: Assignment #

March 26, 2020

Png Wen Han

-
Png Wen Han R08222077

Quantum Mechanics II
Homework 2 Due date: 3/27/2020

Question 1 Find the eigenstates of |j = l ± 12 , mi

Using addition of angular momentum. J = J1 + J2 . where J1 = L while J2 = S . In this case, we have j1 = l,

j2 = s = 12 , m1 = ml , m2 = ± 12 . The allowed value for j are |l − 12 | ≤ j ≤ |l + 12 |.

If l < 0, the only possible state is |j = 0, m = 0i . If l > 0, there are 2(l + 1) state correspond to the case
j = l + 12 and 2l states correspond to the case j = l − 12 .

Case : j = l + 12

the transformation of basis give the expression

Pj1 Pj2
|j1 , j2 , j, mi = ml =−j1 m2 =−j2 |j1 , j2 , m1 , m2 i hj1 , j2 , m1 , m2 | j1 , j2 , j, mi

or

1
  l 2 
l + 1 , m = 1
 X X
|ml , m2 i hml , m2 | l + , m
 2 1
2
ml =−l m2 =− 2

l     l    
X  1 1  1 X  1 1  1
=  ml , − ml , − l + , m +  ml , ml , l + , m
 2 2 2  2 2 2
ml =−l ml =−l

using Jz = J1z + J2z

hj1 , j2 , m1 , m2 | J − J1z − J2z |j1 , j2 , m1 , m2 i = 0

m − m1 − m2 = 0

then we have the selection rule ml = m − m2 . The expression is use to express the clebsch gordon coecient
in term of j and m. Then, we obtain

         
l + 1 , m = m + 1 , − 1 1 1  1 m − 1 , 1 1 1  1
  
m + , − l + , m + m − , l + , m
 2  2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2

         
l + 1 , m − 1 = m − 1 , − 1 1 1  1 m − 3 , 1 3 1  1
  
m − , − l + , m − 1 + m − , l + , m − 1
 2  2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2

Let m − 12 , − 12  l + 21 , m = a, m − 23 , 12  l + 21 , m = b. Applying raising operator on both side (J− on left,

 
 

J1− + J2− on right)

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Png Wen Han R08222077

  s    
 1 1 3 1 1  1
hm1 , m2 | J+ l + , m − 1 = ~
 l+m+ l−m+ m + , − l + , m
2 2 2 2 2 2

       
1 1   1 1 1   1
m + , −  J+ l + , m − 1 = m + , −  a (L+ + S+ ) l + , m − 1
 
2 2 2 2 2 2
   
1 1   1
= a m + , −  L+ l + , m − 1

2 2 2
s    
1 1 1 1  1
=~ l+m+ l−m+ m − ,− l + ,m − 1
2 2 2 2 2

Hence

s     s    
1 3 1 1  1 1 1 1 1  1
l+m+ l−m+ m+ ,− l + ,m = l+m+ l−m+ m − , − l + , m − 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 s
l − m + 12
 
  
1 1  1 1 1 1
m+ ,− l + ,m = 3

m − , − l + , m − 1
2 2 2 l−m+ 2 2 2 2

The recursion relation can be obtained until m reach lowest order −l− 21 ,
r
 (l−m+ 32 )

m − 21 , − 21  l + 12 , m − 1 = m − 32 , − 12 l + 12 , m − 2

 
(l−m+ 2)
5

 s 1

s
l − m + 23


l−m+
  
1 1  1 2
3 1  1
m + ,− l + ,m = 3

m − , − l + , m − 2
2 2 2 l−m+ 2 l − m + 21 2 2 2
s s
1
l − m + 23


r
l−m+
  
2
2l 1  1 1
= 3 ....... × −l, − l + , −l −
l − m + 21


l−m+ 2
2l + 1 2 2 2
s
1 


l−m+
 
2 1 1 1
= −l, − l + , −l −
2l + 1 2 2 2

Since the coecient is real, then −l, − 21 l + 12 , −l −

 1

2 =1
r
(l−m+ 12 )
Hence we get the rst coecient m + 12 , − 21  l + 21 , m =

 
2l+1

the second coecient can be obtained through the norm of l + 12 , m

 

  
  2 
 2
l + 12 , m l + 12 , m =  l + 12 , m m + 21 , − 12  +  l + 12 , m m − 21 , 12 

(l−m+ 1 ) 
 2
1 = 2l+1 2 +  l + 12 , m m − 12 , 12 
  q l+m+ 1
l + 21 , m m − 12 , 21 =

2
2l+1

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Png Wen Han R08222077

then the full expression of l + 21 , m can be written as

 

s s
 1  1 
l−m+
  
l + 1 , m =
 2 m + 1 , − 1 +
 l+m+ 2 m − 1 , 1

 2 2l + 1  2 2 2l + 1  2 2

Case: j = l − 12

Similary

         
l − 1 , m = m + 1 , − 1 1 1  1 m − 1 , 1 1 1  1
  
m + , − l − , m + m − , l − , m
 2  2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2

Adopting the same method as j = l + 21 .

s     s    
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1
l+m− l−m+ m+ ,− l + ,m = l+m+ l−m+ m − , − l + , m − 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 s
l + m + 12
 
  
1 1  1 1 1 1
m+ ,− l + ,m = 1

m − , − l + , m − 1
2 2 2 l+m− 2 2 2 2

The recursion relation can be obtained until m reach lowest order −l+ 21 ,
r
 (l+m− 32 )

m − 21 , − 21  l − 12 , m − 1 = 3 1  1

 
m − 2 , − 2 l − 2 , m − 2
(l+m− 2 )
1

 s 1

s
l + m − 21
 
  
1 1  1 l+m+ 2
1 1  1
m + ,− l − ,m = 1 m − , − l − , m − 1
l + m − 23


2 2 2 l+m− 2
2 2 2
s s
1
l + m − 21


r   
l+m+ 2
2l 1  1 1
= 1 ....... × −l, − l − , −l +
l + m − 23


l+m− 2
2l + 1 2 2 2
s
1 

 
l+m+ 2 1  1 1
= −l, − l − , −l +
2l + 1 2 2 2

Since the coecient is real, then −l, − 21 l − 12 , −l +

 1

2 =1
r
(l+m+ 21 )
Hence we get the rst coecient m + 12 , − 21  l − 21 , m =

 
2l+1

Using orthogonality condition:

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s s
1
l + m + 21
  
l−m+
     
1  1 1  2 1 1 1  1 1
l − , m l + , m = l − , m m + , − + l − , m m − ,
2 2 2l + 12 2 2 2l + 1 2 2 2
s s s
l − m + 12 l + m + 12 l + m + 12

  
1  1 1
0= + l − , m m − ,
2l + 1 2l + 1 2l + 1 2 2 2
s s s
l − m + 12 l + m + 21
  
1  1 1 2l + 1
l − , m m − , =−
2 2 2 2l + 1 2l + 1 l + m + 21
s
l − m + 12
=−
2l + 1

then the full expression of l + 21 , m can be written as

 

s s
1 1

 
l−m+
  
l + 1 , m =
 l+m+ 2
 1
m + , − 1 2 m − 1 , 1

−
 2 2l + 1  2 2 2l + 1  2 2

The general form expression for the eigenstate of L · S is

s s
1 1


l∓m+

l±m+
  
l ± 1 , m = 1 1 m − 1 , 1
 2
 2

m + , − ±
 2 2l + 1  2 2 2l + 1  2 2

→
− →
− →
− →
−
Question 2 Consider J = S 1 + S 2 = S1 ⊗ I + I ⊗ S2 where S = 12 →
−
σ

→
− →
− →
− →
− →
− →
− →
− →
−
a) Calculate S 1 · S 2 = S 1x ⊗ S 2x + S 1y ⊗ S 2y + S 1z ⊗ S 2z

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0
     
→
− → −  0 0 1 0   0 0 1 0   0 −1 0 0 
S1· S2 = + + 
 0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0   0 0 −1 0 
1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
 
 0 −1 2 0 
= 
 0 2 −1 0 
0 0 0 1

b) Calculate total angular momentum in x, y, z

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
     
→
−  0 0 0 1   1 0 0 0   1 0 0 1 
J x = S1x ⊗ I + I ⊗ S2x =
 1
+ = 
0 0 0   0 0 0 1   1 0 0 1 
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

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0 0 −i 0 0 −i 0 0 0 −i −i 0
     
→
−  0 0 0 −i   i 0 0 0   i 0 0 −i 
J y = S1y ⊗ I + I ⊗ S2y = + = 
 i 0 0 0   0 0 0 −i   i 0 0 −i 
0 i 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 i i 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
     
→
−  0 1 0 0   0 −1 0 0   0 0 0 0 
J z = S1z ⊗ I + I ⊗ S2z = + = 
 0 0 −1 0   0 0 1 0   0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −2

→
− →
−
c) Calculate J 2 and J 2x

→
−2 →− →
− →
−
J = J 2x + J 2y + J 2z
2  2  2
0 1 1 0 0 −i i 0 2 0 0 0

 1 0 0 1   i 0 0 i   0 0 0 0 
= 1 0 0 1  +  −i
   + 
0 0 −i   0 0 0 0 
0 1 1 0 0 −i i 0 0 0 0 −2
2 0 0 2 2 0 0 −2 4 0 0 0
     
 0 2 2 0   0 2 2 0   0
  0 0 0 
= 0 2 2 0 + 0
  + 
2 2 0   0 0 0 0 
2 0 0 2 −2 0 0 2 0 0 4
8 0 0 0
 
 0 4 4 0 
= 0 4 4 0 


0 0 0 8

→
−2 2 2
J x = S1x ⊗ I + I ⊗ S2x + 2S1x ⊗ S2x
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
   
 0 1 0 0   0 0 1 0 
= 2
 0 0 1 0  + 2 0 1
  
0 0 
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
2 0 0 2
 
 0 2 2 0 
= 0 2 2 0 


2 0 0 2

d) what are the eigenvalue of J 2

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Png Wen Han R08222077

→
− 2

 J − Iλ = 0


8 0 0 0 λ 0 0 0
   
 0 4 4 0   0 λ 0 0 
 − =0
 0 4 4 0   0 0 λ 
0 0 0 8 0 0 0 λ
8−λ
 
 0 0 0
 

 0 4−λ 4 0
=0

 0 4 4−λ 0

 0 0 0 8−λ

 
 4−λ 4 0 

8 − λ  4 4−λ 0  = 0
 0 0 8−λ 
   
 4−λ 0   4 0 
(8 − λ) (4 − λ)  + (8 − λ) (4) 
 =0
0 8−λ  0 8−λ 
2 2 2
(8 − λ) (4 − λ) + 16 (8 − λ) = 0

Here the eigenvalue is λ = 8

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