of the Center for Fron-
tier Medicine in Biofield Science.58 The contents are solely
the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily rep-
resent the official views of the NCCAM or the NIH.
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