DESIGN OF CONCRETE PIER

Client:- Ethiopian Road Authority

Consultant:- WhiteKnight Construction Management Consultants PLC,
Contractor:- Shandong Highway Engineering Construction Group co,Ltd
Project: Atat Mazoria-Gunchere-Kose-Geja-Lera Design and build road project
Name(Station) of Bridge:- 4+200(Pier 1)
Designed by:- Eskinder A.(Bridge Eng.)
Checked by:- Tsegazeab Dejene (Bridge Eng.)
Case:- Statical calculation
Date:- April,2020

1. INPUTS
1.1 Material Properties
Unit weight of concrete γConcrete 24
Concrete compressive strength (C30) 24
Tensile strength of steel
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420
Ec=.043g 1.5
c
sqrt(fc') 24768
Es = 200000
Allowable bearing capacity (Ultimate bearing cap.)= 990
Type of founding material Rock
1.2 Relevant Superstructure Data
1.2.1.Dimensions
 Clear RDWY width = 7.32
Girder Depth= Left Side 0.9
Girder Depth= Right Side 0.9
Slab Depth= 0.22
Total depth of supersturcture (Bot.of Gird.toTop of curb)= Left Side 1.1548
Total depth of supersturcture (Bot.of Gird.toTop of curb)= Right Side 1.1548
Average depth = 1.1548
Road Way Elevation= 1884.191
Footing Elevation= 1873.532
Bearing Depth= Left Side 0.067
Bearing Depth= Right Side 0.067
No of Girders= 4
Center to Center dist.b/n girders = Left Side 2.6
Center to Center dist.b/n girders = Right Side 2.6
Out to out deck width= 10.32
Span Length(C/C of supports)= Left Side 12.6
Span Length(C/C of supports)= Right Side 12.6
# of lanes= 2
Height of Parapet= 0.6
Left Span+Right Span= 25.2
Skewness of support meaured from line normal to span in deg 0
Width of bearing = Left Side 0.6
Width of bearing = Right Side 0.6
 1.2.2.Loads

Unfactored Dead Load Reactions On Girders (V DL)

Exterior Girder Interior Girder Interior Girder Exterior Girder
235.65 167.48 167.48 235.65

Unfactored Live Load Reactions At intermidiate Pier (VLL)

Exterior Girder Interior Girder
117.18 401.72

Un balanced moment due to Live Load = 105.07

2. PIER SECTION

(TOTAL BRIDGE WIDTH)

CURB (CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH)

B1
TOTAL PIER WIDTH
G

G
Dpc

Dpc
L2 L1 L2

Dc Dc
C
 TOTAL PIER WIDTH

G
Dpc

Dpc
L2 L1 L2

Dc Dc
C

h
h1
h2

h2
W1 Dc W1 b1 b1

Df

Df
Df

Wf LF

2.1.Section Proportioning
2.1.1.Preliminary Sections
Insert parameters Length (pier cap) (m) Width (pier cap) (m)-B1 Depth (pier cap) (m)--(Dpc)
9.2 1.2 1.2
Diameter of column (Dc) Width (bracing col.) (m)-(a) Depth (bracing col.) (m)-(b)
 1 0.6 0.6
C/C of Column (m)--© b1 (m) w1(m)
5 0.5 0.9
L1 L2 Lf
6.00 1.600 7.000
h h1 h2
8.7840 9.5840 7.5840

3. LOADS ON PIER
3.1 Dead Load
3.1.1 Substructure load
Items W1 (KN) W2 (KN) W3 (KN)
Unfactored Load 317.95 0 0.00
3.1.2 Superstructure load
DLET= 942.60 KN
DLIT= 669.92 KN
Un balanced moment= 0.00 KNm
3.2 Live Load
LLET= 234.36 KN
LLIT= 803.43 KN
Un balanced moment= 420.29 KNm
3.3 Braking force
According to the specifications, the braking force shall be taken as the greater of
 25 % of the axle weight of the design truck or design tandem
OR
5 % of the design truck plus lane load or 5 % of the design tandem plus lane load
The braking force is placed in all design lanes which are considered to be loaded in accordance with S3.6.1.1.1
and which are carrying traffic headed in the same direction.These forces are assumed to act horizontally at a
distance of 6ft above the road way surface in either logitudinal direction to cause extreme force effects.
Br= 162.50 KN
Resultant Breaking force along axes of pier
Br Tpier (KN) Br Lpier (KN)
0 162.5
3.4 Wind load(w)

PD=PB*(VDZ/VB)^2 S 3.8.1.2.1-1
VDZ=2.5VO*(V10/VB)*LN(Z/ZO) for Z>10m and VDZ=VB for h<=10m S 3.8.1.1-1
Z 10000 mm
VO= 13.2 km/hr table 3.8.1.1-1
VB= 160 km/hr S 3.8.1.1
V10= 160 km/hr
ZO= 70 mm table 3.8.1.1-1
PB= 0.0024 Mpa table 3.8.1.2.1-1
VDZ= 160 km/hr
PD= 2.4 Kpa
3.4.1 Wind load on superstructure
Wind load transverse to the superstructure
 FTsuper = Pwt*(Hwind)*[(Lback+Lahead)/2]
Where:
Pwt= transverse wind presure value=PB (Use table S3.8.1.2.2-1)
Hwind=the exposed superstructure height
Lback=left span length
Lahead=right span length
Wind load along axes of superstructure (longitudinal direction)
FLsuper = PwL*(Hwind)*(Lback+Lahead)/no of fixed pier
The transverse and longitudinal pressures should be applied simultaneously
Resultant wind load along axes of pier
The transverse and longitudinal superstructure wind forces,which are aligned relative to
the superstructure axis, are resolved in to components that are alined relative to the pier axis
Load perpendicular to the plane of the pier:
FLpier=FLsuper*cos(Ѳskew)+FTsuper*sin(Ѳskew)
Load in the plane of the pier (parallel to the line connecting the columns):
FTpier=FLsuper*sin(Ѳskew)+FTsuper*cos(Ѳskew)

Pier Design Wind Loads from superstructure

Wind attack angle Bridge Transverse axis Bridge Longitudinal axis Resultant wind load along axes of pier
Degrees WTsuper [KN] WLsuper [KN] WTpier [KN]
0 53.07 0.00 53.07
15 46.43 13.27 46.43
30 44.22 26.53 44.22
45 35.38 35.38 35.38
 60 17.69 39.80 17.69
Design Load 53.07 39.80 53.07

3.4.2 Wind load on substructure

The transverse and longitudinal forces to be applied directly to the substructure are calculated from an assumed
base pressure of 0.040ksf (S3.8.1.2.3) =0.0019Mpa.For wind directions taken skewed to the substructure,this force is resolved
in to components perpendicular to the end and front elevations of the substructures.the components perpendicular to the end
elevation acts on the exposed substructure area as seen in end elevation, and the component perpendicular to the front elevation
acts on the exposed areas and is applied simultaneously with the wind loads from the super structure.
Wwind on sub = Wcap+Wcolumns+Wcol.bracing

Exposed area [M2]

Pier Transverse axis Pier Longitudinal axis
Wcap 1.44 11.04
Wcolumn 7.58 7.58
Wcol.bracing - 2.40

Pier Design Wind Loads from substructure

Wind attack angle Pier Transverse axis Pier Longitudinal axis
Degrees WTcap WTcolumn WLcap
0 2.74 14.41 0.00
15 2.64 13.92 5.43
30 2.37 12.48 10.49
45 1.93 10.19 14.83
 60 1.37 7.20 18.17
Design load 2.74 14.41 18.17
3.4.3 Wind load on vehicles
*** The wind load applied to vehicles is given as 1.46N/mm acting normal to and 1800mm above the roadway.
FTsuper = Fwt*[(Lback+Lahead)/2]
FLsuper = FwL*(Lback+Lwind)/no of fixed pier

Design vehicular wind loads

Wind attack angle Bridge Transverse axis Bridge Longitudinal axis Resultant wind load along axes of pier
Degrees KN KN VWTpier
0 18.40 0.00 18.40
15 16.13 2.27 16.13
30 15.12 4.41 15.12
45 12.10 5.92 12.10
60 6.30 6.93 6.30
Design load 18.40 6.93 18.40
3.4.4 Vertical wind load

** The vertical wind load is calculated by multiplying a 0.00096 Mpa vertical wind pressure by
out-to-out bridge deck width. It is applied to the windward qarter-point of the deck only
limit states that donot include wind on live load. Also the wind attack angle must be
zero degrees for the vertical wind load to apply

W vert= =0.00096*Wdeck
 9.91 kn/m

3.5 Earthquake Load

** The structure is assumed to to be constructed in sesmic zone 1 with an accleration coefficent <=0.09
therefore no sesmic analysis is required except designing for the minimum connection force between
the superstructure and substructure and the minimum bridge seat requirements.
** The horizontal connection force in the restrained direction is 0.1 times the vertical reaction due to
the tributary permanent laod and the tributary live loads assumed to exist during an earthquake.

Minimum displacement width

minimum displacement width is obtained from a percentage of the emperical seat width.
Minimum supprot length required:
N1=(200+0.0017L+0.0067H)*(1+0.000125S^2)
N1= 272.232800000001 mm Ok

Earthquake zones: EBCS Zone -4

Site Coefficient: Type I = 1.50
Acceleration coefficient(A):= 0.20
Permanent Load Wp=W1+W2+W3+Wcolumn.+Wbracing+Wfooting pad = 1014.74
The horizontal seismic force is the product of the site coefficient, the acceleration coefficient and the permanent loads
Horizontal earthquake force FH = site coeff.*A* Wp = 304.42
This force is transferred to the substructure at joints
The proportion of this load at the two levels is as in the following:
At bracing level =40% of FH= 121.77
 At pier cap level =60% of FH= 182.65
Resultant Earthquake force along axes of pier
Location Br Tpier (KN) Br Lpier (KN)
At bracing level 121.769047706148 0 96.91
At pier cap level 182.653571559223 0 290.74
3.6 Stream Pressure
The pressure of flowing water acting in the longitudinal direction of substructures will be taken as
P=5.14*10-4*CD*V2
Where: P is pressure of flowing water (Mpa)
CD drag coefficient given in table
V is design velocity of design flood (m/s)
The longitudinal drag force will be taken as the product of longitudinal stream pressure and the projected
area of substructure subjected to the force
Projected area=diametre of column*height of column up to highest water mark
Table for drag coefficient
Type CD
Semi-circular nosed pier 0.7
square ended pier 1.4
Debris loged against the pier 1.4
Wedged nosed pier nose angle <90 0.8
V= 5 m/s
Hcolumn up to HWM= 7.58 m
Projected area= 7.58400000000011
P=5.14*10-4CD*V2= 9.00 KN/M2
 Pf= 136.44 KN

3.7 Temperature Loading (Superimposed Deformations)

In general, uniform thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure can impose longitudinal forces on the substructure
units. These forces can arise from restraint of free movement at the bearings. Additionally, the physical locations and number of
substructure units can cause or influence these forces.

It is assumed that the center of the bridge is the point of no translation for thermal effects. Furthermore it is assumed that the force
caused by the deformation of both end spans are absorbed by the abutements .therefore only the force caused by the deformation of half
of the middle span acts on the pier.
Deformation of the Girders
For concrete α=10.8*10-6 (m/m/OC)
L= 6.30m
Δtemp= 20 O
C
Δlength= 0.0013608m
Detrmination of force acting on the pier
Bearing Pad Thickness= 0.081m
Bearing pad Shear modulus= 0.66Mpa
Bearing pad area= L=0.4 and W=0.45 0.36m2
Height of pier= 9.58m

Moment of inertia= Wcol_long*Wcol_tran.3

12
I= 0.08m4
 TU=

TU= 2.79KN

4.0 Summary of Load

4.1 Unfactored Loads
4.1.1 Unfactored vertical Loads and Moment
Vertical Loads Items Vn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
DLET 942.60 0.30 282.78
DLIT 669.92 0.30 200.98
LLET 234.36 0.00 0.00
LLIT 803.43 0.00 0.00
W1 317.95 0.00 0.00
W2 0.00 0.00 0.00
W3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wcolumn 285.91 0.00 0.00
Wcolumn bracing 34.56 0.00 0.00
Wfootingpad 376.32 0.00 0.00
4.1.2 Unfactored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads and Moment
Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)
WTpier 53.07 10.13 537.47
 WTcap 2.74 8.58 23.49
WTcolumn 14.41 4.19 60.41
VWTpier 18.40 12.06 221.84
Br Tpier 0.00 12.06 0.00
Pf 136.44 4.19 571.94
4.1.2 Unfactored Bridge Longitudinal axis Horizontal Loads and Moment
Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm Mx (KN-M)
WLpier 39.80 10.13 403.10
WLcap 18.17 8.58 155.93
WLcolumn 12.48 4.19 52.31
WLcol.bracing 3.95 4.19 16.55
VWLpier 6.93 12.06 83.57
BrLpier 162.50 12.06 1959.59
Tu 2.79 8.42 23.48
4.2 Design Loads
The load factor and combinations are summarized as follows
LOAD STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
DC 1.25 0.9 1.25
EV 1.35 1 1.35
EH 1.5 1.5 1.5
LL 1.75 1.75 0
BR 1.75 1.75 0
LS 1.75 1.75 0
WS 0 0 1.4
 WL 0 0 0
CR+SH+TU 0.5 0.5 0.5
4.2.1 Factored vertical Loads
Factored Vertical Loads
Vertical Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
DLET 1178.25 848.34 1178.25
DLIT 837.40 602.93 837.40
LLET 410.13 410.13 0.00
LLIT 1406.00 1406.00 0.00
W1 397.44 286.16 397.44
W2 0.00 0.00 0.00
W3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wcolumn 357.39 257.32 357.39
Wcolumn bracing 43.20 31.10 43.20
Wfootingpad 470.40 338.69 470.40
ΣVu 5100.22 4180.67 3284.08
4.2.1 Factored Moment due to vertical Loads
due to the symmetry of the loads and geometry of the structure about y axis of the footing ΣMy=0
STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
DLET 353.475 254.502 353.475
DLIT 251.22 180.8784 251.22
ΣMy= 604.695 435.3804 604.695
ΣMy= 604.70
4.2.1 Factored Bridge Transverse axes Horizontal Loads
 Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
WTpier 0.00 0.00 74.29
WTcap 0.00 0.00 3.83
WTcolumn 0.00 0.00 20.17
VWTpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Br Tpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Pf 204.65 204.65 204.65
ΣHuT 204.65 204.65 302.95
4.2.1 Factored Bridge Longitudinal axes Horizontal Loads
Factored Horizontal Loads
Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
WLpier 0.00 0.00 55.72
WLcap 0.00 0.00 25.43
WLcolumn 0.00 0.00 17.47
WLcol.bracing 0.00 0.00 5.53
VWLpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
BrLpier 284.38 284.38 0.00
Tu 1.39 1.39 1.39
ΣHuL 285.77 285.77 105.54

4.2.1 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (My)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
 WTpier 0.00 0.00 752.45
WTcap 0.00 0.00 32.88
WTcolumn 0.00 0.00 84.57
VWTpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Br Tpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Pf 857.91 857.91 857.91
ΣMy 857.91 857.91 1727.81

4.2.1 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (Mx)
Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III
WLpier 0.00 0.00 564.34
WLcap 0.00 0.00 218.31
WLcolumn 0.00 0.00 73.24
WLcol.bracing 0.00 0.00 23.18
VWLpier 0.00 0.00 0.00
BrLpier 3429.28 3429.28 0.00
un balanced dead load 0.00 0.00 0.00
un balanced Live load 183.88 183.88 0.00
Tu 11.74 11.74 11.74
ΣMx 3624.90 3624.90 890.80
5.0 Stability and saftey Criteria
Three design criteria should be satisfied:Eccentricity,Sliding and Bearing Capacity.The last column of each table represents
the design margin which is expressed as
 Design margin (%)= provided - applied *100
provided
5.1 Eccentricity
In the LRFD method, the eccentricity design criterion is ensured by keeping the resultant force within the
middle half of the base width soil foundations and resultanat force to be kept with in within the middle three-fourths of the base width .in rock foundatio
In other words,emax (<B/4) in soil foundation and emax (<3*B/8) in rock foundations.
The results are summarized as follows:

ex = ΣMy(total)/V ey = ΣMx(total)/V Design margin (%)=(emax-e)/emax*100

ex ey Design margin (%)-ex
STRENGTH I 0.287 0.711 72.69
STRENGTH Ia 0.350 0.867 66.68
STRENGTH III 0.710 0.271 32.36
STRENGTH IIIa 0.986 0.377 6.05
SERVICE I 0.395 0.644 62.41
5.1 Sliding
The results of sliding criterion are summarized as follows Fs=
Design margin (%)= (FsFr-HL)/(Fs*Fr)*100 db=
Fr=Vu*tandb Fs*Fr HL
STRENGTH I 2944.611 2355.689 204.65
STRENGTH Ia 2413.713 1930.971 204.65
STRENGTH III 1896.063 1516.850 302.95
STRENGTH IIIa 1365.165 1092.132 302.95
 SERVICE I 2116.021 1692.816 175.90
5.1 Bearing Capacity
Bearing resistance shall be investigated at the strength limit state using factored loads and resistances,assuming the following soil pressure distributions
i) Where the wall is supported by a soil foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a uniformly distributed pressure over an effective base
qmax=V/(B-2e)
ii) Where the wall is supported by a rock foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a linearly distributed pressure over an effective base a
If the resultant is within the middle one-third of the base,
qmax=V/B*(1+6ex/B)
qmin=V/B*(1-6ex/B)
iii) If the resultant is outside the middle one-third of the base,

qmax=2*V/(3*(B/2-e))
qmin=0 V/(B-2ex)*(L-2ey)

*Since our founding material is Rock

Fb = 0.50 qmax= V/(L*B)*(1+6ex/B+6ey/L) and 2*V/(3*(B/2-e)*L)

RI= (1-Hn/Vn)3 L= 7.00
qult= 3960.00 L*W= 19.60
Design Margin (%)= (Fb*RI*qult-qmax)/(Fb*RI*qult)*100
ΣVu ex ey
STRENGTH I 5100.216 0.287 0.711
STRENGTH Ia 4180.67 0.350 0.867
STRENGTH III 3284.08 0.710 0.271
STRENGTH IIIa 2364.54 0.986 0.377
SERVICE I 3665.06 0.395 0.644
IER

Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1

Mpa S5.4.2.1
SC 5.4.2.1 Stable C5.4.2.1-1
Mpa S5.4.3
Mpa
MPa
MPa
kpa
m
m

m
m

m
m
m

m
m

m
m
degree
m
m
OTAL BRIDGE WIDTH)
AR BRIDGE WIDTH)

TAL PIER WIDTH

L1 L2

Dc
C
TAL PIER WIDTH

L1 L2

Dc
C

b1

LF

Depth (pier cap end) (m)--(Dpc) d top

1.2 0.00
Depth (footing) (m)--(Df)
 0.8
No of fixed pier
1
Wf No of Bracing
2.800 1
No of column in a pier
2

Wcolumn (KN) Wcolumn bracing (KN) Wfooting pad (KN)

285.91 34.56 376.32
 836.875

S 3.8.1.1
PB= basic wind pressure specified in table 3.8.1.2.1-1
height of the structure at which wind load is calculated

in the abcence of better criterion S 3.8.1.1

ed relative to
ve to the pier axis

Stable 3.8.1.2.2-1
wind load along axes of pier
WLpier [KN] * longitiudinal force is not applicable if the bearing is expansion
0.00
13.27
26.53
35.38
 39.80
39.80

S 3.8.1.2.3

is force is resolved
dicular to the end
o the front elevation

Pier Longitudinal axis

WLcolumn WLcol.bracing
0.00 0.00
3.73 1.18
7.20 2.28
10.19 3.22
 12.48 3.95
12.48 3.95
S 3.8.1.3

wind load along axes of pier Stable 3.8.1.3-1

VWLpier
0.00
2.27
4.41
5.92
6.93
6.93
S 3.8.2
S 3.10
Stable 3.10.4-1

S4.7.4.1
S 4.7.4.4 SC 3.10.9.2
S 3.10.9.2 S 3.4.1

S4.7.4.4

S 4.7.4.4-1

KN

KN

KN
KN

193.82
108.09
S 3.11 S 3.11.3
 S3.12
on the substructure
ations and number of S3.12.2
STable 3.12.2.1-1

assumed that the force

ed by the deformation of half

0.71
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXTREME EVENT I
0.9 1.00
1 1.00
1.5 1.00
0 1.00
0 1.00
0 1.00
1.4 0.30
 0 1.00
0.5 1.00

oads
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
848.34 942.60
602.93 669.92
0.00 234.36
0.00 803.43
286.16 317.95
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
257.32 285.91
31.10 34.56
338.69 376.32
2364.54 3665.06

STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I

254.502 282.78
180.8784 200.976
435.3804 483.756
Loads
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
74.29 15.92
3.83 0.82
20.17 4.32
0.00 18.40
0.00 0.00
204.65 136.44
302.95 175.90

Loads
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
55.72 11.94
25.43 5.45
17.47 3.74
5.53 1.18
0.00 6.93
0.00 162.50
1.39 2.79
105.54 194.54

My)
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
 752.45 161.24
32.88 7.05
84.57 18.12
0.00 83.57
0.00 0.00
857.91 571.94
1727.81 841.92

Mx)
STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
564.34 120.93
218.31 46.78
73.24 15.69
23.18 4.97
0.00 83.57
0.00 1959.59
0.00 0.00
0.00 105.07
11.74 23.48
890.80 2360.08

table represents
e-fourths of the base width .in rock foundations.
B= 2.80
L= 7.00
exmax=3*B/8 1.05
eymax=3*L/8 2.63
=(emax-e)/emax*100
Design margin (%)-ey condition
72.92 OK !!
66.97 OK !!
89.67 OK !!
85.65 OK !!
75.47 OK !!

0.80
30.00
Design margin (%) Condition
91.31 OK !!
89.40 OK !!
80.03 OK !!
72.26 OK !!
 89.61 OK !!

ming the following soil pressure distributions

mly distributed pressure over an effective base area

ly distributed pressure over an effective base area.

+6ey/L) and 2*V/(3*(B/2-e)*L)

B= 2.80
m2
1767.01
qmax Hn Vn RI Design margin (%) Condition
578.64 136.44 3665.06 0.89 67.25 OK
531.73 136.44 3665.06 0.89 69.91 OK
453.45 206.65 2627.26 0.78 70.72 OK
544.54 206.65 2627.26 0.78 64.84 OK
448.36 225.04 3665.06 0.83 72.61 OK
 COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM LIVE
1.DIMENSION

Location Span Length C/C of girder

Left span 12 2.6
Right span 12 2.6

Pier cap width 1.2m

Carriage way width= 7.32m
Curb width= 1.5m
out to out deck width= 10.32m
Girder spacing= 2.6m
No of girder 4

2 Live Loads
a) Design Truck Load : HL-93

I) DESIGN TRUCK Art.3.6.1.2.2

4.3m 4.3- 9.0m

P = wheel load = (145KN/2)= 72.5KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT

II) DESIGN TANDEM Art.3.6.1.2.3

1.20m

P = wheel load = 1/2*110KN = 55KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT
 III) DESIGN LANE LOAD Art.3.6.1.2.4
The design lane load shall consist of a load of 9.3 N/mm uniformly distributed in the
assumed to be Transversely, the design lane load shall be assumed to be uniformly d
the design lane load shall not be subject to a dynamic load allowance.

2.1 computation of maximum reactions from live load

For pier the maximum live load effects in the pier cap, column and footing are based on either one, t

The positioning is arrived at by first determining the number of design lanes, which is the integer par
Then the lane loading, which occupies 3000 millimeters of the lane, and the HL-93 truck loading, wh
wheel spacing and a 600 millimeter clearance to the edge of the lane, are positioned with in each lane

3.6m
P P
B
A

The unfactored girder reactions for lane load and truck load reactions do not include dynamic load all
Also, the reactions do not include the ten percent reduction permitted by the Specifications for interi
with a truck pair in conjunction with lane loading.

2.1.1 Reactions from Girders

2.1.1.1 Design truck load
longitudnal arrangement
case i) Maximimum Axial load on a pier
a) single truck heading to the left

4300 4300

Rp1= 1.66 P
Rp2= 0.18 P

Axial Load: Rp=Rp1+Rp2= 1.84 P

Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 0.44 P

b) single truck heading to the right

4300 4300

Rp1= 0.18 P
 Rp2= 1.66 P

Axial Load: Rp=Rp1+Rp2= 1.84 P

Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 0.45 P

C) Two design trucks spaced at 15m. art.3.6.1.3.1

i) both heading to the right
For both negative moment between points of contraflexure under a uniform load on all spans,and reac
spaced a minimum of 15000 mm between the lead axle of one truck and the rear axle of the other tru
The distance between the 145 000-N axle of each truck shall be taken as 4300 mm.

the critical Truck positioning is as shown below

4300 4300
7500 75

Rp1= -0.06 P
Rp2= 0.45 P

Axial Load: Rp=Rp1+Rp2= 0.39 P

Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 0.15 P

i) both heading to the left

4300 4300
7500
 4300 4300
7500

Rp1= 0.45 P
Rp2= -0.06 P

Axial Load: Rp=Rp1+Rp2= 0.39 P

Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 0.15 P

Case 2: Maximum Bending Moment

a) single truck on the first span

4300 4300

Rp1= 1.74 P

a) single truck on the second span

4300
 4300

Rp2= 1.74 P
Therfore the maximum axial load for maximum bending moment becomes;
Rpmax= 1.74 P
Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 0.52 P

2.1.1.2 Design tandem load

Since the govering load arrangement is for truck load,tandem load arrangement and analysis is n

2.1.1.3 Design lane load

longitudnal arrangement
case i) Maximimum Axial load on a pier
Maximum Axial Loading on pier could be attained if the left and the right spans are fully loaded

Design lane load= 9.30 kN/m

Rp1= 58.59KN
Rp2= 58.59KN
Axial Load: Rp=Rp1+Rp2= 117.18KN
Moment about centerline of the pier 0.00KN-m

case ii) Maximimum moment on a pier

Maximum moment at pier centre can be obtained by loading only one of the larger span
 Design lane load= 9.30 kN/m
Rp1= 58.59KN
Axial load on a pier= 58.59KN
Moment about centerline of pier= 29.30KN-m

Summary of Loads
Design truck load

Maximum design truck axial load on a pier= 1.84 P

Moment about centerline of pier due to axial load= 0.45 P
Maximum design truck moment load on a pier= 1.74 P
Moment about centerline of pier due to moment= 0.52 P

Therefore unfactored design axial load a pier becomes=

which is equal to

Moment about centerline of pier due to moment=

which is equal to

Design lane load

Maximum design lane axial load on a pier= 117.18 KN
Maximum Moment about centerline of pier= 29.30KN-m

Reactions from Girders

From truck load(KN) From lane load(KN)
From super structure 1= 266.60 KN 117.18 KN
From super structure 2= 266.60 KN 117.18 KN

IM= 0.33
 Pwheel= 159.56 KN

The value of the unfactored uniformly distributed load which represents the girder lane load reaction
This load is transversely distributed over 3000mm and is not subject to dynamic load allowance.

Wwheel= Rlane/3m*0.9
35.15 KN

The next step is to compute the reactions due to the above loads at each of the four bearing locations.
at the interior girder locations but continuous over the exterior girders.use the lever arm method to d
The computations for the reactions with only Lane B loaded are illustrated below as an example The
respective reaction:
R4_B= 117.18 KN
R3_B= 307.40 KN
R2_B= 0.00 KN
R1_B= 0.00 KN
The following table summerizes the remaining live load reactions at girders.

Vehicular live load

Lane A
Bearing
Variable name Reaction (KN)
1 R1_A= 22.86 KN
2 R2_A= 401.72 KN
3 R3_A= 0.00 KN
4 R4_A= 0.00 KN
Therfore,the reactions at each bearings becomes
R1 22.86 KN
R2 401.72 KN
R3 307.40 KN
R4 117.18 KN
and unbalanced moment due to live load
Mll= 105.07 KN-m
TATION OF MAXIMUM LIVE LOAD EFFECT ON PIER

Brg.width
0.6
0.6

4.3- 9.0m 1.80m

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT

1.80m

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
N/mm uniformly distributed in the longitudinal direction.Transversely, the design lane load shall be
hall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over a 3000-mm width. The force effects from
mic load allowance.

S3.6.1.1.1,S3.6.1.2.1,S3.6.1.2.4, and S3.6.1.3.1

d footing are based on either one, two or three lanes loaded (whichever results in the worst force effect).

sign lanes, which is the integer part of the ratio of the clear roadway width divided by 3600 millimeters per lane.
e, and the HL-93 truck loading, which has a 1800 millimeter wheel spacing and which has a 1800 millimeter
ne, are positioned with in each lane to maximize the force effects in each of the respective pier components

3.6m
P P P
B 3m

ns do not include dynamic load allowance and are given on a per lane basis (i.e., distribution factor = 1.0).
ted by the Specifications for interior pier reactions that result from longitudinally loading the superstructure
0 4300

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3
Rp2 0.3

0 4300

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3
Rp2 0.3
 uniform load on all spans,and reaction at interior piers only, 90 percent of the effect of two design trucks
ck and the rear axle of the other truck, combined with 90 percent of the effect of the design lane load.
ken as 4300 mm.

4300 4300
0 7500

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3
Rp2 0.3

4300 4300
7500 7500
 4300 4300
7500 7500

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3
Rp2 0.3

4300

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3

4300 4300
 4300 4300

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp2 0.3

ad arrangement and analysis is not considered.

he right spans are fully loaded

C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
Rp1 0.3
Rp2 0.3

one of the larger span

 C/C of Brg x=
Location of Reaction from the face of the pier
maximum span 12
Rp1 0.3

1.84 P
266.60 KN

0.52 P
75.78KN-m

load(KN)
sents the girder lane load reaction is computed next.
ct to dynamic load allowance.

each of the four bearing locations.This is generally carried out by assuming the deck is pinned (i.e., discontinuous)
ers.use the lever arm method to determine reactions at the girders due to the truck and lane loading.
ustrated below as an example The subscripts indicate the bearing location and the lane loaded to obtain the

R4_A= 0.00 KN
R3_A= 0.00 KN
R2_A= 401.72 KN
R1_A= 22.86 KN

e load
Lane B
Variable name Reaction (KN)
R1_B= 0.00 KN
R2_B= 0.00 KN
R3_B= 307.40 KN
R4_B= 117.18 KN
RANGEMENT
sely, the design lane load shall be
h. The force effects from

hever results in the worst force effect).

ay width divided by 3600 millimeters per lane.

l spacing and which has a 1800 millimeter
n each of the respective pier components

lane basis (i.e., distribution factor = 1.0).

m longitudinally loading the superstructure
 0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m

0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m
ercent of the effect of two design trucks
f the effect of the design lane load.

4300

0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m

0 4300
0 4300

0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m

0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
 0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m

0.6
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m
 0.85
on of Reaction from the face of the pier
m
m
assuming the deck is pinned (i.e., discontinuous)
s due to the truck and lane loading.
location and the lane loaded to obtain the
PRELIMINARY DIMENSION
L (pier cap) W (pier cap) D (pier cap) D (pier cap end)
9.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Dia.of column W (bracing col.) D (bracing col.) D (footing) (m) Total depth of supersturcture
1.00 0.60 0.60 0.80 1.15
C/C of Column L1 L2 a
5.00 6.00 1.60 2.60
h h1 h2 No of column in a pier
8.78 9.58 7.58 2.00

SAP INPUT
Grid Data
X 0 2.1 7.10 9.20 0.00
Z 0 0.80 5.38 8.98
Section property
Member Width/dia. Depth
Pier Cap 1.20 1.20
Column 1.00
Bracing 0.60 0.60
Summary Of Unfactored Load On Axes Of Pier
Vertical Force (Z-Axis)
Item Type Force Location
VDLET Dead Load 471.3 0.7
VDLIT Dead Load 334.96 3.30
LLET Live Load 117.18 0.70
 LLIT Live Load 401.72 3.30
Dead1 Dead Load 7.2 0.125

Horizontal Force (X-Axis) Horizontal Force (Y-Axis)

Item Type Force Location Item Type Force Location
WTpier Wind Load 53.07 2.50 Br Live Load 162.50 2.50
WTcap Wind Load 2.28 2.50 WLpier Wind Load 39.80 2.50
WTcolumn Wind Load 1.90 kn/m WLcap Wind Load 1.97 Kn/m
VWTpier Wind Load 18.40 2.50 WLcolumn Wind Load 1.65 Kn/m
Eq at bracing 1&2 EQ load 121.77 2.50 WLcol.bracing Wind Load 0.44 Kn/m
Eq at pier cap EQ load 182.65 2.50 VWLpier Wind Load 6.93 2.50
Pf 9.00 kn/m Tu Temp & shirn. 2.79 2.50

Moment (Y-AXIS) Moment (X-AXIS)

Item Type Force Location Item Type Force Location
WTpier Wind Load 66.03 2.50 Br Live Load 547.1375 2.50
VWTpier Wind Load 61.94 2.50 WLpier Wind Load 49.52570636 2.50
VWLpier Wind Load 23.33331 2.50
Mll Live Load 420.29 2.50

SAP OUT PUT

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS RESULT FROM SAP OUT PUT
PIER CAP AND COLUMN BRACING

PIER CAP COLUMN BRACING

LOAD M-ve M+ve Vmax M-ve M+ve Vmax
 DESIGN LOAD 1250.6 342.01 1255.745 130.933 100.76 72.4
SERVICE I 974.78 180.7 888.464 89 58 51

COLUMN
COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
COMBINATION AXIAL M1 M2 AXIAL M1 M2
DESIGN LOAD 2292.18 1976.72 369.59 2381.60 1976.72 386.12

COLUMN LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Member Diameter of bar Area of Rebar No of bars Tie Spacing

Column 32 14026 18 201
 Design of Pier Cap and Column Bracing
1.0 Relevant Data
1.1 Material Properties
Unit weight of concrete γConcrete 24 Kn/m3
Concrete compressive strength (C30) 24 Mpa
Tensile strength of steel
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300 Mpa
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420 Mpa
Ec=.043g1.5c sqrt(fc') 24768 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa

1.2 Preliminary Dimension

Item Width (mm) Depth (mm)

Pier Cap 1200 1200
Column bracing 600 600

1.3 Reinforcemrnt Steel Cover Requirement

Pier Cap top cover 60 mm

Pier Cap bottom cover 50 mm

Bracing top cover 50 mm

 Bracing bottom cover 50 mm

1.4 Design Load and Service Load

Item Design Load

M(Negative) M(positive) V
Pier Cap 1250.6 342.01 1255.745
Bracing 130.933 100.76 72.4

Item Service Load

M(Negative) M(positive)
Pier Cap 974.78 180.7
Bracing 89 58

2.0 Pier Cap Design

2.1 Top Reinforcement
2.1.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1200
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1200
 fr= 3.09 Mpa fy= 420
Ig= 0.172800 m4 Cover(top)= 60.00
yt= 0.6 m
Mcr= 888.87 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1066.65 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Pier cap moment is:
Mupier capmax= 1250.6 Knm
1.33*Mupier capmax= 1663.30 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 1250.60 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
1250.60 0.90 1200 420 24
diameter of bar 24 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
439.90 mm OK !!

Assume a = 52.08 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 3,035 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 52.08 mm
OK !!

Required As = 3035 mm2/m

No of bars= 7.00
Provide 9 Bars of Diameter 24
 As provided = 4,072 mm2

2.1.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0030 << rmax
OK !!

2.1.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa]
30 72 19008 0.2702080488533 270.21
Service Pier cap total load moment:
Mupier capservI= 974.78 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
 y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm]
1116 4.07150407905237 0.003648301146104 0.2141747726532 239.019046281021
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1116 mm
It= 29,602,734.45 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 231.02 Mpa
Ok

2.2 Bottom Reinforcement

2.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1200
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 1200
fr= 3.09 Mpa fy= 420
Ig= 0.172800 m4 Cover(bottom)= 50.00
yt= 0.6 m
Mcr= 888.87 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 1066.65 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Pier cap moment is:
 Mupier capmax= 342.01 Knm
1.33*Mupier capmax= 454.87 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored pier cap moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 454.87 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
454.87 0.90 1200 420 24
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
265.30 mm OK !!

Assume a = 18.45 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 1,076 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 18.45 mm
OK !!

Required As = 1076 mm2/m

No of bars= 4.00
Provide 6 Bars of Diameter 20
As provided = 1,885 mm 2

1.3.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
 rprovided = 0.0014 << rmax
OK !!

1.3.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa]
30 60 25920 0.2589360421628 258.94
Service Pier cap total load moment:
Mupier capservI= 180.70 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm]
1128 1.88495559215388 0.001671059922122 0.1506914943973 169.980005680126
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 1128 mm
 It= 15,477,221.67 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 89.48 Mpa
Ok

1.4.4 Design for shear:

Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs

or
Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
where: Vc=Shear resistance due to concret (k) Vc=0.0316*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv
Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
VS=Vu/F-Vc
bv=effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv as determined in
dv=effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in),it is the distance measured perpendicular to the
neutral axis between the resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure.
It need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9*de or 0.72*h
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
b=factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension as specified in
 = for nonprestressed sections, b may be taken as 2
Required transverse reinforcement from analysis
Smax=Av*fy*dv/Vs

Check the minimum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.5)

A minimum amount of transverse reinforcement is required to restrain the growth of diagonal cracking and to increase the
ductility of the section.A larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required to control cracking as the concrete strength
is increased.
where transverse reinforcement is required, as specified in S5.8.2.4, the area of steel must satisfy:
Av=0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
Av=0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
where
bv= width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts as specified in S5.8.2.9 (in)
Smax1=Av*fy/(0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv)
Check the maximum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.7)
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must not exceed the maximum permited spacing,Smax,
determined as
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
If Vu < 0.125*fc' , Smax2 < = 0.8dv < = 24 in (S5.8.2.7-2)
If Vu > =0.125*fc' , Smax2 <= 0.4dv <= 12 in (S5.8.2.7-2)
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at a distance d
Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement
Vupier capmax (k) fc' [ksi] fy [ksi] Dia.of stirup [mm] av
338.76 3.481 43.511 16.00 0.62
 Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [in] h [in] dv [in]
0.9 2 47.24 47 44.05
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
376.40 1810.873 376.40
Since Vu > The Shear resistance of concrete alone,Transverse reinforcement is required !!

SPACING
0.125*fc' Smax (in) Smax 1 (in) Smax 2 (in) Spacing provided (mm)
0.435 9.116 247.313 12 231.551

1.4.5 Check Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.10.8)

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stress is provided near the surfaces of the concrete exposed to daily temperature
changes and in structural mass concrete.Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is added to ensure that the total reinforcement on
exposed surfaces is not lessthan that specified below.
For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag
Ag=mm2 fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
1440000 420 2571.42857142857 2160 2571.42857142857
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the pier cap
Required Area of steel per face= 1285.71 mm2
using dia= 20 mm
No of bars per face= 5
 As provided= 1571 mm2
Ok

1.4.6 Skin reinforcement (S5.7.3.4)

If the effective depth,de of the concrete member exceeds 3ft., longitudinal skin reinforcement is uniformly distributed along both face
of the component for a distance of d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement (in2/ft of height) on each side of the face is
required to satisfy:
Ask >= 0.012*(de-30) <=(As+Aps)/4 (S5.7.3.4-4)
Required Ask per face= Min((Ask*4),(As+Aps))
Where: 0.99
Aps= area of prestressing (in )
2

de=flexural depth taken as the distance from the compression face of

the centroid of the steel,positive moment region (in)
Effective depth de= 3.70 ft
Condition: Since de > 3ft, Skin reinforcement is required
Ask= 5.98 in2/ft
Aps= 0.00 in2/ft
(As+Aps)/4= 3.5 in2/ft
Required Ask per face= 3.50 in2/ft 2258.06
Condition: Since Ask > As provided additional reinforcement is required
this shall be distributed uniformly along both sides of the tension zone for a distance of d/2 measured from the main flexural steel.
Area of steel required for each face =Ask*d/2=
Ask*d/2= 348.187432656
diameter of bar= 20
 area of bar= 314.15926535898
No of bar = 2
So,provide two additional diameter 20mm bar as skin reinforcement

3.0 Bracing Column Design

3.1 Top Reinforcement
3.1.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 600
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 600
fr= 3.09 Mpa fy= 420
Ig= 0.010800 m4 Cover(top)= 50.00
yt= 0.3 m
Mcr= 111.11 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 133.33 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Column bracing moment is:
Mubracingmax= 130.933 Knm
1.33*Mupier capmax= 174.14 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored pier cap moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 133.33 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
 133.33 0.90 600 420 24
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
203.13 mm OK !!

Assume a = 23.44 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 683 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 23.44 mm
OK !!

Required As = 683 mm2/m

No of bars= 3.00
Provide 5 Bars of Diameter 20
As provided = 1,571 mm 2

3.1.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0050 << rmax
OK !!

3.1.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa]
30 60 14400 0.3149802624737 314.98
Service Pier cap total load moment:
MubracingservI= 89.00 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm]
528 1.5707963267949 0.002974993043172 0.1956683359176 103.312881364503
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 528 mm
It= 2,634,031.69 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 114.80 Mpa
Ok
3.2 Bottom Reinforcement
3.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 600
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 600
fr= 3.09 Mpa fy= 420
Ig= 0.010800 m4 Cover(bottom)= 50.00
yt= 0.3 m
Mcr= 111.11 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 133.33 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Bracing Column moment is:
Mubracingmax= 100.76 Knm
1.33*Mubracingmax= 134.01 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored bracing column moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 133.33 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
133.33 0.90 600 420 24
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
203.13 mm OK !!

Assume a = 23.45 mm
 As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 683 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 23.44 mm
OK !!

Required As = 683 mm2/m

No of bars= 3.00
Provide 5 Bars of Diameter 20
As provided = 1,571 mm2

3.3.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0050 << rmax
OK !!

3.3.3 Check crack control

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.
Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa]
 30 60 14400 0.3149802624737 314.98
Service Pier cap total load moment:
Mupier capservI= 58.00 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm]
528 1.5707963267949 0.002974993043172 0.1956683359176 103.312881364503
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 528 mm
It= 2,634,031.69 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 74.81 Mpa
Ok

3.4.4 Design for shear:

Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement

Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn
The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs
or
Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv
Where:- Vc=Shear resistance due to concret (k) Vc=0.0316*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv
Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the axis of the member is used
VS=Vu/F-Vc
bv=effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth dv as determined in
dv=effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in),it is the distance measured perpendicular to the
neutral axis between the resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure.
It need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9*de or 0.72*h
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
b=factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension as specified in
= for nonprestressed sections, b may be taken as 2
Required transverse reinforcement from analysis
Smax=Av*fy*dv/Vs

Check the minimum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.5)

A minimum amount of transverse reinforcement is required to restrain the growth of diagonal cracking and to increase the
ductility of the section.A larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required to control cracking as the concrete strength
is increased.
where transverse reinforcement is required, as specified in S5.8.2.4, the area of steel must satisfy:
Av=0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
Av=0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv*S/fy
where
 bv= width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts as specified in S5.8.2.9 (in)
Smax1=Av*fy/(0.0316*sqrt(fc')*bv)
Check the maximum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.7)
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must not exceed the maximum permited spacing,Smax,
determined as
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
If Vu < 0.125*fc' , Smax2 < = 0.8dv < = 24 in (S5.8.2.7-2)
If Vu > =0.125*fc' , Smax2 <= 0.4dv <= 12 in (S5.8.2.7-2)
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at a distance d
Check the requirement of transverse reinforcement
Vupier capmax (k) fc' [ksi] fy [ksi] Dia.of stirup [mm] av
16.28 3.481 43.511 12.00 0.35

Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [in] h [in] dv [in]
0.9 2 23.62 24 20.33
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
56.61 417.826 56.61
Since Vu < The Nominal Shear resistance,Transverse reinforcement is not required

SPACING
0.125*fc' Smax (in) Smax 1 (in) Smax 2 (in) Spacing provided (mm)
0.435 #DIV/0! 278.227 8 #DIV/0!
3.4.5 Check Minimum Temperature and Shirinkage reinforcement (S5.10.8)
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stress is provided near the surfaces of the concrete exposed to daily temperature
changes and in structural mass concrete.Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is added to ensure that the total reinforcement on
exposed surfaces is not lessthan that specified below.
For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75Ag/fy or SumAb=0.0015Ag
Ag=mm2 fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] 0.0015Ag [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
360000 420 642.857142857143 540 642.857142857143
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the pier cap
Required Area of steel per face= 321.43 mm2
using dia= 12 mm
No of bars per face= 3
As provided= 339 mm2
Ok

3.4.6 Skin reinforcement (S5.7.3.4)

If the effective depth,de of the concrete member exceeds 3ft., longitudinal skin reinforcement is uniformly distributed along both face
of the component for a distance of d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement (in2/ft of height) on each side of the face is
required to satisfy:
Ask >= 0.012*(de-30) <=(As+Aps)/4 (S5.7.3.4-4)
Required Ask per face= Min((Ask*4),(As+Aps))
Where:
Aps= area of prestressing (in2)
de=flexural depth taken as the distance from the compression face of
the centroid of the steel,positive moment region (in)
Effective depth de= 1.73 ft
Condition: since de < 3ft,Skin reinforcement is not required
Ask= - in2/ft
Aps= 0.00 in2/ft
(As+Aps)/4= 3.5 in2/ft
Required Ask per face= - in2/ft -
Condition: -
stable 3.5.1-1
S5.4.2.1
SC 5.4.2.1 Stable C5.4.2.1-1
S5.4.3
to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm
N/mm2
mm

D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
1200 60.00 1116

24
31.968

mm C/C 132 mm
 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1

S 5.7.3.4

neutral axis.

n Use n=
8.07 8.00

m the neuteral
 As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
4.07150407905 877

to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm
N/mm2
mm
 D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
1200 50.00 1128

mm C/C 216 mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
 S 5.7.3.4

neutral axis.

n Use n=
8.07 8.00

m the neuteral

As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1.88495559215 958
 (S5.8.3.3-1)

(S5.8.3.3-2)
(S5.8.3.3-3)

(S5.8.2.9)
endicular to the

(S5.8.3.4)
o increase the
crete strength

n S5.8.2.9 (in)

a distance d
 calculated.
Vc(k) Vs
245.37 131.04

daily temperature
total reinforcement on

greater than
stributed along both face
de of the face is

0.33

mm2 7408.333333
ent is required
e main flexural steel.
to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm
N/mm2
mm

D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
 600 50.00 528

mm C/C 120 mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1

S 5.7.3.4
neutral axis.

n Use n=
8.07 8.00

m the neuteral

As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1.57079632679 425
to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm
N/mm2
mm

D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
600 50.00 528
 mm C/C 120 mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1

S 5.7.3.4

neutral axis.

n Use n=
 8.07 8.00

m the neuteral

As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
1.57079632679 425
 (S5.8.3.3-1)

(S5.8.3.3-2)
(S5.8.3.3-3)

(S5.8.2.9)
endicular to the

(S5.8.3.4)

o increase the
crete strength
n S5.8.2.9 (in)

a distance d

calculated.
Vc(k) Vs
56.61 0
daily temperature
total reinforcement on

greater than

stributed along both face

de of the face is
mm2
3.0 Required information
3.1 Material Properties
Unit weight of concrete γConcrete 24 Kn/m3
Unit weight of concrete γ back fill 19.2 Kn/m3
Concrete compressive strength (C30) 24 Mpa
Tensile strength of steel
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300 Mpa
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420 Mpa
Ec=.043g c sqrt(fc')
1.5
24768 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Allowable bearing capacity = 990 kpa

3.2 Dimensions
Center to center of column (C/C)= 5000 mm
Column diameter= 1000 mm
Footing pad top cover= 50 mm Stable 5.12.3-1
Footing pad bottom cover= 75 mm Stable 5.12.3-1
Back fill depth= 1000 mm

3.3 Applied Axial load and Moments

From the load analysis of the bent, the cases of the loading that produced maximum load effects and other
concurent load effects on the footing are shown below
 AXIAL LOAD
P1 P2
2292.18 2381.60

MOMENT
M1x M2x
1976.72 1976.72

MOMENT
M1y M2y
369.59 386.12

4.0 Preliminary Footing dimension

Footing pad length (L)= 7 m

Footing pad width (w)= 2.8 m
Footing pad depth (Fd)= 0.8 m
Length 1 (L1)= 1 m
Width 1 (W1)= 1.4 m
The dimensions of the footing should be chosen so that the resultant load passes through the centroid of the base area
This may be assumed to give a uniform bearing pressure under the footing and help to prevent differential settlement.
5.0 Computation of Design Load
For Longer direction
Σ Vertical Load 4673.77784504475 ex= 0.85
Σ My 3953.4397 ey= 0.16
Σ Mx 755.706858378896 A= 19.6
Stress= P/A+6*My/(W*L2)+6*Mx/(L*W2) and 2*V/(3*(B/2-e)*L)

Stress at four edges

σ1 σ2 σ3 σ4 σ max
803.29 803.29 803.29 803.29 803.29
OK ! OK ! OK ! OK !
0.135147190998296
KN/m
Weight of Footing 53.76
Weight of back fill 53.76
Maximum Stress 667.68
W= 560.16
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
0.00 1.00 6.00 7.00 0.00

3594.503

From Sap Out Put

M(positive) = 280.18 KNM
M(Negative) = 1470.42 KNM
Vws = 1180 KN
Maximum Reaction 1400 KN
 For Shorter direction

M = 321.315985638017 KNM
Vwl = 610.00 KN

6.0 Design For Flexure

6.1 Bottom Reinforcement Longitudinal Direction
6.1.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 800
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.042667 m4
yt= 0.4 m
Mcr= 329.21 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 395.05 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 280.18 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 372.64 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
 the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 372.64 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
372.64 0.90 1000 420 24
diameter of bar 24 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
263.04 mm OK !!

Assume a = 29.93 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 1,454 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 29.93 mm
OK !!

Required As = 1454 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 311 mm
Use diameter 24 mm bars c/c 300
As provided = 1,508 mm2

6.1.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0022 << rmax
OK !!
 6.1.3 Check crack control
Crack control are not performed on footings

6.1.4 Check Fatigue

By inspection,fatigue is not checked for footings
6.2 Top Reinforcement Longitudinal Direction
6.2.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 800
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.042667 m4
yt= 0.4 m
Mcr= 329.21 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 395.05 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 1470.42 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 1955.66 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 1470.42 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
 1470.42 0.90 1000 420 24
diameter of bar 32 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
522.52 mm OK !!

Assume a = 118.72 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 5,766 mm2
a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 118.71 mm
OK !!

Required As = 5766 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 139 mm
Use diameter 32 mm bars c/c 130
As provided = 6,187 mm2

6.2.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0084 << rmax
OK !!

7.1 Bottom Reinforcement Shorter Direction

7.1.1 Check minimum reinforcement requirements
*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 24
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 800
fr= 3.09 Mpa
Ig= 0.042667 m4
yt= 0.4 m
Mcr= 329.21 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 395.05 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 321.32 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 427.35 Knm
1.33 times the controlling factored moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 395.05 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ]
395.05 0.90 1000 420 24
diameter of bar 20 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
270.84 mm OK !!

Assume a = 30.76 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 1,494 mm2
 a= As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 30.76 mm
OK !!

Required As = 1494 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 210 mm
Use diameter 20 mm bars c/c 200
As provided = 1,571 mm2

7.1.2 Check for maximum reinforcement

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1=
rprovided = As/bd fc' =
rmax = 0.018214285714286 fy =
rprovided = 0.0022 << rmax
OK !!

8.1 Top Reinforcement Shorter Direction

Provide minimum reinforcement if necessary
8.1.1 Check Minimum Temperature and Shrinkage Steel (S5.10.8)
According to S5.10.8.1, reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete. Footings are not exposed to daily temperature changes
and, therefore, are not checked for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. Nominal reinforcement is provided at the top of the
footing to arrest possible cracking during the concrete early stage before the footing is covered with fill.

9.0 Design For Shear

9.1 Check the depth for the shear:
Where the factored shear force, Vu, exceeds shear strength ØVc, the depth of the footing shall be reivised to satisfy
the equation, Vu < = ØVn

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv

where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=0
dv=effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9,it is the distance measured perpendicular to the
neutral axis between the resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure.
It need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9*de or 0.72*h
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)

9.1.1 Determine one - way shear capacity : (S5.8.3.3)

i ) For longitudinal face (X- axis) :
For one - way action, the shear resistance of the footing of slab will satisfy the requirements specified in S5.8.3
Vry = fVn (S5.8.2.1-2)
Vwl (KN) fc' [Mpa] fy a (mm) dsy (mm)
610.00 24 300 30.76 270.84

Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [mm] h [mm] dvy [mm]
0.9 2 7 1 255.46
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
1454.24 10729.3724070673 1454.24
OK !!
 ii ) For transverse face (Y-axis): (S5.8.3.3)
For one - way action, the shear resistance of the footing of slab will satisfy the requirements specified in S5.8.3
Vrx = fVn (S5.8.2.1-2)
Vws (KN) fc' [Mpa] fy a (mm) dsx (mm)
1180.00 24 300 30.76 715.00

Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
Fv= b= bv [mm] h [mm] dvx [mm]
0.9 2 1000 800 699.62
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
568954.41 4197734.89864819 568954.41
OK !!

9.1.2 Determine Two - way punching shear capacity at the column : (S5.13.3.6.3)
I ) Nominal Shear force:
For two way action for section without transverse reinforcement, the nominal shear resistance,Vn in kips of the concrete
shall be taken as:
Vn= (0.063+0.126/bo)*fc'*bodv < =0.126fc'bodv (S5.13.3.6.3-1)
Where:
bo= ratio of long side to short side of the rectangular through which the concentrated
load or reaction force is transmitted
= (column equivalent length)/(column equivalent width)
 (Notice,for circular column this ratio equals to one)
dv= average effective shear depth ( in )
= (dvx + dvy)/2
bo= perimetre of the critical section ( in ),the critical section is 0.5*d from the reaction area (S5.13.3.6.1)
II ) 7.3.4 Shear Capacity of the concrete:
Vr = 0.9*Vn
Design Shear force for punching 314.732493117475 k

bo fc' (ksi) dv (in) bo (in) 0.126*fc'*bo*dv

1 3.48 19 124 1020.91

OK !!
stable 3.5.1-1

S5.4.2.1
SC 5.4.2.1 Stable C5.4.2.1-1
S5.4.3
of the base area
ntial settlement.
t equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm
 D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
800 75 693

mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
 [5.7.3.4]

[5.5.3]

t equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm

D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
 800 50 734

mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
t equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2

mm Sequation 5.7.3.6.2-2
N/mm2
mm

D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
800 75 715
 mm

0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1
24 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1

urfaces of concrete
y temperature changes
s provided at the top of the
sed to satisfy

d perpendicular to the

in S5.8.3

d to be calculated.
Vc Vs
1454.24 0.00 S5.8.3.4.1
in S5.8.3

d to be calculated.
Vc Vs
568954.41 0.00 S5.8.3.4.1

ps of the concrete
action area (S5.13.3.6.1)

Vn (k) Vr (KN)
1020.91 918.8223764