Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group of faxes:
Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take 6 minutes to transmit a single pace, with
vertical resolution of 98 scan lines per inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.3. Group 2 faxes take 3 minutes to transmit a single page,
with a vertical resolution of 100 scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete and no longer manufactured.
Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.
Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.30 and T.4. Group 3 fax machines take between 6 and 15 seconds
to transmit a single pace (not including the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal
and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of fixed resolutions:
o Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch; Vertical 100 scan lines per inch
o H: 200 or 204 SL/inch; V: 100 or 98 SL/inch (‘standard’); V: 200 or 196 SL/inch (‘fine’); V: 400 or 391 SL/inch
(‘super fine’)
o H: 300 SL/inch; V: 300 SL/inch
o H: 400 or 408 SL/inch; V: 400 or 391 SL/inch
Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.62, T.70, T.72, T.411 to T.417. They are
designed to operate over 64kbit/s digital ISDN circuits. Their resolution is determined by the T.6 recommendation, which is
a superset of the T.4 recommendation. (okay, pag Malabo tong part na to, sorry. Putol kasi yung photocopy.)
RF-ID
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Systems) are intended to carry data in suitable transponders, generally known as tags, and
to retrieve data, by hand- or machine- means, at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular application needs. (eto din, putol)
RFID (radio Frequency Identity) systems employ tiny chips and wireless antennas that can be imbedded into products and used
for unique identification purposes. It is a contact-less solution that works with proximity readers and RFID tags.
Proximity readers – a device which transmits and interrogating/querying signal to an RFID tag and received unique information
from the tag.
a) low power with ERP not exceeding 500mW
b) high power with ERP not exceeding 2W or 4W EIRP
RFID tag – a microchip attached to an antenna than picks up signals from and sends signals to a reader. A tag contains a unique
number, but may have other information as customers’ account number
The use and operation of RFIDs shall be allowed in the following frequency bands:
13.553 – 13.567 Mhz
918 – 920 Mhz
2446 – 2454 Mhz
Proximity readers shall be covered by a certificate of registration to be issued upon one-time payment of the following fees:
a. low power readers, PHP 100.00
b. high power readers, PHP 300.00
Imported RFID tags shall be covered by Permit to Import to be issued upon payment of Permit fee of PHP 100.00 per 1,000 units.
Sale of unregistered RFID proximity reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture of equipment
Selling of RFID tags not covered by Permit Fee, PHP 2,500.00 for the 1st offense, PHP 5,000.00 for the 2nd offense, PHP 7,500.00
for the 3rd and so on.
Illegal acquisition of RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit and/or with forfeiture of equipment.
Sale of illegally acquired RFID reader, PHP 5,000.00 per unit or with forfeiture of equipment.
Non-registration of imported RFID readers within five (5) days from release from the Bureau of Customs, PHP 1,000.00 per unit
Selling of RFID proximity readers by non-NTC accredited radio dealers/manufacturers, PHP 5,000.00 per reader, PHP 1,000.00
per 1,000 tags.
Operating RFID proximity reader without valid registration, PHP 5,000 per reader
WI-FI
peak operating speed of around 54 Mbps
802.11a – wireless network bearer operating in the 5Ghz ISM band with data rate up to 54 Mbps (orthogonal frequency
division multiplex)
802.11b – wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4Ghz ISM band with data rate up to 11Mbps (direct sequence
spread spectrum)
802.11e – quality of service and prioritization
802.11f – handover
802.11g – wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4 Ghz ISM band with data rates up to 54Mbps
802.11h – power control
802.11i – authentication and encryption
802.11j – internetworking
802.11k – measurement reporting
802.11n – stream multiplexing
802.11s – mesh networking
Of these standards, the most widely known are the network bearer standards, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g
BLUETOOTH
-721kbps, 3 channels
-communications to be established between devices up to a max distance of 100 meters
-running in the 2.4Ghz ISM band, Bluetooth employs frequency hopping techniques with the carrier modulated using
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
-The standard uses a hopping rate of 1600 hops per second. These are spread over 79 fixed frequencies and they are
chosen in a pseudo-random sequence. The fixed frequencies occur at 2400 + n MHz where the value of n varies from 1 to
79. These gives frequencies of 2402, 2404… 2480 MHz. In some countries, the ISM band allocation does not allow the full
range of frequencies to be used. In France, Japan and Spain, the hop sequences has to be restricted to only 23 frequencies
because of the ISM band allocation is smaller.
-For correct operation, the level of BT is set to 0.5 and the modulation index must be between 0.28 and 0.35.
-Power class 1 is designed for long range communications up to about 100m devices, and this has a maximum output power
of 20dBm, next is Power Class 2 which is used for what are termed for ordinary range devices with a range up to about 10,
with a max output power of 4dBm. Finally, there is Power Class 3 for short range devices. This support communication only
to about 10 cm and it has a max output power of 0dBm.
-The transmitted initial centre frequency must be within ±75Khz from the receiver center frequency.
-There are two ways in which data is transferred. The first is by using what is termed as Asynchronous Connectionless
Communications Link (ACL) 732.2 bits/sec asymmetric mode. When a symmetrical mode is needed with data transferred at
the same rate in both directions, the data transfer rate falls to 433.9 kbits/sec. This is used for file and data transfers. A
second method is termed a Synchronous Connection-orientated Communications Link (SCL) 64 kbits/sec. This is used for
applications such as digital audio.
Parameter Specification:
Frequency Band – 1880 to 1900 MHz
Access technique – MC/TDMA/TDD Symbol rate 1152 ksymbols/s
Carrier spacing – 1728 KHz
Frame duration – 10ms
Access channels/RF carrier – 12 duplex 32 kbits/channel
Traffic channels/single radio – TRX 12
Traffic Channel assignment – instant dynamic
Control carriers – not required
Modulation – GFSK (BT=0.5) and optional higher level modulation schemes possible
LO Stability – 25 ppm
Portable average RF power – 10mW
Portable peak RF power – 240mW 24dBm
Speech codec – 32kbits/s ADPCM
Base station sensitivity at 0.1% BER - -86dBm(for GAP) (typically -90dBm to -94dBm)
Basic link budget – 110dBm (typ. 114dBm to 118dBm)
Protected 64kbits/s bearer service – yes
Base station antenna – diversity switched, post detection selection - optional
Dual antennas in handset- optional
Tolerance to time dispersion with selection antenna diversity – 200ns (500ns possible with low-cost non-coherent equalizer)