CGE653-Chapter 1 PDF

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Principles of Health, Safety
Health, Safety & Environmtn –

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and Environment
Dr Putri Nadzrul Faizura bt. Megat Khamaruddin
Introduction

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WHAT IS HSE?
• H-HEALTH (related to toxicology, exposure, disease, forensic,
CSI)
• S-SAFETY (related to incident, accident, explosion, physical
hazards etc.)
• E-ENVIRONMENT (related to pollution, waste, air quality,
Health, Safety & Environment –

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green, sustainability)
Historical Perspective of OSH
Development
The rapid developments taking place in the
Malaysian Industrialization program have
changed employment patterns to an
increasing emphasis on manufacturing and

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service sectors of the economy.
Positive/Good Points

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Negative/Bad Points
POLLUTION INCREASED

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HARMFUL WORKING CONDITIONS/NEW
RISKS & DISEASES
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Why HSE is Important?
• To prevent and eliminate the risk of
injuries, health hazards and damage to
properties.

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• To minimize the unsafe act or unsafe
conditioned
• To identify steps towards the conservation

and preservation of the environment.
Development of safety & health
movement
ROLE OF SPECIFIC
TRAGEDIES &
ORGANISED HEALTH
ACCIDENTS
LABOUR/UNION PROBLEMS

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Malaysia’s Milestone in HSE
Movement
• 1878 First Machinery Inspector is appointed
• 1892 Selangor Boiler Enactment
• 1953 The enactment of Machinery Ordinance/The birth of Machinery Dpt
• 1967 Factories and Machinery Act/Machinery Department expanded to
become Factories and Machinery Department (FMD)

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• 1975 The enactment of Environmental Quality Act 1974/The formation of
Department of Environment
• 1992 Formation of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH)
• 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is adopted
FMD is transformed to Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH)
• 2000 Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals and Hazardous to
Health Regulations is operated.
National Institute Of
Occupational Safety And
Health (NIOSH)
The centre for training, consultancy, information
dissemination and research in occupational safety

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and health in Malaysia.
Established in 1992 to spearhead the safety and

health culture at the workplace in Malaysia.
Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH)
The government agency responsible for
• administering
• managing

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• and enforcing legislation related to occupational
safety and health (OSH) in this country.
Vision:
To cultivate OSH culture in every workplace and to
make every job and task safe and healthy for the
worker.
Social Security Organisation
(SOCSO) / Pertubuhan
Keselamatan Social (PERKESO)
• Established in 1971 under the Ministry if Human Resources
• To implement and administer the social security schemes under the
Employees’ Social Security Act 1969, namely Employment Injury

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Scheme and Invalidity Scheme.
• Vision
To become the premier and outstanding leader in social security
towards 2020.
• Mission
To provide a social security protection to employees and their
dependants through social security schemes and to increase
awareness on occupational safety and health that will ultimately
improve the Employees’ social wellbeing.
Development of HSE programs
• Early safety programs were based on the “Three

E’s of Safety”.

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• Engineering - Design improvement in process
& product
• Education/Research - Cultivate safety
awareness/habits
• Enforcement - Ensure compliance to law &
regulations
Lesson learned – life is
Summary precious and cannot be
replaced
Definition
The importance of
HSE

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Historical
perspective of OSH
Development of
HSE program and
organisations
Approach to safety
Terminologies

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Some Terminologies
• Safety
• Health
• Chronic

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• Acute
• Hazard
• Risk
• Accident
• Incident
• Near Miss
Safety and Health
• Safety = the absence of: (i) injury and harm on
human and (ii) damage on property and the
environment
• Opposite of safety = accident

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• Health = a state of physical and mental well-being –
including the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Safety deals with acute effects of hazards
• Health issue deals with chronic effects of hazards
• Acute: immediate, short term
• Chronic: persistent, prolonged and repeated
Hazard versus Risk
 Hazard = a condition that has the potential to

cause human injury or fatality, damage to
property, damage to the environment or some

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combination of these.
 Risk = a measure of human injury, environmental
damage, or economic loss in terms of both the
incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss
or injury.
 In other words, risk = a chance of injury or loss or
bad consequences to happen.
Incident versus Accident
• Incident: all undesired circumstances that have the

potential to cause accidents.
• Accident: a sequence of events that produce

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unintended injury, damage to property or the
environment, production losses, or increased
liabilities.
• Accident refers to the event, not the results of the
event.
Near Miss……..
• an unplanned event that did
not result in injury, illness, or
damage – but had the

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potential to do so.
• another term for this event:
“close call”
Sources of Hazards
• People
• Equipment/plant/process

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Man
• Work system
• Substances/materials Machine
• The work environment Method
Material
Milieu
Broad Categories of Hazards
Category Example
Safety Hazards
Chemical Hazards acidity, alkalinity, corrosivity,

explosiveness, flammability, toxicity,
asphyxation.

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Mechanical Hazards moving equipment, tripping hazards,
impact and forces
Thermodynamics Hazards high/low temperature, high pressure,
vacuum, heat transfer
Electrical & Electromagnetic Hazards high voltage, radiation, static electricity,
electrical current
Health Hazards noise, pollution, vibration, radioactivity,
External Threats accidental damage by missiles and

vehicles, act of god and natural causes
Potential Safety Hazards in Oil
and Gas Operation
Category Category
Blowouts  Drilling Marine  Supply vessels
 Completion, Collisions  Standby vessels
 Production (including  Fishing vessels
wirelining)  Drilling rigs

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 Workover  Offshore loading
 Abandonment, tankers
Process leaks Leaks of gas/oil from: Personnel  Helicopter crash into
 Wellhead equipment, Transport sea/platform/ashore
 Separators & other  Boat transfer
process equipment,  Basket transfer
 Compressors and
other gas treatment
equipment,
 Process pipes, flanges,
valves, pumps etc.
 Flare/vent system
Potential Safety Hazards in Oil
and Gas Operation
Category Category
Riser/pipeline Leaks of gas/oil from: Dropped Constructions
leaks  Import flowlines objects Crane operations
Export risers Cargo transfer

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Sub-sea pipelines
Sub-sea wellhead Structural Extreme weather
manifolds events Foundation failure
Non-process Fuel gas Bridge collapse
fires Electrical Crane Collapse
Accomodation Non-process  Chemical
Machinery spills  Methanol/Glycol
Workshop  Bottled gas leaks
Hazard Identification

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and Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment
1. Identify the hazard 2. Estimating the risk
associated with the hazard

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Hazard Control Hierarchy
1. Eliminate 2. Substitute

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3. Isolate
4. Engineering Control 5. Administrative Control

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6. Use PPE
No. Control Method Description/Example
1. Eliminate Completely remove the hazard from the workplace so that

it is not there.
2. Substitute Replace the material or process with a less hazardous one.

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3. Isolate Place a barrier or similar between the hazard and people
within the workplace (e.g. a fence surrounding the hazard).
4. Engineering Install or using additional machinery. (e.g ventilation
controls system, guarding on machinery, sensor system).
5. Administrative Safety briefings, safety trainings, work procedure, safety
controls awareness signage.
6. PPE “Last line of defence” to protect a worker if the above
measures have failed.
Personal Protective Equipment
Considered as a last resort in hazard control
because:
• Only protects one person.
• Only protects if it is worn properly.

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• Difficulties with fit, practicalities of use,
ergonomics, etc.
• Difficulties with enforcement of use.
• Other on-going management issues such as
training, replacement, repair.
Summary
Terminologies
Introduction to
Hazard

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Identification, Risk
Estimation and
Control
ACCIDENTS

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Accident Pyramids
1
1 Major
Accident
Major

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Injury 10
Minor
29 Accident
Minor 30
Injury
Property Damage
300 Accidents
Incidents
(near miss)
600
Near miss
H.W. Heinrich (1931) Frank E. Bird Jr (1969)

Major Industrial Accidents
Fire Explosion Toxic Release

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Consequences of Major
Industrial Accidents:
Accidents Consequences
 Fires  Fatalities

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 Explosions  Injuries
 Toxic Releases  Environmental Damage
 Property Damage
 Evacuations
 Property Losses
 Plant Closings
 Fines, Lawsuit
Some Major Industrial

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Accidents in the Past
Bhopal, 1984
 Release of toxic gas
 40 tons of Methyl Isocynate (MIC) escaped
from Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India.
 3000 died (respiratory failure)
 Thousands more died in weeks that followed

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 More than 500,000 suffered
Chernobyl, 1986
 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor,
Ukraine.
 Large area of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was
evacuated, 336 000 people resettled.

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 Fewer than 50 direct death, but thousands of
cancer-related cases.
 Severe damage to the environment.
Piper Alpha, 1988
 World’s most famous oil rig disaster.
 167 out of 229 people died
 Initial explosion followed by a fierce fire which, in
turn, triggered off a further series of explosions.

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 Flames could be seen 100 km away.
BP Texas City Refinery, 2005
 23 March 2005
 Fire and Explosion
 Killing 15 workers and injuring more than 170

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others.
Deep Water Horizon Platform,
2010
 Gulf Coast of United States
 Platform explosion and sinking, killed 11 workers
 Leaking of hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil
into the Gulf of Mexico

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 The worst industrial environmental disaster in US
history.
Video Session
Health, Safety & Environment –

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Importance of Safety
“We recognise the importance of costing loss events

as part of total safety management. Good safety is

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good business”
Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

“Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment

we can make, and the question is not what it costs

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us, but what it saves.”
Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

• Prevention of ...
• Death or injury to workers
• Death and injury to general publics

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• Physical and financial damage to the
properties/facilities
• Damage to third party properties
• Damage to the environment
Accident is costly!!!
Safety is a Good Business
• Decrease workers compensation

• Decrease retraining costs
• Decrease absenteeism

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• Reduce production interruption
• Increase productivity
• Increase morale of workers
• Attracting people to work
• Enhancing company’s corporate reputation
Engineers and Safety
 A requirement for engineering degree programmes

 Important aspect in the application for professional
engineer

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 Non-compliance with safety standards can severely
affect a company’s bottom line.
 Engineers who design the workplace and its
equipment or who manage and supervise workers
need to have an understanding of the safety and
health regulation.
Code of Ethics
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As
members of this profession, engineers are expected to
exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality

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of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided
by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness and
equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the
public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must
perform under a standard of professional behavior that
requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical
conduct.
Engineering Ethics: Engineers shall hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare

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of the public in the performance of their
professional duties.
Cost of Accidents (Iceberg
Model)
Direct Costs

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Indirect Costs
Cost of Accidents
 Direct Costs
• costs that are accrued directly from the
accident
• quite easy to calculate
• usually insurable by businesses

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 Indirect Costs
 the less obvious consequences of an accident
that can be costed
 While the indirect costs created by accidents
are hidden, they too must be paid
 more difficult to calculate and tend not to be
insured
Examples of Direct Cost of
Accidents
 Medical costs incurred and the compensation

payments made to the injured workers

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 Damage to premises, plant and equipment
 Sick pay
 Overtime to cover injured person
 Fines
Examples of Indirect Cost of
Accidents
 Loss of an employee's skills and work output

 Downtime during investigations and pay of

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people investigating
 Training costs for replacement operators
 Increased Insurance Premiums
 Defending criminal and civil prosecutions
 Bad publicity
 Workplace effects: poor productivity due to low
morale
Past Disasters
Lessons from the

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“A wise man learns from his own experience,

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but a wiser man learns from the experiences
of others”
Learning from Past Experiences
• Kletz* recommended four ways for organisations to
learn from past experience:
 Recent and old accidents should be described in safety
bulletins and discussed at safety meetings

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 standards and codes of practice should contain notes on
accidents which led to the recommendations
 a 'black book' containing reports of accidents with
technical interest that have occurred should be compulsory
reading for all newcomers and for refreshing memories
 accident information retrieval and storage systems should
be used as they contain a wealth of useful information
* Kletz, T. A. On the need to publish more case histories. Plant/Operations
Progress, 1988, 7(3), 145-147.
Oil and Gas Accidents
Alexander L. Kielland - Ocean Ranger - 1982
1980

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Piper Alpha - 1988 Glomar Java Sea
Drillship - 1983
Oil and Gas Accidents
Enchova Central - 1988 Mumbai High North -
2005

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Usumacinta - 2007 Deepwater
Horizon - 2010
Safety Culture

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Safety Culture
• Culture can be seen as a concept that describes the
shared corporate values within an organisation which
influences the attitudes and behaviours of all of its
members.

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• Safety culture is a part of the overall culture of the
organisation and is seen as affecting the attitudes
and beliefs of members in terms of health and safety
performance.
• In other words, safety culture is the attitudes, values,
norms, and beliefs that a particular group of people
share with respect to risk and safety
Safety Culture
• Safety culture refers to the extent to which
individuals and groups in the organisation will
commit to:
 personal responsibility for safety

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 act to preserve safety
 enhance and communicate safety concerns
 strive to actively learn
 adapt and modify behavior based on lessons learned
from mistakes
Safety Culture
• A “good” safety culture can be promoted by four
factors:
 “senior management commitment to safety”

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 realistic and flexible customs and practices for handling
both well-defined and ill-defined hazards
 continuous organisational learning through
practices such as feedback systems, monitoring
and analysing
 a care and concern for hazards which is shared
across the workforce.
Causation
Theories of Accident

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Why do accidents occur?
• We choose to handle dangerous processes,

materials, energies
 To make a living

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 To provide society with desirable products
• As long as we choose to handle them, a potential
for loss events exist.
Things can be done to reduce their likelihood

and severity to negligible or tolerable levels.
How do accidents occur?
• There are several theories that attempt
to explain the occurrence of accidents.
 Domino theory

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 Human factors theory
 Swiss cheese model
 Accident/incident theory
 Sociotechnical system framework
 Epidemiological Theory
 Systems Theory
Domino Theory
• Herbert W. Heinrich, an early pioneer of accident
prevention and industrial safety.
• He studied 75,000 reports of accidents for
insurance claims and concluded:

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 88% of industrial accidents are caused
by unsafe acts committed by workers
 10% of industrial accidents
are caused by unsafe
conditions
 2% of industrial accidents
are unavoidable.
Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial
Safety
1. Injuries result from a complete series of factors,
one of which is the accident itself

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2. An accident can occur as a result of unsafe act
and/or unsafe conditions
3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe
behaviour by people
4. An unsafe act or an unsafe conditions does not
immediately result in an accident/injury;
Safety
5. The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can
serve as helpful guides in selecting corrective
actions.

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6. The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous
and the factors that cause it are largely
preventable.
7. The prevention techniques are analogous with
the best quality and productivity techniques.
Safety
8. Management should assume responsibility for
safety because it is in the best position to get
results.

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9. The supervisor is the key person in the
prevention of industrial accidents.
10. In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e.
compensation, liability claims, medical costs, and
hospital expenses) there are also hidden or
indirect costs.
5 factors in the sequence of
events leading up to an accident

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Social Fault of Unsafe Act
Environment Person or Accident Injury
and Ancestry (Carelessness) Condition
• Ancestry and social environment
 Negative character traits that might lead people to

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behave in an unsafe manner can be inherited or
acquired as a result of the social environment.
• Fault of a person
 Negative character traits, whether inherited or
acquired, are why people behave in unsafe manner
and why hazardous conditions exist.
• Unsafe act/Unsafe conditions

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 Unsafe acts committed by people
 Unsafe conditions due to the presence of
mechanical/physical hazards
• Accidents
• Injury
Domino Theory
• A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a
result of an accident.
• An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or
mechanical hazard.

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• Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through
the fault of careless persons or poorly designed or
improperly maintained equipment.
• Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result
of their social environment or acquired by ancestry.
• The environment is where and how a person was
raised and educated.
Heinrich’s theory has two
central points:
1. Injuries are caused by the action of

preceding factors

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2. Removal of the central factor (unsafe
acts/hazardous conditions) negates the
action of the preceding factors and, in so
doing, prevents accidents and injuries.
Removal of unsafe acts/unsafe
conditions prevents the accident

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Injury
Accident
Unsafe act/unsafe condition
Fault of a person
Ancestry and social environment

Human Factors Theory
Attributes accidents to a chain of events that

were ultimately the result of human error.

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Overload
Inappropriate Inappropriate
activities response
Overload
• An imbalance between a person’s capacity at any
given time and the load that a person is carrying in
a given state.

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• A person’s capacity is the
product of such factors
as his/her ability,
training, state of mind,
fatigue, stress, and
physical conditions.
Overload
• Added burden resulting

from
 Environmental factors

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(noise, distractions, etc.);
 Situational factors (level of
risks, unclear instructions,
etc.); and
 Internal factors (personal
problems, emotional stress,
worry, etc.)
Inappropriate Response
• How a person responds in a given situation can
cause or prevent an accident.
• Inappropriate response include:

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 A person detects a hazardous condition but does nothing
to correct it;
 A person removes a safeguard from a machine in an
effort to increase output; or
 A person disregards an established safety procedure
• Such responses can lead to accidents.
Inappropriate Activities
• Examples of inappropriate
activities include:
 A person undertaking a task he or

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she doesn’t know how to do
(performing tasks without requisite
training)
 A person misjudging the degree of
risk involved in a given task and
proceeding based on that
misjudgment.
Human Factors
Theory
Overload Inappropriate Inappropriate

Response Activities
•Fatigue
•Environmental •Operating without
factors •Detecting hazard but

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not correcting it authority
•Internal Factors •Performing task
•Situational Factors •Removing safeguards
from machines & without the
equipment requisite training
•Ignoring safety •Misjudging the
•Misunderstanding degree of risk
the directions involved with a given
tasks
•Horseplay
Swiss Cheese Model
• The Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation

suggests that systemic failures, or accidents, occur
from a series of events at different layers of an

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organization.
• A system is similar to slices of Swiss cheese
• There are holes which represent opportunities for
failure, and each slice is a layer of the system.
Swiss Cheese Model
• When holes in the layers line up, a loss (or
accident) occurs

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Swiss Cheese Model
• Each layer of the system is an opportunity to stop
an error; the more layers, the less likely an
accident is to occur.
Lines of defence

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Defects
Swiss Cheese Model
Lines of Defence

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and Regulations
Safety Legislation

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Legislation, Act and Regulation
• Legislation is a law passed by a legislative body such
as a Parliament or State Legislature.
• A law is considered to be an act when it has already
been duly passed by a legislative body.

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• A regulation, on the other hand, is one that is
approved by a group of individuals based on an act
that has already been passed. These regulations are
based on the act that has been approved and served
as a means to make the act a lot easier to follow and
adhere to. For this reason, one act can have
numerous regulations.
Evolution of OSH Legislation
• OSH Legislation in Malaysia
was based on the
traditional approach
derived from 19th Century

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British Legislation
• The industrial revolution in
Britain resulted in some
unsafe and unhealthy
working conditions plus a
high numbers of injury and
disease.
• Legislation to overcome this problem was
introduced very slowly.
• In 1844, specific safety provisions addressed the
"fencing of dangerous machinery."

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• Later Acts in the latter part of the 19th Century
extended safety provisions to men and to other
industries and hazards.
• British report in 1972: prepared by a committee of
inquiry, chaired by Lord Robens and is known as the
Robens Report.
• The major recommendations made by Robens
include:
 There should be more self regulation by employers and
employees; (for example Safety & Health Officers and

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Safety & Health Committees);
 There should be a single, comprehensive Act dealing with
occupational safety and health that should contain a clear
statement of the basic principles of the safety
responsibility of employers, employees and
manufacturers, based on common law.
 The Act shall be supported by regulations and voluntary
codes with the emphasis on the latter.
• The Occupational Safety and Health Act in Malaysia
as well as new style safety and health legislation in
the UK and Australia, reflects many principles that
were stated in a British report in 1972.

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• In the year 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act was
approved by the Parliament of Malaysia.
• In 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act and eight
regulations under the act were enforced.
• This act was legislated to overcome the weaknesses
in the Machinery Ordinance 1953,
• Workers were not protected if they work in a workplace that doesn’t
use machinery.
Introduction to OSHA 1994
• Occupational Safety and Health Act – 1994
• This legislation was made considering the fact that
the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 only covers
occupational safety and health in the manufacturing,

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mining, quarrying and construction industries,
whereas the other industries are not covered.
• The purpose of Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994 is to promote and encourage occupational
safety and health awareness among employers and
workers.
• Main principles that had been taken as the
foundation in the drafting of this Act.

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1. Self-regulation
To handle issues relating to occupational safety and
health, employers must develop a good and orderly
management system. Starting with formation of a
safety and health policy and consequently employers
have to make the proper arrangements to be carried
out.
2. Tripartite consultation
where employers, employees and the government
must negotiate to settle issues and problems
relating to occupational safety and health at the
workplace.

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3. Co-operation
where employers and employees must co-operate
to take care, nurture and to increase the quality
of occupational safety and health at the
workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and
employees, none of the occupational safety and
health programmes carried out would succeed.
Application of OSHA 1994
• Apply throughout Malaysia to the industries as
follows (First Schedule )
• Manufacturing;
• Mining and Quarrying;

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• Construction;
• Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing;
• Utilities such as Electricity, Gas, Water and sanitary Services;
• Transport, Storage and Communication;
• Wholesale and Retail Trades;
• Hotels and Restaurants;
• Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
• Public Services and Statutory Authorities
Application of OSHA 1994
• NOTE:
 Not applicable to work on board ships governed
by the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the
Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah and

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Sarawak
 Not applicable to armed forces
 This Law is in addition to previous law pertaining
to occupational safety and health. If there is any
conflict, this Law shall supersede the previous law.
FMA 1967 versus OSHA 1994
FMA 1967 OSHA 1994
Scope Only cover OSH in the Cover all economic activities &
manufacturing, mining, quarrying, government except armed forces and
works of engineering & seafarers.
constructions.

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Cover only 24% of the man power Cover 90% of the man power
Approach  Prescriptive  Self regulation

 Too dependent on government  Supported by code of practices,
 Concern for inspection by guidelines etc.
regulation authorities  Tripartite responsibility
 Worker cooperation & participation
Objective  Focus on control of factories & To safeguard health and welfare

machineries employees and those at the place of
 Registration & inspection of work, e.g. visitors and contractors
machines
 Less provision for health
HSE Related Acts in Malaysia
• Occupational Safety and

Health Act, 1994
• Factory and Machinery Act,

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1967
• Petroleum (Safety Measures)
Act 1984
• Environmental Quality Act
1974
Occupational Safety and
Health Act, 1994

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 514
OSHA 1994
• Date of coming into operation – 25 Feb 1994

• Contain 15 Parts, 67 Sections and 3 Schedules
• Applicable throughout Malaysia to the industries

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specified in the First Schedule
• Not applicable to work on board ships governed by
the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, 1960
(Sabah) or 1960 (Sarawak) or the armed forces
Section 4: Objective of the Act
• To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at
work against risks
• To protect persons at a place of work other than
persons at work against risks

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• To promote an occupational environment for persons
at work which is adapted to their physiological and
psychological needs.
• To provide the means whereby the associated
occupational safety and health legislation may be
progressively replaced by a system of regulations and
approved industry codes of practice to maintain or
improved the S&H standards
“Responsibilities to ensure the safety and
health at the workplace lies with those who

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create the risk and with those work with
the risk”
Concept of OSHA 1994
• Accident prevention is an essential part of good

management and workmanship
• Management and workers must cooperate

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• Top management must take the lead
• A defined and known safety and health policy
• Organization and resources to achieve policy
Act 514
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

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Regulations under OSHA 1994
Guidelines Code of practice

Regulations Under OSHA 1994

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Examples of Guideline
• Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction

Site Management and workers must cooperate
• Guidelines on First-Aid Facilities in the Workplace

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• Guidelines for Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals
• Guidelines for the Preparation of a Chemical Register
• Guidelines on the Control of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health
• Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in
Agriculture
Section 15 – General Duties of
Employer and Self-employed
Persons
• To ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health

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and welfare at work of all his employees.
• To provide and maintain plant and system of work
that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without
risks to health.
• To ensure safety and absence of risks to health in
connection with the use or operation, handling,
storage and transport of plant and substances
Section 15 – General Duties of
Employer and Self-employed
Persons
• To provide information, instruction, training and
supervision.

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• To maintain any place of work under the control of
the employer or self-employed person and to
provide access to and egress from it that are safe
and without such risks.
• To provide and maintain a working environment
that is safe, without risks to health, & adequate as
regards facilities for their welfare at work.
Section 16 – Duty to formulate
S&H Policy
It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-
employed person to:

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 prepare and revise a written statement on S&H
policy
 arrange for the time being in force in carrying out
the policy
 bring the statement and any revision of it to the
notice of all of his employees
Section 24 – General Duties of an
Employee
• To take reasonable care for the safety and health of
himself and of other persons who may be affected

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by his acts or omissions at work.
• To cooperate with his employers or any other
person.
• To wear or use at all times any PPE.
• To comply with any instruction or measure on OSH.
Factory and Machinery Act
1967 (Revised -1974)

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 139
Contents
• 6 Parts
• 59 Sections

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• 3 Schedules
• List of Amendments
• Effective date: 1st July 1974
Parts
• Part I – Preliminary
• Part II – Safety, Health and Welfare
• Part III – Person In Charge and Certificate of

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Competency
• Part IV – Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence and Dangerous Diseases
• Part V – Notice of Occupation of Factory, and
Registration and Use of Machinery
• Part VI - General
Petroleum (Safety Measures)
Act 1984

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Laws of Malaysia
Act 302
Contents
• 11 Parts
• 48 Sections

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• 1 Schedule
• List of Amendments
• Effective date: 1st March 1985
Parts
• Part I – Preliminary
• Part II – Transportation of Petroleum by
Road and Railway

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• Part III – Transportation of Petroleum by
Water
• Part IV – Transportation of Petroleum by Air
• Part V – Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines
Parts
• Part VI – Storage and Handling of Petroleum
• Part VII – Utilization of Equipment, Gadgets,
Mtls., Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures

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and Installations
• Part VIII – Existing equipment, Gadgets, Mtls.,
Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and
Installations
• Part IX – General Powers for Rectification
• Part X – Liability
• Part XI - General
For More Information
Ministry of Human Resources

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Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH)
www.dosh.gov.my
PETRONAS Procedures and
Guidelines for Upstream
Activities (PPGUA)
• Exploration Activities

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• Project Development
• Inspection and Maintenance of Production
Facilities
• Production Operations
• Management of Health, Safety & Environment
• Platform Abandonment

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Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Principles of Health, Safety

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environment –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

• To identify steps towards the conservation

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Established in 1992 to spearhead the safety and

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

• Early safety programs were based on the “Three

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

 Hazard = a condition that has the potential to

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

• Incident: all undesired circumstances that have the

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Chemical Hazards acidity, alkalinity, corrosivity,

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

External Threats accidental damage by missiles and

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

4. Engineering Control 5. Administrative Control

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

1. Eliminate Completely remove the hazard from the workplace so that

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

H.W. Heinrich (1931) Frank E. Bird Jr (1969)

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Health, Safety & Environment –

“We recognise the importance of costing loss events

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

“Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

Health, Safety & Environmtn –

• Decrease workers compensation