Late Ordovician trilobites from Tasmania: Styginidae, Asaphidae and

Lichidae
GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE, MAXWELL R. BANKS and DORIS M. BANKS

EDGECOMBE, G.D., BANKS, M.R. & BANKS, D.M. 2004:07:23. Late Ordovician trilobites
from Tasmania: Styginidae, Asaphidae and Lichidae. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian
Palaeontologists 30, 59-77. ISSN0810-8889.

Late Ordovician (Gisbornian-Eastonian) trilobites from the Gordon Group of Tasmania include
the styginid Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov., the asaphid Basiliella choii sp. nov., and at
least two species of the lichid Amphilichas, one of which compares closely with A. encyrtos
Webby, 1974, from coeval units in New South Wales. An effaced Basiliella from the Gordon
Group at Zeehan may be conspecific with B. choii, which is based on silicified material from the
Benjamin Limestone in the Florentine Valley. Characters of thoracic articulation are added to
criteria by which Eokosovopeltis Pribyl & Vanek, 1971, may be diagnosed. The Eastonian E.
grandicurvatus is most similar to a species from the Chu-Ili terrane, Kazakhstan.

Gregory D. Edgecombe (greged@austmus.gov.au), Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney,

NSW 2010, Australia; Maxwell R. Banks and Doris M. Banks, School of Earth Sciences, University
of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-79, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; received 26 February 2004.

Keywords: Trilobita, Amphilichas, Basiliella, Eokosovopeltis, Tasmania, Late Ordovician.

THIS STUDY on Ordovician (Gisbornian- SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY

Eastonian) trilobites from the Gordon Group of
Tasmania follows an earlier account of the
Phacopida (Edgecombe et al. 1999). Herein we
describe species belonging to the families
Styginidae, Asaphidae and Lichidae. Species
treated in this work originate from the Benjamin
Limestone in the Florentine Valley and its
correlates in the Gordon Group at Zeehan,
Queenstown and Ida Bay (Fig. 1). Detailed
accounts of stratigraphy and biochronology for
these localities are presented by Banks & Burrett
(1989), Laurie (1991) and Webby (1991). Positions
of units in the standard Tasmanian (‘OT’)
biostratigraphic scheme of Banks & Burrett (1980)
follow Banks & Burrett (1989, fig. 6.8). The
trilobites described here occur in assemblages
OT14 to OT18 (Fig. 2), assigned to the Gisbornian
and Eastonian stages (Nicoll & Webby 1996, chart
2), or Caradoc (Burrellian to Streffordian) in the
British standard (Webby 1998, fig. 4).
Grid references quoted in this paper lie within
Grid Zone 55G; the code ‘55G’ should precede all
grid references. These are quoted in the form ‘DN
50757045 Wedge 8112’ – ‘Wedge 8112’ being the
name and number of the appropriate topographic
sheet. The maps quoted are at scales of either
1:100 000 (for map numbers beginning with 7 or 8)
or 1:25 000 (for map numbers beginning with 3, 4,
5 or 6).
Most specimens figured in this work are housed
in the School of Earth Sciences, University of
Tasmania (prefixed UTGD). The remainder are in
the Palaeontology type collections, Australian
Museum (AM F).
Order CORYNEXOCHIDA Kobayashi, 1935
Suborder SCUTELLUINA Hupé, 1953
Family STYGINIDAE Vogdes, 1890
Subfamily SCUTELLUINAE Richter & Richter,
1955
Eokosovopeltis Přibyl & Vaněk, 1971
Type species. Bronteus romanovskii Weber, 1948,
from the Anderken Horizon (Caradoc), southern
Kazakhstan; by original designation. See
Koroleva (1984) for revision.
Diagnosis. See Koroleva (1984, p. 81).
Discussion. Eokosovopeltis Př ibyl & Vaněk, 1971,
and Heptabronteus Webby, 1974, were listed by
Lane & Thomas (1983) as junior synonyms of
Kosovopeltis Šnajdr, 1958, following Lane (1979)
and Howells (1982). Koroleva (1984) maintained
that Eokosovopeltis should be retained, but her
revision of the genus excluded Heptabronteus
major Webby, 1974, from the Eastonian of New
South Wales. This species was interpreted by
60
Fig. 1. Map of Tasmania, showing outcrop area of
Gordon Group and locations of trilobite localities in
this study.
Koroleva as intermediate between Eokosovopeltis
and Kosovopeltis, or was alternatively grouped
by Ji (1986) with members of Lamproscutellum
Yin, 1980 (see discussion below). The synonymy
of Heptabronteus is accepted, as its type species,
H. atavus Webby, 1974, is certainly most closely
allied to E. romanovskii (Weber, 1948) and other
congeners treated by Koroleva (1984). Koroleva’s
(1984) comparison of Eokosovopeltis and
Kosovopeltis does not address all criticisms of
Lane (1979) in that Kosovopeltis was interpreted
solely with reference to its Ludlovian type species.
Kosovopeltus svobodai certainly differs more
strikingly from Upper Ordovician Eokosovopeltis
than do stratigraphically earlier Silurian species
placed in Kosovopeltis, for example, Llandovery
taxa described by Howells (1982) and Curtis &
Lane (1997). However, merely recognising a single
large Caradoc-Lochkovian clade (Kosovopeltis
sensu Lane 1979; Howells 1982; Yin et al. 2000)
risks dismissing phylogenetic information.
Considerable variation exists within Silurian
Kosovopeltis [in the broad sense of Lane (1979)
and more recent treatments].
Whittington (1999) considered that
Heptabronteus (=Eokosovopeltis: Whittington
2000) species “may merit recognition in a distinct
genus”. We accept Koroleva’s (1984) retention of
Eokosovopeltis, and assign the Tasmanian E.
grandicurvatus sp. nov. to it. Characters bearing
on this assignment include the posteromedian
pygidial rib, which does not widen or bifurcate
posteriorly (in contrast to Kosovopeltis? major
and Silurian Kosovopeltis). The narrow median
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic units for the Gordon Group in the
Florentine Valley. Calibration of Tasmanian faunal
assemblages (OT10-20) and timescale from Banks &
Burrett (1980), Laurie (1991), and Nicoll & Webby
(1996).
rib (see Fig. 5A, D for E. grandicurvatus) may,
however, be a symplesiomorphy, e.g., by
comparison to Bronteopsis Nicholson &
Etheridge, 1879 (Ingham & Tripp 1991, fig. 7g).
Outgroup comparison with Bronteopsis,
Eobronteus Reed, 1928, and Protobronteus Šnajdr,
1960, the most relevant outgroups (Webby 1974;
Koroleva 1984), is hindered by those genera not
possessing the 7+1 rib arrangement that is
common to (and presumedly apomorphic for)
Eokosovopeltis and a large clade of post-
Ordovician Scutelluinae (cf. Přibyl & Vaněk 1971,
text-fig. 1). In Eokosovopeltis, including E.
grandicurvatus (Fig. 5B, F), the pygidial doublure
is very long (sag.), extending to the axial terminus,
totalling about two-thirds the sagittal length of
the pygidium. This state differs from a relatively
shorter doublure in Lamproscutellum and Silurian
Kosovopeltis, and the doublure terminates well
behind the axis in Eobronteus (Whittington 2000,
fig. 4.6). The eye ridge is indistinct or at most faint
(Fig. 4H) in Eokosovopeltis but is more raised in
K.? major (Webby 1974, pl. 29, fig. 1) and in many
Silurian Kosovopeltis, including Llandovery
species (Ludvigsen & Tripp 1990, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6,
9, pl. 3, figs. 1, 3, 10). The pygidial axis of
Eokosovopeltis lacks the strong trilobation of
Kosovopeltis and other post-Ordovician
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
Fig. 3. Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov.
Reconstruction in dorsal view.
Scutelluinae, having at most weak furrows
defining a pair of triangular lateral lobes (Fig. 5B).
Other characters cited in Koroleva’s (1984)
diagnosis of Eokosovopeltis are shared with E.
grandicurvatus, including the glabella not being
delimited anteriorly from the border, axial furrows
not reaching the anterior margin, small to median-
sized palpebral lobes, and rounded fixigenal
impressions (see Fig. 4A, H for each of these).
The merging of the frontal lobe of the glabella and
the anterior cranidial border is not shared with
Bronteopsis and Eobronteus, but instead
resembles Kosovopeltis (Whittington 1999, fig.
2.3, 2.4) and Protobronteus (Sinclair 1949, pl. 4,
figs. 9, 10).
The thorax of Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus
indicates differences in the style of articulation
compared with Kosovopeltis and post-Ordovician
Scutelluinae. The thoracic pleurae of
Eokosovopeltis are more abruptly truncated
distally (Fig. 5F, 6 for E. grandicurvatus; Webby
1974, pl. 28, fig. 14 for E. atavus) than in
Kosovopeltis and other post-Ordovician genera.
In the latter group, the distal part of the pleural rib
forms a backward curving spine, with an
articulating flange confined to the region adaxial
to the fulcrum (Whittington 1999). In contrast, in
E. grandicurvatus, the distal parts of successive
ribs are articulated with each other and an
articulating flange is present abaxial to the fulcrum
61
(Fig. 6).
The delimitation of Eokosovopeltis and
Kosovopeltis also requires a consideration of
Lamproscutellum Yin, 1980 (type L. guizhouensis
Yin, 1980, from the Pagoda Limestone, Upper
Ordovician, Guizhou Province, China). Ji (1986)
placed the type species of Lamproscutellum in
synonymy with Kosovopeltis? major (Webby,
1974); the original treatment of Lamproscutellum
(Yin 1980) made no comparison to Heptabronteus
or its senior subjective synonym, Eokosovopeltis.
Ji’s specific synonymy is rejected, since K.? major
lacks the distinctive pit-like glabellar furrows of L.
guizouensis, the latter shared with L. shaanxiensis
Zhou in Zhou et al., 1982, from the Jinhe Formation,
Shaanxi. Lamproscutellum also has strong
paradoublural furrows on the fixigenae that are
lacking in K.? major.
Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov. (Figs. 3,
4, 5A-F, 6; Table 1)
1974 Eobronteus sp.; Corbett & Banks, pl. 3, figs.
20, 21.
Diagnosis. Eokosovopeltis with axial furrow
relatively strongly divergent anterior to S2.
Glabellar furrows faintly impressed on external and
internal surfaces of exoskeleton, none pit-like; S1
and S2 confluent with axial furrow; L2 gently
swollen as round lateral lobe. Cranidium wider
across β than γ , with relatively broad anterior
margin and wide preocular fixigenal field.
Etymology. In reference to the large radius of
curvature of the anterior cranidial margin.
Type material. Holotype cranidium and associated
right librigena, UTGD 81124 (Fig. 4A, B, G),
Benjamin Limestone, Upper Limestone Member,
on former Adamsfield Track, about 1 km west of
bridge over Florentine River, DN 50757045 Wedge
8112 (see Table 1 for dimensions). Paratypes:
cranidia UTGD 81123, 81130, cranidium and
pygidium (two individuals) UTGD 81127, pygidia
UTGD 81128, 81136, from type locality; pygidia
UTGD 95789, 98895, Benjamin Limestone, near
base of Upper Limestone Member, near Eden
Creek, Florentine Valley, DN 590793 Tiger 4427;
pygidium UTGD 58017, Benjamin Limestone, close
to ‘The Settlement’, Florentine Valley, DN 542884
Wedge 8112; cranidium UTGD 57920, Ida Bay
Limestone, Adamson Traverse, up road to
Newlands Quarry, Ida Bay, DM 888873 Leprena
4818; partial thorax and pygidium UTGD 25072,
Ida Bay Limestone, Ida Bay, quarry on road below
gap, DM 88808725 Leprena 4818; cranidium UTGD
82722, pygidium UTGD 82677 and counterpart
62 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 4. A-J, Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov. All specimens testiferous except E, latex cast from partly
exfoliated mould. A, B, G, dorsal view of holotype cranidium and external view of right librigena, lateral and
anterior views of cranidium, UTGD 81124, Benjamin Limestone, Upper Limestone Member, on former Adamsfield
Track, Florentine Valley, x2.5; C, F, H, lateral, anterior and dorsal views of cranidium, (continued opposite)
AAP Memoir 30 (2004) 63

81124 81127 81130 furrow at point where axial furrow abruptly

L cranidium 15.9 4.6 14.7 diverges, bifurcating into a weakly postero-
medially oriented branch and a shorter, anteriorly
W ß-ß 24.2 6.9 21.6*
directed branch; S3 usually undefined on external
W - 22.0* 5.6* 18.7 surface, where distinct represented by a narrow
W L0 10 2.5 9.4 (tr.), slightly anteromedially oriented impression,
effaced well inward of axial furrow (Fig. 4D); L2
81127 81136 95072 98895 developed as large, gently swollen, circular bulge
L pygidium 14.6 15 18.7 15.4 adjacent to axial furrow. L0 gently convex (sag.,
W pygidium 21.0* 22.4 30.3 23.4* tr.), short (sag., exsag.), gently lengthened near
L axis 3.5 4.4 - 4.8 its distal corners; weak median node at midlength
W axis 7.0* 8.1 10 8.7 of L0 on smallest cephalon (Fig. 4I). S0 moderately
deep, longest medially where anterior margin is
L doublure - 8.6 11.5 -
bowed forwards, abruptly effacing near axial
Table 1. Dimensions for Eokosvopeltis grandicurvatus. furrow. Preoccipital muscle impression large,
All in mm; asterisk indicates inferred width from transversely ovate, set against S0, slightly inward
measurements on one side of fragmentary specimen. of axial furrow. Fixigenal impression against L1
large, elliptical, defined by narrow, sharply incised
82679, Gordon Group, carbonaceous siltstone furrow, with surface sculpture of longitudinally
exposed in trench on east side of Austral Creek, aligned, elongate pits. Interocular fixigena rather
on western side of Smelters Hill, south of former flat (exsag., tr.) except for gentle inflation on
Smelters Quarry, Zeehan, CP 628580 Oceana 3635. fixigenal impression. Palpebral lobe short (exsag.),
The type material represents assemblage OT17 narrow, crescentic, strongly curved, surface
(Eastonian Ea2). Samples from near the base of covered with horizontally oriented terrace lines;
the Upper Member of the Benjamin Limestone are palpebral furrow faint. Eye ridge at most faint,
assigned to assemblage OT16 (Eastonian Ea1). running anteromedially to axial furrow;
Specimens from Smelters Quarry, Zeehan, co- paradoublural ridge anterior to and parallel to eye
occur with Pliomerina trisulcata and ridge. Posterior border furrow narrow (exsag.),
Erratencrinurus trippi in a fauna that represents sharply impressed, slightly sinuous, extending to
assemblage OT15. facial suture; posterior border very narrow
(exsag.), lacking bulge over fulcral socket. Terrace
Description. Cranidial length (sag.) 65-70% ridges strongly developed on anterior 20-25% of
maximum width across β; width across β 1.1 times cranidium in dorsal view, running parallel to
that across palpebral lobes; width across posterior anterior margin; terrace ridges on L0 convex
margin slightly greater than across palpebral forwards; small cranidium UTGD 81127 with
lobes; midlength of palpebral lobe at about 75% concentrically arranged, anteriorly convex terrace
length of cranidium; cranidium gently convex (sag.) ridges on posterior part of glabella, indistinct in
except for anterior, terraced part, which curves larger specimens. Small, shallow pits pervasive
steeply down. Axial furrow subparallel between on glabella.
S0 and S2, narrow, moderately deep, divergent Librigenal field encircling eye slightly
backwards against L0, abruptly deflected outward depressed, narrow (tr.) depressed ring widening
anterior to S2, effacing at paradoublural ridge far posteriorly, apparently defining paradoublural
behind anterior cranidial margin; frontal glabellar line. Posterior part of field faintly convex (tr.);
lobe entirely merged with anterior cranidial border anterior part gently concave; lateral border furrow
along the anterior glabellar margin, with no trace lacking. Visual surface convex, evenly decreasing
of preglabellar furrow. Glabella weakly arched (tr.). in height posteriorly. Terrace ridges oriented
Glabellar furrows and muscle impressions on small anterolaterally across posterior half of field, wavy,
cranidium UTGD 57920 (Fig. 4D) serve as abruptly curved back near margin, lacking on
landmarks for interpreting lobes on larger anterior half of field; terrace ridges on field spaced
specimens in which furrows are more effaced: S1 farther apart than those on and adjacent to lateral
shallow, confluent with axial furrow, directed margin; marginal terrace ridges extend onto dorsal
posteromedially; S2 shallow, confluent with axial side of librigena anteriorly, confined to margin

UTGD 81130, locality as for Fig. 4A, x2.5 (C, F), x4.5 (H); D, dorsal view of cranidium, UTGD 57920, Ida Bay
Limestone, Adamson Traverse, Ida Bay, x4; E, dorsal view of partly exfoliated cranidium, UTGD 82722, Gordon
Group, carbonaceous siltstone on east side of Austral Creek, western side of Smelters Hill, Zeehan, x2; I, dorsal
view of cranidium, UTGD 81127, locality as for Fig. 4A, x4; J, dorsal view of pygidium, UTGD 81128, locality
as for Fig. 4A, x3.
64 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 5. A-F, Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov. A, dorsal view of pygidium, UTGD 81127, locality as for
Fig. 4A, x2.5; B, dorsal view of partly exfoliated pygidium, UTGD 81136, locality as for Fig. 4A, x2.5; C, D,
lateral and dorsal views of pygidium, UTGD 98895, Benjamin Limestone, near base of Upper Limestone
Member, near Eden Creek, Florentine Valley, x2.5; E, F, lateral and dorsal views of partial thorax and pygidium,
UTGD 25072, Ida Bay Limestone, Ida Bay, x2. G, H, Kosovopeltis? major (Webby, 1974), Malongulli Formation,
Copper Mine Creek, WNW of Mandurama, New South Wales; latex casts from external moulds. G, ventral view
of hypostome and rostral plate, AM F.125431, x2.6; H, external view of right librigena, AM F.125432, x2.5.
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
Fig. 6. Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus sp. nov. Dorsal views of partial thorax and pygidium, UTGD 25072, Ida
Bay Limestone, Ida Bay, x4.3, x3.8.
posteriorly; fine pits most obvious between
submarginal terrace ridges but also scattered over
field. Genal angle unknown.
Number of thoracic segments unknown (parts
of eight in UTGD 25072: Fig. 5F). Axis about 36%
width of thorax in last three segments; axial furrow
narrow, shallow. Axial ring gently arched (tr.).
Pleurae gently turned down at fulcrum; posterior
edge of rib with a short (exsag.) articulating flange
extending from fulcrum to near distal edge of rib;
fulcral process or socket not visible on dorsal
exoskeletal surface. Pleurae abruptly truncated,
with angular posterior tip. Terrace ridges
concentric, convex forward on axis; terrace ridges
on pleurae gently undulating, subparallel,
converging backwards adaxially. Doublure
extending inwards to fulcrum; terrace ridges on
doublure aligned exsagittally, convex adaxially.
Pygidium semicircular, length (sag., including
articulating half ring) about 65% of maximum
width; anterior margin transverse to fulcrum, then
gently directed backwards; anterolateral corner
sharply rounded. Axial furrow narrow, shallow.
Axis (measured across maximum width of
articulating half ring) nearly 40% maximum width
of pygidium. Articulating half ring 8-10% length
of pygidium sagittally, narrowing (exsag.) distally,
anterior margin transverse across most of its
width; articulating furrow narrow, shallow, convex
backwards. At most one ring furrow weakly
defined; some specimens entirely lacking ring
furrows; at most weak trace of pair of
anteromedially directed furrows on axis, defining
triangular lateral lobes (Fig. 5B); longitudinal profile
of axis nearly flat or faintly convex (sag.); axial
terminus rounded, defined by weakly impressed
furrow. Postaxial region 70-75% of pygidial length,
gently convex (sag.). Pleural field with seven
65
paired ribs that gently widen distally and median
unpaired rib; median rib approximately parallel-
sided, of similar width distally as adjacent paired
ribs. Interrib furrows all narrow, of equal, moderate
depth; first interrib furrow effacing near lateral
margin, successive furrows terminating
progressively farther from margin to delimit a
narrow border. Sculpture of gently undulating
terrace ridges running subtransversely across
entire pleural field, scalloped, convex anteriorly
across each rib, gently recurved forwards near
lateral margin; concentric, anteriorly convex
terrace ridges on axis. Inner margin of doublure
extending to axial terminus; dorsal surface of
doublure with weak impression of ribs across most
of its width; doublure bearing more than 20
concentric, slightly undulating terrace ridges that
run approximately parallel to pygidial margin.
Discussion. Apparently most similar is
Eokosovopeltis weberi Koroleva, 1984, described
from cranidia from the Caradoc strata in the Chu-
Ili Mountains (Chu-Ili terrane), Kazakhstan. This
species shares the marked anterior expansion of
the glabella seen in E. grandicurvatus, and
likewise has S1 confluent with the axial furrow
(Koroleva 1984, pl. 8, figs. 8, 9). Specific distinction
is made based on the wider (tr.) preocular fixigena
and inflated L2 lateral lobes in E. grandicurvatus,
and the restriction of strong terrace ridges to the
anterior part of the cranidium, versus covering
the entire cranidium in E. weberi.
In comparison with Eokosovopeltis atavus
(Webby, 1974), from the Eastonian of New South
Wales, and the similar E. romanovskii (Weber,
1948) from Kazakhstan, E. grandicurvatus has a
wider, less anteriorly convex anterior margin, and
a wider (tr.) preocular fixigenal field; S2 is confluent
66 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

with the axial furrow rather than isolated, and S1

is weakly impressed rather than slot- or pit-like.
Eokosovopeltis grandicurvatus is
distinguished from the other Eastonian styginid
in New South Wales, Kosovopeltis? major
(Webby, 1974), by stronger divergence of the
cephalic axial furrow anteriorly, the fixigenal
impression being more strongly delimited by a
furrow, the eye ridge being weaker, the
posteromedian rib on the pygidium neither
expanding nor bifurcating, and less marked
segmentation of the pygidial axis (four pairs of
pits are distinct in K.? major). New collections of
K.? major include librigenae with the genal angle
more complete than in previously figured material,
showing a short genal spine (Fig. 5H), and a
hypostome articulated to the rostral plate (Fig.
5G).
The Tasmanian species differs from
Kosovopeltis sp. of Yin et al., 2000, from the Pagoda
Formation (Caradoc), Guizhou Province, China, in
having the cephalic axial furrows effaced farther
back, a more mushroom-shaped glabella, S1 more
posteriorly directed, a weaker occipital node, and
having a relatively shorter pygidial axis with more
indistinct segmentation. The Chinese species has
five weakly defined axial rings, and appears to be
more closely related to K.? major than to
Eokosovopeltis.

Order ASAPHIDA Salter, 1864

Superfamily ASAPHOIDEA Burmeister, 1843 Fig. 7. Basiliella choii sp. nov. Reconstruction in dorsal
Family ASAPHIDAE Burmeister, 1843 view.

Basiliella Kobayashi, 1934 Parabasilicus in synonymy with Basiliella, and

Type species. Asaphus barrandi Hall, 1851, from
the Black River Group (Caradoc: Mohawkian),
near Plattsville, Wisconsin, U.S.A.; by original
designation.
Diagnosis. See Lee & Choi (1992, p. 173).
Discussion. Zhou & Fortey (1986) discussed the
difficulty in distinguishing Basiliella and
Parabasilicus Kobayashi, 1934. They regarded
Parabasilicus as an effaced Basiliella, and
employed the two taxa as subgenera of Basilicus
Salter, 1849. Lee & Choi (1992) revised the type
species of Parabasilicus, P. typicalis Kobayashi,
1934, from the Jigunsan Formation (Llanvirn) of
Korea, and endorsed the idea that Parabasilicus
is an effaced Basiliella. Lee & Choi (1992) placed
provided a new diagnosis for the genus, which is
followed herein. A new species from Tasmania,
described below, represents another effaced
Basiliella. The elimination of the genal spines is
the most significant deviation from other
congeners.
Basiliella choii sp. nov. (Figs. 7-9)
Etymology. For Professor Duck Keun Choi, in
recognition of his work on this genus and other
Ordovician trilobites.
Diagnosis. Basiliella with anterior section of facial
suture diverging forwards at about 50 degrees. S0
and S1 weakly impressed on dorsal exoskeletal
surface; S3 effaced. Blunt genal angle lacking
spine. Pygidial ring furrows and all but first pleural

Fig. 8. Basiliella choii sp. nov. Silicified specimens, all from upper part of Lower Member of Benjamin Limestone,
Settlement Road, Florentine Valley. A-C, dorsal, anterior and lateral views of cranidium, UTGD 128657, x8; D,
dorsal view of anterior part of cranidium, UTGD 128658, x4; E, dorsal view of posterior part of cranidium,
UTGD 128659, x4; F, dorsolateral view of thoracic segment, UTGD 128675, x3; (continued opposite)
AAP Memoir 30 (2004) 67

G, dorsal view of posterior part of small cranidium, UTGD 128676, x6.7; H, dorsal view of anterior part of
cranidium, UTGD 128660, x4; I, N, external and internal views of librigena, UTGD 128661, x4.4, x3.8; J, external
view of holotype cranidium, UTGD128656, x4; K, external view of librigena, UTGD 128662, x5; L, external
view of librigena, UTGD 128663, x4; M, external view of librigena, UTGD 128664, x6; O, internal view of
librigena, UTGD 128665, x3.2.
68 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 9. Basiliella choii sp. nov. Silicified specimens, all from upper part of Lower Member of Benjamin Limestone,
Settlement Road, Florentine Valley. A, ventral view of hypostome, UTGD 128666, x4.3; B, ventral view of
hypostome, UTGD 128667, x5.3; C, D, dorsal and ventral views of hypostome, UTGD 128668, x3.6; E, I,
dorsal and ventral views of pygidium, UTGD 128669, x4; F, H, lateral and dorsal views of pygidium, UTGD
128670, x4.5; G, dorsal view of pygidium, UTGD 128671, x4.5; J, dorsal view of pygidium, UTGD 128672, x4;
K, L, ventral and dorsal views of pygidium, UTGD 128673, x3.8.
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
furrow shallow; interpleural furrows effaced.
Exoskeleton densely pitted, relatively large pits
pervasive on glabella and librigenal field.
Type material. Holotype silicified cranidium UTGD
128656 (Fig. 8J), from the upper part of the Lower
Member of the Benjamin Limestone (Strophomena
cf. oklahomensis Assemblage of Laurie 1991),
Settlement Road section SR 17 (Laurie 1991, fig.
7), DN 55808674 Gordonvale 4428, Florentine
Valley. Paratypes UTGD 128657-128673, 128675,
128676, from type locality. The type stratum
represents assemblage OT14 (Gisbornian).
Description. Glabellar length (excluding L0) 11.4
mm in holotype; largest fragmentary librigenae
indicate glabellar length 140% larger than holotype.
Cranidium slightly shorter (sag.) than its maximum
width across posterior border; width across β from
about 75% width across palpebral lobes (Fig. 8A)
to nearly equal (Fig. 8D); midlength of palpebral
lobe at about 65% length (sag.) of cranidium. Axial
furrow shallow against frontal glabellar lobe, faint
against interocular fixigena, effaced in postocular
region, including against L0. Glabella elongate
subrectangular, with rounded anterior margin,
length about 75% of cranidial length, gently
convex (sag., tr.); width across frontal lobe about
65% length of glabella (excluding L0). S0 weak on
external surface, gently convex backwards, lacking
abaxial deepening (e.g., pits); small median glabellar
node immediately in front of L0, weakly raised on
dorsal surface, more prominent on ventral surface;
S1 shallow, broad, directed posteromedially,
usually faint on dorsal surface, more distinct on
ventral surface, effaced well in advance of S0;
some small specimens with S1 moderately deep
along its anterior half (Fig. 8G). Baccula not
distinct from L1. S3 indistinct. L0 slightly more
than 10% length (sag.) of cranidium, evenly long
across its width, with gentle, even arching (tr.).
Preglabellar field absent; anterior cranidial border
furrow confluent with preglabellar furrow across
anterior margin of glabella; anterior border furrow
similarly shallow abaxially. Glabella and anterior
cranidial border densely pitted. Anterior section
of facial suture diverging at about 50 degrees
between γ and β, weakly concave outward in
posterior part, straight in anterior part;
anterolateral cranidial margin straight, converging
to a blunt median angulation; anterior border
weakly arched (tr.), gently and evenly widening
medially, nearly flat across most of its width;
anterior part of median angulation flexed
downward. Palpebral lobe narrow, crescentic,
nearly 30% length of cranidium, sloping upwards
abaxially, raised about as high as glabella; palpebral
furrow faint. Posterior section of facial suture
69
strongly divergent backwards, slightly convex
anteriorly, turned sharply backwards immediately
before reaching posterior margin. Posterior border
furrow lacking on cranidium. Small articulating
boss on posterior margin of fixigena, just abaxial
to outer edge of occipital doublure.
Eye socle narrow (tr.), base defined by
distinctly impressed furrow. Inner half of librigenal
field gently convex (tr.), densely pitted, outer half
steeply turned down to border furrow, with slightly
more subdued pitting. Lateral border furrow of
even, moderate width and depth along most of
length, abruptly shallowing posteriorly, effaced
along posterior part of librigenal field; posterior
border furrow undefined. Lateral border slightly
wider than lateral border furrow in dorsal view,
with shelf-like inner half and steeply declined outer
half. Genal angle blunt. Doublure flat to lateral
border, then abruptly flexed dorsally, extending
inwards to more than twice width of lateral border,
bearing many evenly spaced terrace lines; several
specimens with small circular opening, apparently
panderian opening, just inside inner margin of
doublure slightly anterior to genal angle (Fig. 8N).
Hypostomal middle body subquadrate, gently
convex (tr.), gently widening posteriorly to a
maximum width about 85% of its length; anterior
margin of middle body biconvex. Lateral border
furrow shallow; middle furrow distinctly deeper,
especially in front of maculae. Maculae strong,
crescentic. Middle body and borders with fine,
undulating, subtransverse terrace ridges; terrace
ridges on posterior projections of border deflected
forward near lateral margin. Posterior fork deep,
its inner margins gently convex, medial margin
gently concave; projections triangular, with blunt
tips. Doublure wide over projections, forming a
medially concave and dorsally subangular ridge
along each projection; small posterior wing
projecting subdorsally from inner margin of
doublure on projection; outer part of doublure
with several terrace ridges running parallel to lateral
margin. Lateral and posterolateral border with
narrow (tr.), raised marginal ridge.
Thorax known only from fragments of
disarticulated segments. Axial furrow narrow,
nearly effaced. Axis weakly arched (tr.). Pleural
furrow deep, straight, running parallel to edge of
articulating facet along inner two-thirds of pleura;
anterior pleural band forming a steep crest. Pleural
tip with weakly oblique ventrolateral edge,
rounded anterior corner, blunt posterior corner.
Inner margin of doublure at fulcrum, with tapering
posterior part of inner margin extending further
adaxially.
Pygidial length about 70% of width in most
complete large specimen (Fig. 9H); larger
fragmentary specimens apparently relatively
70 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 10. Basiliella cf. B. choii sp. nov. A-D, limestone in shale below Smelters Quarry, Zeehan; E-I, Smelters
Quarry. All internal moulds except H, I, partly testiferous. A-C, dorsal, anterior and lateral views of cranidium,
UTGD 82669, x2; D, dorsal view of cranidium, UTGD 24626, x2.6; E, external view of librigena, UTGD 24558,
x2.3; F, ventral view of hypostome, UTGD 24605, x2; G, ventral view of hypostome, UTGD 96551, x3; H, I,
dorsal and lateral views of pygidium, UTGD 24121, x2.5.
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
wider. Axial furrow shallow against first ring,
moderately deep against rest of axis, including
posteromedially, more strongly converging
against anterior six rings than posteriorly. Axis
slightly more than 30% of pygidial width anteriorly,
gently arched (tr.) anteriorly, increasingly arched
and elevated well above pleurae posteriorly; axis
faintly convex in longitudinal profile, terminating
in advance of border furrow; up to 10 axial rings
defined by shallow ring furrows, each about one-
third width of axis; ring furrows obscure across
sagittal third of axis in dorsal view, defined
ventrally (Fig. 9I); ring furrows effaced in posterior
third of axis. Inner part of pleural field gently
convex (tr.), then steeply curving down to border
furrow; postaxial field steeply sloping to border
furrow. First pleural furrow narrow, deep, straight,
abruptly effacing at border furrow; several
additional pleural furrows faintly impressed;
interpleural furrows effaced except for weak trace
of first one; posterior third to half of pleural field
unfurrowed. Anterolateral corner of pygidium
(articulating facet) rounded. Border furrow broad,
shallow; border evenly wide, about one-eighth
length of pygidium in postaxial region, flattened,
moderately sloping downward to margin. Doublure
wider than border, with shallow, rounded
posteromedian embayment; numerous terrace
lines along entire width of border, more dense in
its inner half.
Discussion. The nearly complete effacement of
the glabellar furrows in most specimens (including
S1, which is usually pronounced in Basiliella)
and lack of a genal spine distinguish B. choii from
all congeners. Relevant species comparisons are
with Basiliella emodi (Salter in Salter & Blanford,
1865) from the Central Himalaya, India (see Morris
& Fortey 1985, pl. 3, figs. 1, 3), and B. satunensis
Kobayashi & Hamada, 1964, from Thailand, both
of which likewise have largely effaced pygidial
furrows, and have been identified as closely related
to each other (Fortey & Cocks 2003, p. 275). In
addition to the suppression of S1 and the blunt
genal angle, further distinction from B. satunensis
can be made based on the pitted rather than striate
exoskeletal sculpture (compare fig. 8H, L with
Kobayashi & Hamada 1964, pl. 9, figs. 2, 8). From
B. emodi, the new species differs in having a more
elongate pygidium (Morris & Fortey 1985, pl. 3,
fig. 1). Basiliella typicalis (Kobayashi, 1934) from
Korea has a similar course of the anterior section
of the facial suture, and shares a relatively strong
convergence of the pygidial axial furrow against
the first few axial rings, as well as a deeply forked
hypostomal margin (Lee & Choi 1992, fig. 4). It
differs from the new species in having transcurrent
S3, deeper S1, and median nodes on the pygidial
71
axial rings.
Basiliella cf. B. choii sp. nov. (Fig. 10A-I)
Occurrence. Siltstone in Gordon Group, Smelters
Quarry, Zeehan, grid reference CP 623582 Pieman
7914 (cranidium UTGD 24656, librigena UTGD
24558, hypostomes UTGD 24605, 96551, pygidium
UTGD 24121); limestone in shale below Smelters
Quarry (cranidia UTGD 24626, 82669, 82746).
Smelters Quarry specimens are assigned to
assemblage OT15.
Discussion. The type material for Basiliella choii
is from the Lower Member of the Benjamin
Limestone (assemblage OT14). Slightly younger
material (OT15) from Smelters Quarry at Zeehan
may be conspecific, though comparison is
complicated by the different styles of preservation
(the former silicified, the latter moulds in siltstone).
Internal moulds show the typically basilielline
orientation of S1 and prominent preoccipital
tubercle (Fig. 10A), and have a low, narrow (tr.)
longitudinal median crest along the length of the
frontal glabellar lobe (Fig. 10A, B, D); this feature
is indistinct on the ventral surface of the frontal
lobe in most silicified specimens. A similar crest is
observed on the internal mould in Pseudobasilicus
fortis Webby, 1973 (Webby 1973, pl. 53, fig. 12),
and P. plantaensis Astini et al., 1986 (Astini et al.
1986, pl. 1, fig. 3). S3 is represented on the internal
mould by a narrow (tr.), shallow, transverse furrow,
confined to the abaxial part of the glabella opposite
the anterior edge of the palpebral lobe (Fig. 10A,
B). A librigena from Zeehan (Fig. 10E) has a field
that is slightly wider than the largest specimens
from the type locality, and has a relatively shallow
lateral border furrow. No consistent differences
are observed between hypostomes. The anterior
wings are broken in all silicified specimens, but
the mould material shows them to be narrow (tr.),
about 80% of the maximum width across the lateral
border (Fig. 10G), and separated from the lateral
border by a strong antennal notch.
Order LICHIDA Moore, 1959
Family LICHIDAE Hawle & Corda, 1847
Subfamily TETRALICHINAE Phleger, 1936
Amphilichas Raymond, 1905
Type species. Platymetopus lineatus Angelin,
1854, from the Boda Limestone (Ashgill), Dalarna,
Sweden; by monotypy.
Diagnosis. See Thomas & Holloway (1988, p. 216-
217).
72 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 11. A-E, H-I, Amphilichas cf. A. encyrtos Webby, 1974. A-C, dorsal, lateral and posterior views of cranidium,
UTGD 98257a, internal mould from Benjamin Limestone, Lower Limestone Member, near Settlement Road,
Florentine Valley, x3; D, E, anterior and dorsal views of cranidium, counterpart UTGD 98257b, latex cast from
external mould, x4; H, I, dorsal views of pygidium, UTGD 98256, latex cast from external mould (UTGD
98256b), internal mould (UTGD 98256a), locality as for Fig. 11A-E, x4. (continued opposite)
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
Amphilichas cf. A. encyrtos Webby, 1974 (Figs.
11A-E, H-I, 12G-I)
cf. 1974 Amphilichas encyrtos; Webby, pl. 32, figs.
11-12, pl. 34, figs. 10-21.
1974 Amphilichas (Tetralichas); Corbett & Banks,
pl. 3, figs. 13, 14.
Occurrence. Benjamin Limestone, Lower
Limestone Member, near Settlement Road,
Florentine Valley, DN 568863 Wedge 8112
(counterpart moulds of cranidium UTGD 98257a,
b; counterpart moulds of pygidium UTGD 98256a,
b); Lords Siltstone, Locality 11 of Corbett & Banks
(1974, fig. 4), on former track between Westfield
Road and Cashions Creek Road, Florentine Valley,
DN 567847 Gordonvale 4428 (counterpart moulds
of cranidium UTGD 81271, 81272); shale in Gordon
Group, Queenstown, small ridge close to Sports
Ground, east of former railway line east of Queen
River about 200 m upstream from bridge over
Queen River on Penghana Road, CD 807408
Gormanston 3834 (cranidia UTGD 25606, 54344);
siltstone in Gordon Group, Winduss Road, 1.5 km
north of Gunns Plains, DQ 199312 Forth 8115
(cranidium AM F12250, hypostome AM F12251,
pygidium AM F106372). Samples from the Lords
Siltstone, the shale at Queenstown, and siltstone
near Gunns Plains are from assemblage OT15.
Discussion. Amphilichas encyrtos Webby, 1974,
was based on cranidia and hypostomes from the
Quondong Limestone, Bowen Park Group, in
central west New South Wales. Some Tasmanian
cranidia are very similar to that of A. encyrtos,
particularly samples from assemblage OT15 in the
Florentine Valley (Figs. 12H, I) and Queenstown
(Fig. 12G). These share a tubercle where the
longitudinal furrow intersects S0, and cephalic
tuberculation of the same size and density. In New
South Wales (Webby 1974, pl. 32, fig. 11) and
Tasmanian (Fig. 12I) specimens, the median
glabellar lobe has four larger tubercles: a pair
anterior to midlength, and two unpaired tubercles
on the posterior half of the lobe. The palpebral
lobe of the holotype bears coarse granules, smaller
than the tubercles on the lobe in the Tasmanian
specimens (Fig. 12I). In the Tasmanian material,
the median glabellar lobe is slightly narrower than
the composite lateral lobe at the level of the eye
(Fig. 12G, H, I), versus equally wide in the New
South Wales material. Given the paucity of
available specimens from Tasmania as well as New
F, Amphilichas sp. Ventral view of partial hypostome, UTGD 81125, Benjamin Limestone, Upper Limestone
Member, on former Adamsfield Track, Florentine Valley, x3. G, Amphilichas aff. A. encyrtos Webby, 1974.
Dorsal view of pygidium, UTGD 59025, latex cast from external mould, Benjamin Limestone, near Dawson
Settlement, Florentine Valley, x2.5.
73
South Wales, the issue of possible conspecificity
is unsettled.
An Amphilichas cranidium from the Lower
Limestone Member of the Benjamin Limestone
near Settlement Road in the Florentine Valley (Fig.
11A-E) resembles Amphilichas cf. A. encyrtos in
the proportions of its glabellar lobes, presence of
a tubercle at the intersection of the longitudinal
furrow and S0, and the four larger tubercles on
the median glabellar lobe described above. It
differs from typical A. encyrtos and the Lords
Siltstone and Queenstown samples in having
fewer, but relatively coarser tubercles on the
glabella and L0; coarse tubercles are especially
concentrated on the posterior part of the median
and lateral glabellar lobes (Fig. 11E). The
longitudinal glabellar profile is more convex (Fig.
11B) than in the holotype of A. encyrtos (Webby
1974, pl. 32, fig. 12), particularly along the posterior
part of the median glabellar lobe. The Settlement
Road material is likely specifically distinct from A.
encyrtos based on these differences, but the small
sample size and limited data on variation in
cranidial characters for A. encyrtos in its type area
make a formal separation dubious.
The pygidium is unknown for A. encyrtos in its
type area, but is available for the Settlement Road
(Fig. 11H, I) and Gunns Plains samples. It has the
second axial ring defined by a shallow transverse
furrow across most of the width of the axis, effaced
abaxially and weakly distinct medially. The
postaxial piece is narrow, bounded by furrows
nearly as deep as those against the axis, remaining
sharply impressed to their point of convergence
at the posteromedial margin of the pygidium. The
first pleural furrow is deep and gently concave
forwards; the second pleural furrow is entirely
effaced. The first two pleurae have pointed
terminae, the third a rounded lappet. The axis and
pleurae have a rather uniform sculpture of mixed
fine and moderate sized tubercles.
Compared to specimens just described, an
Amphilichas pygidium (Fig. 11G) from the
Benjamin Limestone near Dawson Settlement in
the Florentine Valley (DN 542883 Gordonvale
4428) has a more deeply impressed second pleural
furrow; the second ring furrow is more deeply
incised as a pair of slightly posteromedially
directed grooves but wholly effaced sagittally;
coarser tubercles are present (including a pair on
the second axial ring); and the postaxial piece is
wider and bounded by shallower furrows. In the
absence of associated sclerites its specific
74 AAP Memoir 30 (2004)

Fig. 12. A-F, Amphilichas sp. nov. A. Smelters Quarry, Zeehan. All partly exfoliated. A-C, dorsal, lateral and
posterior views of cranidium, UTGD 82734, x3.7; D, dorsal view of cranidium, UTGD 24638, x3; E, dorsal view
of cranidium, UTGD 24682, x3; F, dorsal view of cranidium, UTGD 82736a, x3.7. G-I, Amphilichas cf. A.
encyrtos Webby, 1974. G, cranidium UTGD 54344, latex cast from external mould, (continued opposite)
AAP Memoir 30 (2004)
assignment is unknown, but the characters listed
above suggest that it is distinct from Amphilichas
cf. A. encyrtos.
Amphilichas sp. nov. A (Fig. 12A-F)
Occurrence. Siltstone in Gordon Group, Smelters
Quarry, Zeehan, grid reference CP 623582 Pieman
7914 (cranidia UTGD 24570, 24638, 24682, 82703,
82719 and counterpart 82734, 82736, hypostome
UTGD 82733); limestone in shale below Smelters
Quarry, Zeehan (cranidium UTGD 82709);
Queenstown, small ridge close to Sports Ground,
east of former railway railway line east of Queen
River about 200 m upstream from bridge over
Queen River on Penghana Road (cranidia UTGD
54346, counterpart 54384, UTGD 54366). Samples
from Smelters Quarry and Queenstown represent
assemblage OT15.
Discussion. Collections from Zeehan and
Queenstown include an Amphilichas species that
is readily distinguished from Amphilichas cf. A.
encyrtos by having a much constricted median
glabellar lobe. The width across the narrowest
extent of the median lobe is about half the
maximum width of the composite lateral glabellar
lobe; as few as three tubercles span the median
lobe at its narrowest point (Fig. 12A, D). Because
the cranidia are fragmentary and partly exfoliated,
with pygidia and librigenae being unknown, we
have retained this species in open nomenclature.
Compared to other species with complete
longitudinal glabellar furrows and a narrow median
lobe, such as A. tibetanus (Salter in Salter &
Blanford, 1865) (Morris & Fortey 1985, pl. 6, fig.
1), A. karakanensis Weber, 1948 (Weber 1948, p.
9, figs. 9-12), and A. ardmillanensis (Reed, 1914)
(Tripp 1980, pl. 4, fig. 21), distinctive for the
Tasmanian species are a few greatly enlarged
tubercles across the posterior part of the occipital
ring (Fig. 12A-C), several coarse tubercles amidst
many smaller tubercles on the glabella, a moderate
divergence of the longitudinal furrows between
the narrowest part of the median lobe and S0, and
a wide (tr.) composite lateral lobe. Other characters
of possible diagnostic value are: longitudinal
furrows strongly deflected outwards anteriorly,
with the median lobe slightly overhanging the
anterior cranidial border sagittally; palpebral lobe
narrow (tr.) and unornamented (Fig. 12D); a
pronounced fulcral bulge on the posterior margin
of the posterior cranidial border (Fig. 12B and
UTGD 54384). Some specimens show a
Queenstown, x3; H, I, counterpart moulds of cranidium, Lords Siltstone, on former track between Westfield Road
and Cashions Creek Road, Florentine Valley. H, UTGD 81272, internal mould, x4; I, UTGD 81271, latex cast
from external mould, 81271, x4.5.
75
suppression of tuberculation on the anterior part
of the median glabellar lobe, with small pits present
instead (Fig. 12E), or pits between the tubercles,
as well as obsolecence of tubercles on the anterior
and anterolateral parts of the composite lateral
glabellar lobes (Fig. 12E).
Amphilichas sp. (Fig. 11F)
Occurrence. Benjamin Limestone, Upper
Limestone Member, on former Adamsfield Track,
about 1 km west of bridge over Florentine River,
grid reference DN 50757045 Wedge 8112
(hypostome UTGD 81125), assemblage OT17.
Discussion. A fragmentary tetralichinid
hypostome from the Upper Limestone Member
on the former Adamsfield Track (Fig. 11F) is the
only lichid sclerite retrieved from that locality. Its
similarity to the hypostome of Amphilicas encyrtos
(Webby 1974, pl. 34, figs. 10-17) allows for a generic
assignment. In light of its stratigraphic separation
from confidently assigned material of Amphilichas
cf. A. encyrtos and Amphilichas sp. nov. A, the
hypostome cannot be referred to one of those
species with confidence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Yong Yi Zhen (Australian Museum)
for photography, Alan Lam for trilobite
reconstructions, Kathi Stait (formerly University
of Tasmania) for facilitating loans, and Steve
Westrop (University of Oklahoma) and an
anonymous referee for helpful reviews.
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