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    UOP7gasabscolumn PDF

    Uploaded by

    Riccardo Vianello

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 47
    INSTRUCTION MANUAL UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN uoP7 Issue 13 JUNE 2000 ARMFIELD LIMITED (OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS oP7 PAGENO, SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED BY ARMFIELD INTRODUCTION 7 [RECEIPT OF EQUIPMENT 8 DESCRIPTION 9 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS n ASSEMBLY 2 CONNECTION TO SERVICES 3 COMMISSIONING “ ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 15 INDEX TO EXPERIMENTS 6 NOMENCLATURE i (GENERAL SAFETY RULES, a ‘SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED BY ARMFIELD Before proceeding to install, commission or operate the equipment desribed in this ‘instruction manual we wish to alert you to potential hazards so that they may be avoided Although designed for safe operation, any laboratory equipment may involve processes or procedures which are potentially hazardous. The major potential hazards ‘sociated with this particular equipment are iste below. + INJURY FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK | INJURY THROUGH MISUSE ‘+ INJURY FROM INCORRECT HANDLING + DAMAGETO CLOTHING ‘© INJURY FROM CORROSIVE FLUIDS ‘+ RISK OF INFECTION DUE TO LACK OF CLEANLINESS ‘Accidents can be avoided provided that equipment is regularly maintained and staf and students are made aware of potential hazards. A list of general safety rules is included in this manual, to assist staff and students in this regard. The list is not {intended tobe flly comprehensive but for guidance nly. Please refer tothe notes overleaf regarding the Control of Substances Hazardous to “Health Regulations. ‘The COSHH Regulations ‘The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1988) ‘The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others ffom substances used at work which may be hazardous to health. The regulations require you to make an asessment ofall operations which are lable to expose any person fo hazardous solids, Hiquids, dusts, vapour, gates or micro-organisms. You are flso required to intodvce suitable procedures for handling these substances and keep sppropite records. ‘Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances ‘which can be hazardous (for example, cleaning fuids used for maintenance or chemicals used for particular demonstatons) itis essential that the laboratory ‘supervisor of some other person in authority is responsible for implementing the ‘COSHH regulations. Parts of the above regulations ar to ensure thatthe relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets are availabe for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory. Any person ‘using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following: Physical data about the substance ‘Any hazard from fire or explosion ‘Any bazar to heath “Appropriate Fist Aid treatment ‘Any hazard from reaction with other substances How to cleaa/aispose of spillage Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, itis strongly recommended that a similar approach be adopted for the protection ofthe students ‘operating the equipment. Loal regulations must also be considered. Water-Borne Infections ‘The equipment described in this instruction manval involves the use of water which under certain conditions can erate health hazard due to infection by harmful miro organisms. For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on ‘any scale, rus, algue or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of| ‘water is between 20 and 45°C. Any water containing tis bacterium whichis sprayed ‘oF splashed cresting sir-bome droplets can produce form of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease which is potentially fatal. Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves asa useful example ofthe need for cleanliness. ‘Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:- ‘Any water contsined within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i. the water ‘must be changed regularly. ‘Any rus, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be removed ‘regularly, ie. the equipment must be cleaned regularly. ‘Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below 20°C ot above 45°C. If this isnot practicable then the water should be disinfected if itis safe ‘and sppropriae todo so. Note that other hazards may exist inthe handling of biocides teed to disinfect the water ‘A scheme shouldbe prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all ofthe action listed above. Further details on preventing infection are contined inthe publication “The Control of Legionellsisinloding Legionares Disease” ~ Health and Safety Series booklet HS (70, 1 Ensure equipment is disconnected from electrical supply 2. Locate suitable postion for RCD on or adjacent to equipment 3. Remove cover from mounting bese 4. Position base, mark off, dill, through 2holes 5, Fix base at location using suitable 6, FXRCD to base 7. Remove 130mm of outer sheath of ‘able inline with RCD 8. Cutlive and neutral, connect to RCD. Do not cut earth. 9, Fitcover to base and RCD 10, Reconnect main power supply 11, Switeh on RCD move 10m or sheath Tes rom oul BUS) 'NGLEARIM een) & 4 | 3 trom BM20491 Fitting of Residual Current Circuit Device to Armfield Equipment USE OF RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE AS AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY DEVICE “The equipment described inthis Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage electieal supply. The equipment i designed and manufactured in accordance with sppropriate regulation relating to the use of electricity. Smiley, its assumed that, ‘egulations aplying to the operation of electrical equipment ae observed by the end However, it is recommended that the Residusl Current Device (RCD) supplied (cheratvely called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker - ELCB) be fitted to this ‘equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically 090m DEPTH == 065m ASSEMBLY ‘The top half ofthe column will have been removed and packaged seaparately in the carton fr shipping. Reconnect the flexible hose from the small compressor tothe base ofthe column (this will have been disconnected for shiping). (Close the airflow contro valve Cp, close the water outlet valve Cy and ensure that the ‘anal sampling cocks in thee postions up the system are closed. Fill the lower half ‘ofthe column with water to about three-quarters o it height our approximately half of the Rashig rings into the water filled column until the rings are 100mm ffom the tp. Fit the ‘O"zng into its groove inthe top flange of the Tower columa togeer with, fisly the PTFE redistibutor fllowed by the metal ‘mesh Rashi ring support. [Now fit the upper half ofthe column tothe lower half end bolt the two sections ofthe column together. Ensure tha the flanges above and below th top column section are ‘tached 10 the rear metal support member using the shaped brackets supplied (the brackets must be fitted between the upper face ofthe support and the underside ofthe column flange). Add more water tothe upper column section to about thre-quarters ofits height and ‘pour the rest of the Rashig rings into the column until the rings are 100mm ftom the top flange. Fit the water inlet section atthe top of the column with the water infet facing rearwards then connect the flexible water supply tube and small bore gas sample tube to this section. ‘The water may now be drained out ofthe column by opening valve Ce A length of clear acrylic tube is supplied to allow the column to be flooded without ‘water spiling from the water inlet section. The machined end ofthe tube should be pushed over the parallel ir outlet on the water inlet section ‘The equipment is ready for commissioning. 2 CONNECTION TO SERVICES. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION UOP7-A ‘The equipment requires connection to single phase, fused electrical supply. The standard electrical supply for this equipment is 220/240V, SOF Check that the voltage and frequency of the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection should be made to the supply cable as GREEN/YELLOW : EARTH BROWN : LIVE (HOT) BLUE : NEUTRAL, Fuse Rating : TAMP BLECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION VOP7-B: “The equipment requires connection to single phase, fused electrical supply. The standard electrical supply for this equipment is 120V, 60Fiz. Check thatthe voltage ‘and frequency of the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply ‘cable on the equipment, Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows GREEN/YELLOW : EARTH BROWN : LIVE HOT) BLUE : NEUTRAL Fuse Rating : 13 AMP ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FOR VERSION UOP7-G: ‘The equipment requires comnetion to a single phase, fated clecical supply. The standard local supply for ths equipment is 220/240V, 6OHz. Check tht the ‘ollage and frequency of the electrical supply egroe withthe label attached to the supply able on the equipment. Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows GREEN‘YELLOW : EARTH. BROWN : LIVE (HOT) BLUE : NEUTRAL ute Rating : TAMP ‘A cylinder of carbon dioxide fitted with pressure regulator is connected tothe gas infet onthe equipment with a length of suitable hose. "Note: It is important that the cylinder is fitted with its own pressure regulator and that excessive pressure is not fed into the equipment. The small pre-set regulator fited to the apparatus is used asa final control of the gas pressure and will be damaged if cylinder pressure is epic If other gases are used such as ammonia, the appropriate extraction facilities must be provided for health and safety reasons, B ‘COMMISSIONING ‘All numerical references relate othe diagram on page 10. 10. n 2 1. M4, Fill sump tank (1) with clean wate. Connect the electrical supply cable tothe appropriate mains supply. Prime the water manometes (3) with clean water until the meniscus in both ‘tubes is at mid height (500mm onthe sale). Fill dhe Hempl gas analysis apparatus (5) with water up tothe "0 mark on the Connect « CO: gas cylinder, fed with a regulator, tothe inlet regulator on the equipment with a exible tube, and set the cylinder regulator to miniraur pressure (Open fully the gas flow control valve (10) onthe gas flowmeter (small, contre flowmeter) and open the main gas cylinder valve Increase the cylinder regulator ourput pressure to give maximum flow on the ‘a flowmeter and close the main eylinder valve. ‘Close the air (6) and water (8) low control valves. Close the gas sampling cocks (7, 11) on the absorption column. Check that the valve (2) in the discharge pipe into the sump tank is fully opea, Switch on the Water pump (13) and check that water flow is obtained through the flowmeter (9) and ‘down te column on opening the control valve (8). ‘Switch on the air compressor (12) and check that sirflow is obtained through the flowmeter (4) and up the column on opening the control valve (6). (Coec that the two water manometrs (3 indicat the pressure drop across the column (connecting valves above the mnometers must be correctly set. Refer tothe diagram on page G-1 fr details). CCheck that the Hempl gas analysis apparatus (5) operates correctly by following the instructions in the appropriate experiment shee ‘Close the flow contol valves and switch off the pumps. Drain the Hemp! apparatus, Dain the water seal with the small drain cock (14) atthe botiom of the ‘U' ‘beneath the column, ‘The equipment is now ready for use. “4 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ‘To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it s important thatthe ‘equipment is properly maintained. Regular servicing/msintenance of the equipment ‘the responsibilty of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand the operation ofthe equipment. Little maintenance is required on this equipment apart from Keeping it clean sgenerally. If the equipment is likely to stand ile for any length of time then the teal below the column and the sunp tank should be drained completely and the tank wiped dry. In the event of accidental misuse, water may get into the gas sampling lines between ‘the column and the Hempl apparatus. The lines should be dried out by blowing air ‘through them as tis may lead to incorrect gas analysis results. INDEX TO EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENT A ‘To measure the absorption of carbon dioxide into water flowing, down the tower, using the gas analysis equipment provided. EXPERIMENT B ‘To calculate rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into water from analysis of liquid solutions flowing down absorption column, EXPERIMENT C ‘To calculate rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into caustic soda solutions from analysis of liquid solutions owing down absorption column, EXPERIMENT D ‘To show that the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the sirstream equals the amount taken up by aliquid stream of ‘caustic soda solution. EXPERIMENT E Determination of Overall Mass Transfer Coeffeient (Ku) [EXPERIMENT F ‘To determine the se pressure differential across the dry column ‘as function ofthe air flow rae EXPERIMENT G “To examine the air pressure differential aross the column as @ function of air low rate for different water low rates dowa the column 16 BI cl 1 NOMENCLATURE A om ce ‘= Effective interacial area per unit packed column (em) = Cross sectional area ofthe tower (n°) = Concentration of sodium hydroxide (g:moleslte) = Concentration of dissolved five carbon dioxide! (gamolesie) = Concentration of sodium carbonate ions (g:molesfite) ‘= Flow (ltres/second) = Gas flow rate (g:moles/second) = Gas-sde mats transfer coefficient (—:moles/second cm atm) = Liquid flow (itre/second) ‘= Molecular weight = Pressure (atm) = Mass transfer rte (g:moles/em?second) = Standard acid tation volume (ml) = Volume of skal solution added in liquid analysis (ml) = Volume of gas sample taken in Hempl apparatus (ml) = Corresponds to amount of gas absorbed in Hemp! apparatus (ml) ‘= Mole iacton of component in liquid phase ‘= Mole fiaction of component in gas phase Subscripts T N =Total = Inlet conditions to column = Outlet conditions to column = Rate of absorption (gmoles/second) 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS, EXPERIMENT A OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To measure the absorption of carbon daxide into water flowing down the tower, using the gas analysis equipment provided. Tops nbs ‘cnipmet v4 From prane OP PS laces 9 ‘abo i @Q [PLD row ‘snr comtaat (Obtaining a Gas Sample from the Top ofthe Column Tope ab ripen ‘Obtaining a Gas Sample from the Mile ofthe Column At 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Carbon dioxide cylinder with integral pressure regulator, connected to ‘regulator Ron gas inlet on the apparatus. 2 Approximately 300m! of 1.0 molar caustic soda solution with safety gloves and goggles, Smal funnel nd ting fr filing analysis equipment. PROCEDURE: 1. First il the two globes of the absorption analysis equipment on the left of the panel with 1.0 Molar caustic sods. Wear gloves and goggles while NasCO3 + HO Under the conditions chosen for the absorption experiments, the amount of CO removed from the air stream can be estimated from the amounts of NaOH and {NA:COs in the liquid samples, as virtually no "ee! COp will remain unreacted in the liquid, In using titration techniques of analysis, acid is first used to neutralise the caustic soda and at the same time convers all sodium carbonate to bicarbonate. Continuation of the tiation with acid then neutralises all bicarbonate. The total ‘concentration of carbonate can thus be determined, and hence the amount of CO> absorbed deduced. Solutions Needed |. Phenolphthalein indicator prepared from carbon dioxide fre distilled wat 2, Methyl orange indicator similarly prepared. 3. Onelitre of standardised 0.20M hydrochloric acid, 4. Onelitre of 5% by weight of barium chloride solution, c2 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS Procedure » » ° ‘Take a 250m sample of liquid from the absorption column liquid outlet or sump tank (as directed in the experiment) into a conical flask, Pipette two '0ml portions ofthis into two separate conical flasks. Flask 1 - Add a drop of phenolphthalein solution 1) to the contents and titrate until the pink colour just disappears with the standard hydrochloric ‘cid 3) Note the volume of acid added - T), which is that needed to neutralise all hydroxide and convert carbonate to bicarbonate. Then add & 4rop of methyl orange 2) tothe flask and continue to titrate with standard acid 3) until the end pont is found. Note the total acid added to this second nd point - Ts, which represents neutralisation of ll bicarbonate as (T; ~T}) Flask 2 = Add about 10% more than the value of (Tz 7) of the barium chloride solution 4), tothe flask contents and shake well. This precipitates ‘out all the original carbonate in the sample as barium earbonate. Now add ‘wo drops of phenolphthalein solution 1) and irate against the standard acid solution 3) t0 the end point. Note the volume of acid added - T, which represents that needed to neutralise only the orginal caustic soda. (T: ~T3) represents the difference between total acid required for carbonate and Ihydroxide, and tha required for hydroxide alone. Overall: NA:COs+2HCI =» 2NaCl+H0+CO; tis advisable to repeat al ofthe above to check reproducibility Calculations of Sample Composition » » ° Concentration of NOH in original sample: co= B x02 (grammolestitrs) 50 (eam ‘Concentration of NACO in original sample: = GB) oom cx GB) so2maas Amount of CO; removed from air mixture During a time interval, or between the top and bottom of the column, Cx will increase as CO, is absorbed in equ-molar proportions, while C, should decrease in twice-molar proportions. cs UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUNN- MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS, READINGS Votune of tion inst es (V0) ow ofsalson(R) —: ——— tesco Tae ANALYSIS OF TQUD SAMPLES fen From ap tn oS (i conn la) From laid oe Se Tal hal al Pe qe n 20 a a Calan: “The amount of CO; absorbed across the column as measured from samples taken simultaneously from the sump tank feeding the column top and at the bottom outlet, isivenby~ COs absorbed =Tiguid low rate x (Cue-(Cad. (gammotevsce) ——_itressee) (eam-mestes) Liquid flowrate x (C= (Cel ‘Similarly, over 8 time period 8 seconds after first sample is taken from the sump Ss (CO) absorbed = Volume of liquid in whole system x [(Cy ),.5 ~(Cy)o] ca 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENT D OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To show that the amount of carbon diode removed from the alr stream equals the ‘amount taken up by a liguid stream of caustic soda solution, ‘SUMMARY OF THEORY aot [At steady state, the transfer of absorbing gas ffom the gas steam should equal that transferred tothe liquid. Let: Ly and Ly be the volume flow of liquid centering and leaving the column respectively Let: Gand G, be the total gas mola flow centering and leaving the column respectively Let: ¥; and Y, be the mole fractions of CO: entering and leaving the column in the gas Seam: ‘Amount of CO» removed from the gas stream:- Gi-G,——_(gmmolesisee) () 1500 sir dissolved inthe solution, But ffom experiment B, the amount of CO; removed ffom the liquid stream equals the ‘mount of carbonate ions produced LsGy,* L,Ca(gm.moesisee) som) ‘The object is to check that (1) equals (2). Note that, while the liguid flows in and out are the same in this experiment (Ly = L), the gas flows are not equal because of the removal of COs, and also because ofthe pressure drop across the column, 6G, ean be calcalated from a molar balance on the air stream, none of which is absorbed! Ga-¥, G.-Y) G can be calculated ffom the fact that one gram mole occupies 2242 lies at 273K and 760mm Hig pressure: Ga Bthi, 260+catum pressuredrop,, 273 22.42 760 ‘column temp K ‘And Yiand Y, are estimate by sampling as in Experiment A pi UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS PROCEDURE: ‘The same procedure should be followed as for Experiment C, except that gus samples atthe inlet and outlet, as described in Experiment A, are to be taken as well, ‘As the liquid composition is slowly changing as progressive absorption of CO; takes place, the steady state can only be approximated by taking samples as close to each other in time as possible ‘Thus, afer S minutes of circulating liquid and nes atthe pre-set rates, take 1, gas outer sample, to give Yo, 2, aliguid outlet sample fom the point Sas soon after 1) as possible, 3, aliquid sample from the reservoir tank at Ss atthe same time, “4, inlet gas sample, which shouldbe constant and therefore canbe taken ast. READINGS TO BE TAKEN: QUANTITY UNITS__SYMBOL_COMMENTS ‘Ait flow ate Titesimia From flowmeter tie low rate liyessec Fy (Divided by 60) 0; flow rate liresmin From flowmeter 03 flow rate livessec Fy Caustic soda low rate livesmin Prom flowmeter Caustic soda flow rate Tievsec (CO; outlet concentration vol. faction From Hemp! analysis (COs inlet concentration vol frction From Hempl analysis should equal F/Fy+F, Tiguid Samples: outlet ‘Titration with HCL m To) ‘From Experiment C Procedure ‘Titration with HCL nl Tx) ‘Titration with HCL mi Ty) Ligid Samples: inlet = sump ‘Titration with HC] ml 1) From Experiment C Procedure ‘Titration with HCI ml TH) ‘Titration with HCL mi Ty) ‘Barometric pressure ‘mm “aP “Assumed equal te oulet pressure ‘Column pressure drop mm H:0 From manometer Pressueathascofcolumn mmHg, AP. 136 “Temperature of feed gas * 8 ‘Temperature of feed gas K +273 pz 'UOPY GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Readings: Comment T= O40 investsocond F}= 0052 litreslsecond Flowmeter readings divided by 60 L= 0051 litres!second Yo= 0032 ut From Hemp! apa readings (Use 5 va] [amiart +R 040+0052 T@=saMl Ty(0)=50.9 ml ‘As in experiment C, 020M HCI wed To)= 350m intiraons of Or sample. 1 @=484mi T@=472 ml [As in experiment C, 020M HC! wed HO 450m ‘Sirs of Sm sempl. P=759 mm He Lab. Barometer P 00, uB6 ci-iee ak Calculations: 1) Gas Flows: Gi (gmolee/second of gas mixture entering column) 040+0.052,, 75947, 273 = /seond se 23 -00175g:moles/ an =0.190« = les/serond and FFE 7 00175 gmoles/ Amount of CO> removed = 00015 gimolessecond oo) ‘UOP? GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. 2) Liquid Flows: 8) NaOH: Concentration of CO, related to hydroxide consumption in iqid- LO, 45, intet = BO 020-45 020=018M=C, tint = 30020-5020: t= B20 = 20 - router LOa20= 30020 -012M=Cx, Caustic oda wed equivalent 0 COs absrbed- 0051 = Lx Yica-Co= =012)= 00015 gmolesiee. Lx YoCa-Ca)= 54 018-012)= 00015 gots o b)NaiCos ‘As fom Experiment, concentration of NA:COs: y= (h=Tx020«050 30 Ginter= 22459) 920x050 cones set cyowte~ £29525) 50295050 00318 ‘carbonate rode (by CO; sbsogtin) =L (Cy out -Cwin) = 0.051 (0.0318 - 0.0044) =0.0014 gmoles/second @) ‘The results ofboth (2) and (3) agree well with (1). 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. EXPERIMENT E ‘OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: Determination of Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient (Ke SUMMARY OF THEORY: “he fnepsation for packed tower shonin is ep’ —sox] Kany) ‘where Y* is the mole fraction of gas in equilibrium with the liquid at any point in the tower and where Y isthe bulk mole faction; A isthe cross-sectional area of the tower; H is the packing height and ais the specific area of packing/unit volume of packing. For dilute gases in an otherwise inert gas stream, the shove equation can be simplified: “The tight hand side ofthis equation is dificult to integrate and Keg is more simply (but less accurately) evaluate from the definition of Kay a: N log mean rate of absorption driving force {(@molesisecond) (pressure in atm) PROCEDURE: ‘The experiment is conducted as for Experiment D, except that the liquid analyses say be omitted as the gas analysis alone can determine te rate of absorption [as in Experiment A RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS: 1) Nis calculated asin Experiments A and D. 2) ais specific area of packinghnit volume of tower, which for 9mm Raschig rings is 40 mi’. 3) AL is volume of the column, = volume of tower EI 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS area height 4) Partial pressures (of C03): Partial pressure = mole faction x total pressure Partial pressure = volume fraction x total pressure Using results of Experiment C: <2) Inte P= 0111 x F222) 0.11 am, 759 ute: P,~0.032.x 77 0.032 atm B-P, o411-0032atm is init Logimean diving force = 70 5) Mass transfer coefficient = 20015(g:moles/ second) Kq= 00 / (0.006% 440x064 10086 g moles atm’ sec 52 'UOPY GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENT F ‘OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: - To determine the air pressure diferential across the dry column asa function ofthe ‘ir flow rate. - [EQUIPMENT SET-UP; - conprenor Teak Pam [No additonal equipment is required for this experiment PROCEDURE: 1. The column must be dried by passing the maximum air flow until all evidence of moisture inthe packing has disappeared, 2 Set valves Vi, Vz and Vs as shown in the diagram so that differential pressures in the top and bottom sections of the column are indicated on the {wo water manometers. 3, Take manometer readings of pressure differential across the column for a range of airflow rates. The total pressure differential is the sum of the differential across the top and bottom halves of the column, ie. add the ‘readings from the two water manometer. FA ‘UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUNN- MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS READINGS TO BE TAKEN: ‘AIR FLOW RATE (Vii) PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL (mmi0) RESULTS: ‘Plot the pressure differential asa function of sr flow rate on log-log graph paper ‘and establish the relationship between these variables. 'UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. EXPERIMENT G OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To examine the air pressure diferential across the column asa function of ar flow rate for different water flow rates down the column EQUIPMENT SET-UP: omoater [No additonal equipment is required for this experiment. PROCEDURE: Fill the water reservoir tank to three-quarters fll with tap water. Set valves Vi, V2 and V3 as shown on the diagram so thet differential pressures in the top and bottom sections of the column sre indicated on the two water manometer. Switch on the water pump and set C; 10 give a flow rate of say 3 Iitresminute down the column. ‘After about 30 seconds close C;, switch off the pump and allow the column to drain for 5 minutes. ‘Measure the air pressure differential scross the wet eolumn asa function of the air flow rate. a ‘UOP7 GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN - MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. 5. Measure the sir prssure differential across the column asa function ofthe air flow rate fr different water flow rates up to say 5 litresminute, noting the appearance of the column at each setting. READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Pressure Differential (em water) Airflow vm Water 200 flow Ven 20 0. 10 2.0 25 3.0 35 40 ‘The range of possible sir flow rates will decrease with increasing water flow rate duc to onset of looding'of the column, which shouldbe noted. RESULTS: ‘Presoure differential shouldbe plotied as function of air flow rate on loge-log graph ‘paper foreach water flow rate. It may be necessary then, to take more readings in ‘der to define precisely the transition points on the resulting graphs. G2 GENERAL SAFETY RULES 1 Follow Relevant instructions Before attempting to install, commission or opernte equipment, all relevant supplicrs'imanufacturers' instructions and local regulations should. be ‘understood and implemented, Its imesponsible and dangerous to misuse equipment or ignore instructions, regulations or warings. Do not exceed specified maximum operating conditions (eg. temperature, ‘pressure, speed et). Installation ‘Use lifing tackle where possible to install heavy equipment. Where manual lifting is necessary beware of stained backs and erushed toe. Get help from ‘an assistant if necessary Wear safety shoes where appropiate. [Extreme care should be exercised to avoid damage to the equipment during ‘hmaling and unpacking. When using slings to lift equipment, ensure thatthe slings are attached to structural framework and do not foul adjacent pipework, alassware cfc. When using fork lif trucks, postion the forks beneath structural framework ensuring that the forks do not foul adjacent pipework, slassware etc. Damage may go unseen during commissioning cresting & potential hazard to subsequent operators. ‘Where special foundations are required follow the instructions provided and

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