INTRODUCTION

Pulse amplitude
modulation is a scheme,
which alters the amplitude
of regularly spaced
rectangular pulses in
accordance with the
instantaneous values of a
continuous message
signal. Then amplitude of
the modulated pulses
represents the amplitude
of the intelligence. A train of very short pulses of constant amplitude and fast
repetition rate is chosen the amplitude of these pulse is made to vary in
accordance with that of a slower modulating signal the result is that of
multiplying the train by the modulating signal the envelope of the pulse height
corresponds to the modulating wave, the Pam wave contain upper and lower
side band frequencies. Besides the modulating and pulse signals.
The demodulated PAM waves, the signal is passed through a low pass
filter having a cut – off frequencies equal to the highest frequency in the
modulating signal. At the output of the filter is available the modulating signal
along with the DC component PAM has the same signal to noise ratio as AM
and so it is not employed in practical circuits.
The Low pass filter simply avoids the entire high frequency component
to appear at its output but allows the low frequency component of the message
signal to pass through it. Thus the Low pass filter can separate out the
message signal from the high frequency pulses whose amplitude are
modulated according to the amplitude of the message signal.
As the order of the filter increases the quality of the message signal
recreated will also increase. Usually the low pass filter in the PAM
demodulator circuit follows by an amplifier circuit.
 MATERIALS USED

LABEL COMPONENTS
R1 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R2 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R1 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R2 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R3 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R4 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R5 8.2 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R6 1.8 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R7 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R8 10 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
R9 100 kΩ , 1/8 watts, carbon resistor
C1 10nF
C2 10nF
C3 10nF
C4 10nF
C5 10nF
C6 10nF
IC1 741
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

VCC
12V
6

100kΩ

U1

7
5
1
R5 R3 R4 R6 R7 R8 R9
IN 3

10kΩ 10kΩ 10kΩ 10kΩ 8.2kΩ R10 10kΩ 10kΩ 6 OUT

1.8kΩ 2
741
C6 C2 C3 C4 C7
C5
10nF 10nF 10nF 10nF 10nF

4
10nF

PAM DEMODULATOR (CIRCUIT LAYOUT ON MULTISIM)

PAM DEMODULATOR (PCB LAYOUT)

 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
The experiment aims to construct a PAM demodulator circuit that will
recover the analog signal from the Modulated signal.
In the experiment conducted, the design of PAM Demodulator circuit
shows a recovered signal from modulated signal.
The theory tells us the that the output PAM demodulation should be
proportion and in-phase to the modulated signal which is the same with the
previous signal. The first circuit that the group tested is a Butterworth Filter
but it its result is that the PAM demodulator output did not match to the exact
form of the PAM modulator signal. Its output is out of phase which do not
match the required output. That is why the group tested a circuit using a low
pass filter. The filter contains a simple R(Resistor) and C(Capacitor). Adding
the order of the low pass, attenuates the signal that is why its amplitude is less
than the amplitude of the PAM signal.
The group were able to get the required output with a very low noise but
in phase to the PAM signal. But once the frequency to the function generator
(analog input signal) was changed, the output becomes out of phase. There
will only be a certain point wherein the generated signal will be in phase to
the PAM signal. The op-amp used is for the inversion of the demodulated
signal since the output of the low pass is inverted. Varying the amplitude from
the analog signal, also varies the amplitude of the demodulated signal.
FINAL OUTPUT WAVEFORM
 CHANNEL 1 : PAM MODULATOR OUTPUT
(Illustrating a Unipolar Natural Sampling)
CHANNEL 2 : PAM DEMODULATOR OUTPUT

CHANNEL 1 : PAM MODULATOR OUTPUT

(Illustrating a Unipolar Natural Sampling)
CHANNEL 2 : PAM DEMODULATOR OUTPUT
SPECIFICATIONS