International policy: Ref

United States of America

Definition

 International Policy also known as foreign Policy is a well-rounded,

comprehensive plan, based on knowledge and experience, for conducting the
business of government with the rest of the world. It is aimed at promoting and
protecting the interests of the nation. This calls for a clear understanding of
what, whose interests are and how far we can help to go with the means at our
disposal. Anything less than this falls short of being a national foreign policy
(Gibson, 1944).
Definition

 George Modelski, (1962) defines it as, “The system of activities evolved by

communities for changing the behaviour of other states and for adjusting their
own activities to the international environment”.
 International policy derive directly from
president’s charge to make the world safer
and better, and the secretary’s guidance to
Purpose use America’s diplomatic power to help
foreign citizens better their own lives, build
their own nations, and transform their own
futures (FRASER, 2006).
 With respect to Africa

• Spread of political freedom throughout the

continent.
• Expand economic opportunity and
growth.
Purpose • Address the unique challenge of the
HIV/AIDS pandemic.
• Reinforce African initiatives to end
conflict and fight terror.

Above all
Promoting global peace and prosperity.
 Serves to enable anyone to understand
international dynamics and, in some
Functions cases, to foresee the implications and the
consequences of the foreign policies of
the country of concern.
 • Address international risks and challenges.
• Confront common national problems.

Functions • Attempt to overcome weak or fragmented

forms of bilateral arrangements.
• Controlling and regulating trade and its
national security
 International relations analyse the behaviour and
the interactions among such actors and provide a
Functions theoretical framework that explains actions and
strategical choices.
Functions

Liberalism (and neo-

Realism (and neo-realism) liberalism) World System Theory
According to the realist According to the liberal (or According to this view, world
perspective, States (and ideal) perspective, regions can be divided into
human beings) are selfish and interactions among states can core, periphery and semi-
egoistic entities that strive for lead to peaceful cooperation. periphery.
supremacy and can only live
in peace if there is a superior
power dictating the rules
(Leviathan).
Functions

Constructivism

According to the constructivist theory,

States are the main unit of analysis of the
world system, and States’ interests and
identities are directly shaped by social
constructs rather than having an external
cause or origin.
Foreign Policy Actors

 The President of the USA: is the top decision maker on foreign policy and military
issues.
 National Security Council (NSC) This is the executive agency responsible for advising
the president about foreign and military policy and event
 Diplomats
 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the organisation that coordinates all US intelligence
agencies. It also collects and evaluates intelligence itself and carries out covert
operations.
 Department of Defence (DOD) This is the chief executive-branch department responsible
for formulation and implementation of US military defence policy.
Defence Security Policy

DoD's intelligence assets are diverse and reflect a broad spectrum of military capabilities.
DOD Key Players
 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA): focusses on intelligence collection and data source
analysis to support military customers and integrating products of military service
intelligence activities and the Combatant Commands.
 Military Service Intelligence: Every branch of the armed forces has its own service
intelligence centre and intelligence organisation. These units collect and analyse
information to support that service.
Defence Security Policy cont…

 Geospatial Intelligence Agency: this agency oversee the imaging and mapping of the
Earth’s surface.

 These agencies share intelligence with one another to build a working model of
what is happening around the world.
Policy Informatics in Defence Security policy

 All the defence intelligence agencies use one or more information technology in enhancing collection,
storage, analysing, and dissemination of intelligence defence security and policy making.
Type of Intelligence
 HUMINT - human intelligence bases on person to person contact and can include anything from
interrogation to infiltration.
 ELINT - electronics intelligence exploits infrastructure in order to collect information
 COMINT - communications intelligence make use of the Internet and smart phones.
 SIGINT - signals intelligence is the analysis of RF emissions to characterise and classify type and
location of emitters.
 MASINT - measurement and signature intelligence is the utilisation of special sensors sensitive to
unique characteristics.
 International law is now crafted using information extracted, analysed stored and
disseminated using information technologies.
 Policy making utilised information and communication technologies ….

Policy Making + Technology Policy Informatics