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Ect158 - Schneider Electric - Proračun Kratkog Spoja PDF
Ect158 - Schneider Electric - Proračun Kratkog Spoja PDF
Calculation of short-circuit
currents
B. De Metz-Noblat
F. Dumas
G. Thomasset
"Cahiers Techniques" is a collection of documents intended for engineers
and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth
information in order to complement that given in product catalogues.
Foreword
The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of
information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held
responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using
information and diagrams contained in this document.
Benoît de METZ-NOBLAT
Graduate engineer from ESE (Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité), he
worked for Saint-Gobain first as a research engineer, then in
maintenance and new projects on a production site.
He joined Schneider Electric in 1986, and is currently responsible for
the Electrical System Analysis Group at the Research and
Development Department.
Frédéric DUMAS
After graduating as doctor engineer from UTC (Université de
Technologie de Compiègne) in 1993, he joined Schneider Electric.
Works for the the Electrical System Analysis Group at the Research
and Development Department, and is in charge of research projects in
the field of industrial and distribution networks, including the
development of software for electrotechnical calculations.
Georges THOMASSET
A graduate engineer from IEG (Institut d’Electrotechnique de
Grenoble) in 1971, has since conducted numerous research, design
and implementation of complex industrial network projects in
Merlin Gerin’s Technical Management Department.
He has long and valuable experience as responsible of the technical
section for the industrial unit in the Engineering and Contracting
Department from 1984 to 1996. He is now responsible of the general
technical development of offers at the Schneider Electric Applications
and Services Activity.
Summary
1 Introduction p. 4
1.1 The main types of short-circuits p. 5
1.2 Etablishing the short-circuit current p. 7
1.3 Standardised Isc calculations p. 10
1.4 Methods presented in this document p. 11
1.5 Basic assumptions p. 11
2 Calculation of Isc by the impedance method 2.1 Isc depending on the different types of short-circuit p. 12
2.2 Determining the various short-circuit impedances p. 13
2.3 Relationships between impedances at the different
voltage levels in an installation p. 18
2.4 Calculation example p. 19
3 Calculation of Isc values in a radial 3.1 Advantages of this method p. 23
network using symmetrical components 3.2 Symmetrical components p. 23
3.3 Calculation as defined by IEC 60909 p. 24
3.4 Equations for the various currents p. 26
3.5 Calculation example p. 27
4 Computerised calculations and conclusion p. 31
Bibliography p. 32
Electrical installations almost always require are used. Two values of the short-circuit current
protection against short-circuits wherever there must be evaluated:
is an electrical discontinuity. This most often
c the maximum short-circuit current, used to
corresponds to points where there is a change
in conductor cross-section. The short-circuit determine:
current must be calculated at each level in the v the breaking capacity of the circuit breakers;
installation in view of determining the v the making capacity of the circuit breakers;
characteristics of the equipment required to
v the electrodynamic withstand capacity of the
withstand or break the fault current.
wiring system and switchgear.
The flow chart in figure 1 indicates the
procedure for determining the various short- The maximum short-circuit current corresponds
circuit currents and the resulting parameters for to a short-circuit in the immediate vicinity of the
the different protection devices. downstream terminals of the protection device. It
In order to correctly select and adjust the must be calculated accurately and used with a
protection devices, graphs of figures 2, 3 & 4 safety margin.
Upstream Ssc
HV / LV
transformer rating usc (%)
Isc
at transformer
terminals
Power factor,
Breaking capacity Main
coincidence factor,
duty factor, Conductor characteristics Inst. trip setting circuit breaker
foreseeable expansion c Busbars:
factor - length, Isc
- width, of main LV switchboard
- thickness. outgoers
c Cables: Main LV
Breaking capacity switchboard
- type of insulation,
- single-core or multicore, Inst. trip setting distribution
- length, circuit breakers
- cross-section, Isc
c Environment : at head of secondary
- ambient temperature, switchboards
- installation method, Secondary
Breaking capacity
- number of contiguous circuits. distribution
Inst. trip setting circuit breakers
Cable or I2t
characteristic
θ1 > θ2
Fuse time-current
a5 s curve
Transient
I2t = k2A2 overload
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1
Ik" Ik"
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1
Short-circuit current,
Partial short-circuit currents in conductors and earth.
In calculations, the various currents (Ik") are identified by an index.
Fig. 5: different types of short-circuits and their currents. The direction of current is chosen arbitrarily.
(See IEC 60909).
I = maximum current = E ,
Zsc
R X α = angle characterising the difference between
the initiation of the fault and zero voltage.
c The second (idc) is an aperiodic component,
R
- t
A idc = - Ι sin α e L . Its initial value depends on
Zsc a and its decay rate is proportional to R / L.
Zs
At the initiation of the short-circuit, i is equal to
e
zero by definition (the design current Is is
negligible), hence:
B
i = ia + idc = 0
Figure 7 shows the graphical composition of i as
Fig. 6: simplified network diagram. the algebraic sum of its two components ia et idc.
ia = I sin (ω t + α) -
R t
idc = - I sin α e L
I
t
θ
ω i = ia + idc
Fault initiation
Fig. 7: graphical presentation and decomposition of a short-circuit current occuring away from the generator.
E
R
- t
i = sin (ω t + α - ϕ ) - sin (α - ϕ ) e L
Z
u
with its two components, one being alternating with a
shift equal to ϕ with respect to the voltage and the
second aperiodic and decaying to zero as t tends to
infinity. Hence the two extreme cases defined by:
c α = ϕ ≈ π/2 , said to be symmetrical (or balanced),
b) Asymmetrical (see figure a ).
E
The fault current can be defined by: i = sin ω t
Z
i idc which, from the initiation, has the same shape as for
steady state conditions with a peak value E / Z.
ip c α = 0, said to be asymmetrical (or unbalanced),
(see figure b ).
The fault current can be defined by:
E
u R
- t
i = sin (ω t - ϕ) - sin ϕ e L
Z
Its initial peak value ip therefore depends on ϕ, i.e. on
the R / X = cos ϕ ratio of the circuit.
Fig. 8: graphical presentation of the two extreme cases (symmetrical and asymmetrical) for a short-circuit current.
Figure 8 illustrates the two extreme cases for assumed to be constant and the internal
the development of a short-circuit current, reactance of the machine variable. The
presented, for the sake of simplicity, with a reactance develops in three stages:
single-phase, alternating voltage. c subtransient (the first 10 to 20 milliseconds of
R the fault);
- t
The factor e Lis inversely proportional to the c transient (up to 500 milliseconds);
aperiodic component damping, determined by
the R / L or R / X ratios. c steady-state (or synchronous reactance).
The value of ip must therefore be calculated to Note that in the indicated order, the reactance
determine the making capacity of the required acquires a higher value at each stage, i.e. the
circuit breakers and to define the electrodynamic subtransient reactance is less than the transient
forces that the installation as a whole must be reactance, itself less than the steady-state
capable of withstanding. reactance. The successive effect of the three
Its value may be deduced from the rms value of reactances leads to a gradual reduction in the
the symmetrical short-circuit current Ia using the
equation:
ip = K 2 Ιa where the coefficient K is K
indicated by the curve in figure 9 , as a function 2.0
of the ratio R / X or R / L. 1.8
Fault near the generator 1.6
When the fault occurs in the immediate vicinity of
the generator supplying the circuit, the variation 1.4
in the impedance of the generator, in this case
1.2
the dominant impedance, damps the short-circuit
current. 1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 R / X
The transient current-development conditions
are complicated by the variation in the Fig. 9: variation of coefficient K depending on R / X or
electromotive force resulting from the short- R / L (see IEC 60909).
circuit. For simplicity, the electromotive force is
a) 0 t (s)
b) 0 t (s)
c) 0 t (s)
d) 0 t (s)
e) 0 t (s)
Subtransient Transient Steady-state
Fig. 10: total short-circuit current Isc (e), and contribution of its components:
a) subtransient of each reactance;
b) transient reactance;
c) steady-state reactance;
d) aperiodic component.
Note that the decrease in the generator reactance is faster than that of the aperiodic component. This is a rare
situation that can cause saturation of the magnetic circuits and interruption problems because several periods
occur before the current passes through zero.
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Three-phase fault ZL
Zsc
U/ 3
V Ιsc 3 =
ZL Zsc
ZL
U
U Ιsc 2 =
ZL 2 Zsc
Zsc
U/ 3
ZLn V Ιsc1 =
Zsc + Z Ln
ZLn
U/ 3
V Ιsc(0) =
Zsc + Z(0)
Z(0) Z(0)
Rating (kVA) of the HV / LV transformer ≤ 630 800 1,000 1,250 1,600 2,000
Short-circuit voltage usc (%) 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7
∆Isc/Isc
(%)
0
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Pn
(kVA)
Fig. 14 : resultant error in the calculation of the short-circuit current when the upstream network impedance Zup
is neglected.
Fig. 15: conductor resistivity ρ values to be taken into account depending on the calculated short-circuit current
(minimum or maximum). See UTE C 15-105.
Wiring system Busbars Three-phase Spaced single-core Touching single- 3 touching 3 "d" spaced cables (flat)
cable espacés core cables (triangle) cables (flat) d = 2r d = 4r
d d r
Diagram
hundredths of a second. When a short-circuit It is therefore unlikely, except for very powerful
occurs across the terminals, the motor supplies a capacitor banks, that superposition will result in
current that disappears even more rapidly, an initial peak higher than the peak current of an
according to time constants in the order of: asymmetrical fault.
v 0.02 seconds for single-cage motors up to It follows that when calculating the maximum
100 kW; short-circuit current, capacitor banks do not need
v 0.03 seconds for double-cage motors and to be taken into account.
motors above 100 kW;
However, they must nonetheless be considered
v 0.03 to 0.1 seconds for very large HV slipring
motors (1,000 kW). when selecting the type of circuit breaker. During
opening, capacitor banks significantly reduce the
In the event of a short-circuit, an asynchronous circuit frequency and thus produce an effect on
motor is therefore a generator to which an current interruption.
impedance (subtransient only) of 20 to 25 % is
attributed. c Switchgear
Consequently, the large number of LV motors, 14 Certain devices (circuit breakers, contactors
with low individual outputs, present on industrial with blow-out coils, direct thermal relays, etc.)
sites may be a source of difficulties in that it is not have an impedance that must be taken into
easy to foresee the average number of in-service account, for the calculation of Isc, when such a
motors that will contribute to the fault when a device is located upstream of the device
short-circuit occurs. Individual calculation of the intended to break the given short-circuit and
reverse current for each motor, taking into remain closed (selective circuit breakers).
account the impedance of its link, is therefore a
tedious and futile task. Common practice, notably 15 For LV circuit breakers, for example, a
in the United States, is to take into account the reactance value of 0.15 mΩ is typical, with the
combined contribution to the fault current of all the resistance negligible.
asynchronous LV motors in an installation.
For breaking devices, a distinction must be made
13 They are therefore thought of as a unique depending on the speed of opening:
source, capable of supplying to the busbars a v certain devices open very quickly and thus
current equal to (Istart / In) times the sum of the significantly reduce short-circuit currents. This is
rated currents of all installed motors. the case for fast-acting, limiting circuit breakers
and the resultant level of electrodynamic forces
Other impedances and thermal stresses, for the part of the
c Capacitors installation concerned, remains far below the
A shunt capacitor bank located near the fault theoretical maximum;
location discharges, thus increasing the short- v other devices, such as time-delayed circuit
circuit current. This damped oscillatory discharge breakers, do not offer this advantage.
is characterised by a high initial peak value that c Fault arc
is superposed on the initial peak of the short- The short-circuit current often flows through an
circuit current, even though its frequency is far arc at the fault location. The resistance of the arc
greater than that of the network. is considerable and highly variable. The voltage
Depending on the coincidence in time between drop over a fault arc can range from 100 to 300 V.
the initiation of the fault and the voltage wave, For HV applications, this drop is negligible with
two extreme cases must be considered:
respect to the network voltage and the arc has
v if the initiation of the fault coincides with zero no effect on reducing the short-circuit current.
voltage, the discharge current is equal to zero, For LV applications, however, the actual fault
whereas the short-circuit current is asymmetrical, current when an arc occurs is limited to a much
with a maximum initial amplitude peak; lower level than that calculated (bolted, solid
v conversely, if the initiation of the fault coincides fault), because the voltage is much lower.
with maximum voltage, the discharge current
superposes itself on the initial peak of the fault 16 For example, the arc resulting from a short-
current, which, because it is symmetrical, has a circuit between conductors or busbars may
low value. reduce the prospective short-circuit current by
Upstream network
U1 = 20 kV
3L
Psc = 500 MVA
Overhead line
3 cables, 50 mm2, copper, G
length = 2 km A
Generator
1 MVA
Xsubt = 15 %
2 transformers
1,000 kVA
secondary winding 237 / 410 V
usc = 5 % 10 m
B
Main LV switchboard
busbars
3 bars, 400 mm2 / ph, copper,
length = 10 m 3L
Link 1
3 single-core cables, 400 mm2,
aluminium spaced, flat, C
length = 80 m
LV sub-distribution board
Link 2
3L
3 three-phase cables,
35 mm2, copper,
length = 30 m D
Motor
M
50 kW
(efficiency: 0.9, cos ϕ: 0.8)
usc = 25 %
Solution
Section Calculations Results
(the circled numbers X indicate where explanations may be found in the preceding text)
( )
2
1. upstream network Zup = 20 x 103 / 500 x 106 1
( )
2
15 20 x 103
3. generator XG = x 10 60
100 106
R G = 0.1 X G 11 6
1 5 4102
4. transformers ZT = x x 3 5
2 100 106
XT ≈ ZT 4.2
R T = 0.2 X T 4 0.84
410 V↓
Rm = 0.2 Xm 121
I3(0)
ωt
= I2
ωt
I3(2)
I2(1) ωt ωt
Fig. 23: graphical construction of the sum of three balanced three-phase systems (positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence).
c Un 3 c Un 3
Phase-to-earth = =
Z(1) + Z(2) + Z(0) 2 Z(1) + Z(0)
Phase-to-phase-to-earth c Un 3 Z(2)
c Un 3
(Zsc between phases = 0) = =
Z(1) Z(2) + Z(2) Z(0) + Z(1) Z(0) Z(1) + 2 Z(0)
v the positive-sequence (Z(1)) and negative- v the resistances per unit length RL of lines
sequence (Z(2)) impedances are equal (overhead lines, cables, phase and neutral
(Z(1) = Z(2)); conductors) should be calculated for a
c for short-circuits near the generator: temperature of 20 °C;
v the short-circuit currents are not equal, in fact c Calculation of the minimum short-circuit
the relationship is Ik < Ib < Ik"; currents requires:
v the positive-sequence impedance (Z(1)) is not
v applying the voltage factor c corresponding to
necessarily equal to the negative-sequence
the minimum permissible voltage on the network;
impedance (Z(2)).
v selecting the network configuration, and in
Note however that asynchronous motors may
some cases the minimum contribution from
also add to a short-circuit, accounting for up to
30 % of the network Isc for the first sources and network feeders, which result in the
30 milliseconds, in which case Ik" = Ik = Ib no lowest short-circuit current at the fault location:
longer holds true. v taking into account the impedance of the
busbars, the current transformers, etc.;
Conditions to consider when calculating the
v neglecting the motors;
maximum and minimum short-circuit
currents v considering resistances RL at the highest
c Calculation of the maximum short-circuit foreseeable temperature:
currents must take into account the following
points: RL = 1 +
0.004
°C
(θe - 20 °C) RL20
v application of the correct voltage factor c
corresponding to calculation of the maximum where RL20 is the resistance at 20 °C;
short-circuit currents; θe is the permissible temperature (°C) for the
conductor at the end of the short-circuit.
v among the assumptions and approximations
mentioned in this document, only those leading The factor 0.004 / °C is valid for copper,
to a conservative error should be used; aluminium and aluminium alloys.
1.0
0.05 s
0.8
0.1 s
> 0.25 s
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig. 27: factor µ used to calculate the short-circuit breaking current Ib (see IEC 60909).
Fig. 28: factors λmax and λmin for turbo-generators Fig. 29: factors λmax and λmin for generators with
(see IEC 60909). salient poles (see IEC 60909).
b b b' b'
E E
c3 c2 c'3 c'2
H H
f
f'
g
j 3.1
j 3.1 Z'
Za
j 5.4 j 5.4
j 5,4 j 5,4 Za = j 3,1 +
j 5.4 + j 5.4
E = j 3.1 + j 2.7 = j 5.8
j9 Zc
j 5.25 j 14
j 5.25 Z(1) = Zc = j 14 + j 18
j 270 j 90 j 18 j 9 + j 90 + j 270
F G
= j 99 = j 302
j 18 j 270 j 288
Zb
j7
H
j7
Z(1), Z(0)
H
Za x Zb x Zc
Z' = = j 5.381
Za Zb+Za Zc+Zb Zc
j 5.25
j 10.631 j 288
Z= +j7
j 288 j 10.631 + j 288
= j 17.253
j7 H
H
Fig. 34.
j 3.1
Various methods for the calculation of short- Ecodial, a program designed and marketed by
circuit currents have been developed. Some Schneider Electric.
have been included in a number of standards All computer programs designed to calculate
and are consequently included in this short-circuit currents are predominantly
"Cahier Technique" publication as well. concerned with determining the required
Several standardised methods were designed in breaking and making capacities of switchgear
such a way that short-circuit currents could be and the electro-mechanical withstand capabilities
calculated by hand or using a small calculator. of equipment.
When computerised scientific calculations Other software is used by experts specialising in
became a possibility in the 1970's, electrical- network design, for example, research on the
installation designers devised software for their dynamic behaviour of electrical networks. Such
particular needs. This software was initially run computer programs can be used for precise
on mainframe computer systems, then on simulations of electrical phenomena over time
minicomputers, but was difficult to use, and and their use is now spreading to include the
therefore limited to a small number of experts. entire electro-mechanical behaviour of networks
This software was finally transferred to the PC and installations.
microcomputing environment, proving much Remember, however, that all software, whatever
easier to use. Today, a wide range of software its degree of sophistication, is only a tool. To
packages are available which comply with the ensure correct results, it should be used by
applicable standards defining the calculation of qualified professionals who have acquired the
Isc currents in LV applications, for example relevant knowledge and expertise.
Standards
c IEC 60909: Short-circuit current calculation in
three-phase AC systems.
c IEC 60781: Application guide for calculation of
short-circuit currents in low voltage radial
systems.
c NF C 15-100: Installations électriques à basse
tension.
c C 15-105: Guide pratique,
Détermination des sections de conducteurs et
choix des dispositifs de protection.
63594 07-00