Joint, interagency, intergovernmental and multinational (JIIM) forces

A major emphasis at USNORTHCOM is leveraging interagency or interorganizational partnerships with

other USG and non-USG agencies and organizations. Relationships between organizations and individual
representatives of agencies and organizations, including DOD, take time to develop. The time to develop
these relationships (or friendships) is before a crisis occurs and the capabilities and resources of these
other organizations are required.

Two Possible Themes

First is the stereotypical one that military and non-military agencies and organizations do not often work
well together and, in fact, the relationship and trust between them is frosty.

The second theme, which is more positive, is that in dealing with a crisis it is often the military forces,
both joint and multinational, that are the dominant entities and are most readily visible. Yet there are
numerous other agencies and organizations also at work supporting the military’s efforts. These other
organizations may not be as readily noticeable, but in the long run, they may make the most significant
contributions to long-term solutions to a crisis and challenge.

Joint Interagency Coordination Group (JIACG)

• The JIACG is the joint doctrinal, generic term referring to a  standing interagency group at a CCMD.
• However, there is no standard organizational structure for a JIACG. Each of the CCMDs has organized
its interagency representation to fit its needs and missions.
• None of the CCMD interagency groups are referred to as a JIACG.
• JP 3-08 caveats the use of JIACG with the words “or equivalent organization.”

Roles and Responsibilities

• Participate in CCMD planning activities
• Advise CCMD on US Government policies; agencies’ capabilities, resources, and assets; support
requirements, and limitations
• Provide an interagency perspective during joint operations
• Communicate interagency perspective and issues with JTF and component planners and staffs
• Support deployment and employment of US Government teams within an AOR and AO

Check on learning:
USEUCOM’s emphasis in their vision and mission statements is on interagency cooperation and unity of
effort. (false)
-Much like USEUCOM, USNORTHCOM has also organized their joint interagency coordination group into
a separate staff directorate.
-Interagency or US Government representatives are coordinators, not policymakers, and serve as
conduits to their parent agencies.
-Joint interagency coordination group, or JIACG, is a generic doctrinal term referring to a standing
interagency group at a CCMD
FEEDBACK:
None of the CCMD interagency groups are referred to as a JIACG. USEUCOM’s emphasis within their
vision and mission statements is “whole-of-society.
STATE DEPARTMENT
Secretary of State

Role and Authority

• Serves as the principal advisor to the President on   foreign policy issues
• Coordinates foreign policy issues for the US   Government
• Implements the President’s foreign policy decisions and programs
• Protects US interests and citizens abroad
• Supervises and directs:
 – Peace Corps Programs
 – Economic Assistance
 – Military Assistance
 – Military Education and Training
 – Military Sales Programs
 – Immigration
 – Refugee Assistance

State Department Responsibilities

• Manage US relations with foreign governments, international organizations and foreign citizens
• Represent the US overseas; convey US policies  and information
• Negotiate agreements and treaties
• Coordinate and support US international activities,  including those of other USG agencies
• Promote mutual understanding between US and  international people

Department of State Personnel Strength

• Approximately 57,500 employees

• 11,500 Diplomatic Corps
 – 6,500 Foreign Service Officers (Political, Economic,
     Public Diplomacy, Consular, Management)
 – 5,000 Foreign Service Specialists (Security, Medical,
     Finance, Communications, Secretarial)
• 8,000 Civil Service
• 38,000 Foreign Service Nationals
– Locally employed staff—advisors, analysts, clerks, maintenance, drivers

Additional Key Undersecretariats and Bureaus

• Undersecretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs—Leads the US' overall efforts in public
diplomacy and the use of  Information power while the military conducts strategic communication.
• Undersecretariat for Civilian Security, Democracy and Human  Rights
• Undersecretariat for Arms Control and International Security
DOS Institutional Culture
• Highly adaptable, do not see world in “black and white” absolutes;  comfortable with putting things
together as they go along.
• Political/economic/cultural awareness of the operational environment; the ability to communicate in
local language and freedom of movement to develop personal relationships are fundamental to mission
success.
• Dislike “fortress embassies” and non-permissive environments
• Worldwide available—60% overseas, up-or-out promotion, have personal rank like the military (not
rank by position as in civil service)
• Flatter organizational chart, smaller size, and higher ratio of officers—means State Department
personnel can have policy roles even at junior levels.
• State Department excels at analysis/situational awareness, especially in strategic context.
• State Department decision making is deliberative and iterative.
• State Department personnel are much less rank conscious than DOD, and thus usually less formal.
• Each situation is different—little doctrine to follow; manuals are more administrative for personnel,
contracting, and transportation rules.

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

Key Points
• An independent USG agency
• Principal USG agency for assistance to countries:
 – Recovering from disaster.
 – Trying to escape poverty.
 – Engaging in democratic reforms.
• Supports long-term and equitable economic growth
• Advances US foreign policy objectives by supporting:
 – Economic growth, agriculture, and trade.
 – Global health.
 – Democracy, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance.
• Works in agriculture, democracy and governance, economic growth, the environment, education,
health, global partnership, and humanitarian assistance

USAID works extensively through temporary hires, foreign service nationals in country and contractors.
USAID is also, for the military, an excellent interlocutor for working with NGOs, or as USAID refers to
them, private voluntary organizations.

Vision—To accelerate the advance of democracy, prosperity and human well-being in developing
countries.

Mission—USAID accelerates human progress in developing countries by reducing poverty, advancing

democracy, promoting security, responding to crises, and improving quality of life.
Working with governments, institutions and civil society, we assist individuals to build their own futures
through market economies by mobilizing the full range of America’s public and private resources
through expert presence overseas.

The five regional bureaus oversee 79 USAID bilateral and regional field missions in low and middle
income developing countries. USAID missions are part of the US embassies in their respective countries
and serve under the US Chief-of-Mission authority.

Key office the military works with:

The Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) is essentially the lead for the US Government for
organizing US assistance and aid to other countries for disaster, whether natural or man-made. Within
OFDA are the Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DARTs), which, in a sense, are the first responders
who get in quick to assess needs and coordinate requirements, assistance and aid efforts.

USAID programing capacities

• Assessments and analysis

• Strategic planning
• Designing (planning) comprehensive programs
• Guiding and managing implementation of foreign assistance programs—including
  direct dialog with host country officials on policy and institutional reforms
• Performance monitoring and evaluation
• Field delegation of implementation authorities (contracting)

USAID-DOD Shared Space is Constantly Expanding

• Conflict prevention and mitigation
• Disaster prevention, response and management
• COIN, stabilization, counter-extremism, illicit power structures
• Security sector reform
• Atrocities prevention
• Anti-trafficking in persons
• Governance

Check on learning
-Most security assistance programs are DOD-executed, but DOS is responsible, and it is the Bureau of
Political-Military Affairs that is at the forefront of DOS management of these programs
-USAID is an independent federal agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary
of State.
-The Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA) provides technical advice and
support to the USAID administrator, regional bureaus, field missions, and other offices to facilitate rapid
response to disasters and humanitarian crises.
American Embassy and country team
US Diplomatic Missions
• Official representation of US to foreign country
• Conduit for all official contact between US Government andforeign government
• Represent and promote US interests in foreign country
• Supervise and coordinate US programs and activities in foreign country
• Make recommendations for US policies and programs with respect to the foreign country
• Observe, analyze, and report significant political, economic, societal and other developments and
events occurring in foreign country
• Advise, protect, and assist US citizens in the foreign country

Check onlearning
The primary difference between a consulate and consulate general is size and the range of functions and
responsibilities that will be greater for a consulate general. The head of a consulate general, the Consul
General, may also have some of the same chief of mission authorities as the ambassador, but is not a
second ambassador to the country.

Establishment of consulates and consulates general: Help facilitate expanding US representation and
engagement in other areas of large countries, as well as increased access for US citizens in the host
country.

Ambssador’s responsibility

• Chief of Mission- In an embassy, the ambassador serves as the Chief of the Diplomatic Mission or
COM.
• Ambassador
• Career Foreign Service Officer
• Political Appointee
• Confirmed by the Senate
• Ambassador is President's personal representative
• Letter of Instruction from the President

Ambassador authority and responsibility

• Full responsibility for direction, coordination, and  supervision of all executive branch personnel
• In charge of all executive branch activities and operations
• Full responsibility for direction, coordination, and  supervision of all DOD personnel (unless under
comman of CCMD)
• Full responsibility for security of Mission and personnel under COM  authority
• Review and manage Mission programs, personnel, staffing, and funding
• Review all communications to/from Mission personnel and elements
• Grant/Refuse country clearance for all USG personnel
• Assist American citizens, organizations, and businesses
Check on learning
The US Ambassador did NOT have authority over MNF-I and MNC-I and the military operations that
were conducted. This does not mean, however, that US forces commanders and the CCMD commander
ignore the Ambassador and the embassy. Coordination and consultation between the Ambassador and
military commanders is extremely important during military operations.

The ambassador, while responsible for assisting American citizens in country, knows exactly how many
private Americans are actually in country. (FALSE)
Granting country clearance does not apply to US citizens entering the country for private purposes, such
as tourism. This is why the ambassador, while responsible for assisting American citizens in country, may
not know how many private Americans are actually in country, which can have implications if a
noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) becomes necessary.

Military in the embassy

Defense Attaché Office
• Defense Attaché (DATT)
• Army Attaché (ARMA)
• Air Force Attaché (AIRA)
• American Legation, US Naval Attaché (ALUSNA)
• Marine Attaché (MARA)

DOD and Service Representation to foreign military

Overt reporting and analysis of military matters

Security Cooperation Organization (many organizational names)

• Plan, coordinate, manage security assistance programs
• Plan, coordinate, manage security cooperation programs
• Monitor use of US origin equipment
• Provide program recommendations to DOD, COCOM, and
  Ambassador

Service Attachés
• Represent DOD and their Service to the host-country military services.
• They work under the auspices of the Defense Intelligence Agency and report on
  developments, capabilities, and programs of the host-country military.

Senior Defense Official (SDO)

• Principal DOD diplomatic representative of the SecDef  and DOD Components
• Serve as Defense Attaché and Chief of Security  Cooperation
• In-country focal point for planning, coordinating supporting, and/or executing US defense issues and
  activities in the host nation, including Theater SecurityCooperation Programs under the oversight of the
GCC
• Principal embassy liaison with host-nation defense establishments and actively participate in national
  security and operational policy development and coordination
• Principal military advisor to Chief of Mission/Ambassador
• Coordinate administrative and security matters for all DOD personnel not under the command of the
GCC
• Exercises "coordinating authority" over other DOD elements under the COM

Country team (embassy does not equl country team)

• Management Tool
• No Formal Composition
Usually DCM, Political, Economic, Consular, Public Diplomacy, Military, USAID
• Chief of Mission Desires
• Coordinate Actions, Share Information & Resources
• COM Makes the Decisions

What is, or should be, the relationship between a combatant commander and the ambassadors in the
countries of the combatant commander’s AOR?
• There is no real doctrinal answer to this question, and their
  relationship is often quite heavily influenced by their
  personalities, experiences, and the issues involved.
• One would expect a professional, cordial relationship at a
  minimum.

Mission Strategic Resource Plan (MSRP)

The Mission Strategic Resource Plan (MSRP) contains input from all agencies represented in the
embassy. The MRSP includes:
• Chief of Mission overview
• Foreign Assistance Priorities
• Goal Paper for each mission goal in country
  – Goal Description
  – Agencies involved
  – Performance indicator(s)
  – Specific annual target for each indicator

• Use DOD and COCOM guidance to plan next year and synchronize with other agencies
• Provide Senior Defense Official comments
• In November, review and grade progress on previous year's goals
• In April, develop goals for next year—goal, performance indicator, and target.

Joint Regional Strategy (JRS)—Is a three-year strategy developed jointly by DOS and USAID regional
bureaus to identify priorities, goals, and areas of strategic focus within a region. The JRS is to provide a
forward-looking, flexible framework within which bureaus and diplomatic missions can prioritize
engagement and resources and respond to unanticipated events.
Integrated Country Strategy (ICS)
• Replaces the MSRP at embassies
• Requires a coordinated, collaborative whole- of-government planning effort with embassy personnel
from DOS, USAID and other USG agencies, including DOD (security cooperation)
• Will be the framework for annual embassy resource requests and will reflect thediplomatic mission's
efforts to project the JRS in the specific country
• Will comprise mission (embassy goals), diplomatic strategy, development strategy incorporating the
USAID Country Development Cooperation Strategy and related programs from other USG
agencies,  including DOD

Key Points
• Military activities, programs, exercises, and training must be coordinated
  with the embassy.
• While military operations in country are conducted under the command
  and control (C2) of the CCMD, coordination should still be done with
  the embassy.

The ambassador and embassy personnel:

• Provide information about the host country’s military, political, economic, social conditions and
dynamics.
• Provide information about host-country commercial businesses, contractors, and NGOs.
• Facilitate planning and coordination of military, programs, activities, and operations with the host
country.
• Grant country clearances (US requirement).
• Facilitate aircraft overflight approval (host country).
• Facilitate negotiation of military-related and military-to-military agreements, such as status of forces
agreements (SOFA), basing rights, Acquisition and cross-servicing agreements (ACSA), and disclosure
  agreements.

Service attaches work under the auspices of the Defense Intelligence Agency and report on
developments, capabilities, and programs of the host-country military.

NGOs
NGO Activities
• Alleviate human suffering
• Promote education
• Promote/improve health care
• Economic development
• Environmental protection
• Promoting/protecting human rights
• Conflict resolution
• Support development of civil society
• Support establishment of democracy
Additional Key Points
• NGOs may also be referred to as private voluntary  organizations or public international organizations.
• NGOs vary in size, mission, foundational values and  policies, organizational structure, internal
governance,  capabilities, and resources.
• NGOs may be local, national, or transnational organizations.

Military considerations of NGOs

• NGO missions are often of a humanitarian nature, and not of assisting the military in accomplishing its
objectives.
• NGOs do not operate within military, governmental, or IGO hierarchies. Therefore, the relationship
between the Armed Forces and NGOs is neither supported nor supporting.
• Joint force commanders should be aware of all NGOs within their operational area.
• USAID or UN representatives will likely have relationships with NGOs  and can help serve as
interlocutors with NGOs.
• Joint forces should strive for unity of effort with NGOs; BUT, many NGOs will not want military
assistance—their security is often based on neutrality.

A Sampling of Agencies and Organizations

• Dept of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service:
  http://www.fas.usda.gov/
• Dept of Commerce: http://www.commerce.gov/
• Dept of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration:
  http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/
• Dept of Homeland Security US Coast Guard:
  http://www.uscg.mil/
• Dept of Homeland Security, Customs and Border
  Protection: http://www.cbp.gov/
• Dept of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency:
  http://www.justice.gov/dea/
• Dept of Defense, Defense Security Cooperation Agency:
  http://dsca.osd.mil/
• Department of Justice, International Criminal Investigative
  Training Assistance Program:
  http://www.justice.gov/criminal/icitap/
• US Peace Corps: http://www.peacecorps.gov/
• Dept of Health and Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/
• Dept of Treasury, Office of Technical Assistance:
  http://www.treasuryota.us/
• Director of National Intelligence, National Counterterrorism
  Center: http://www.nctc.gov/
• United Nations, UN Development Program:
  http://www.undp.org/
• United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
  Affairs: http://www.unocha.org/
• International Committee for the Red Cross:
  http://www.icrc.org/eng/
• CARE: http://www.care.org/
• United Nations, High Commissioner for Refugees:
  http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home
• Dept of State, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization
  Operations: http://www.state.gov/j/cso/