With open arms, I welcome you all my dear students and I would

like to congratulate those students who passed their first year and became
second year students wishing you all full-bright success. With aid of
God, I (Moussa Al-Rashed) will do my best to present the notes of
Grammar (3) seriously, professionally and honestly. The course is
divided into three parts:
1. Grammar 40 Marks (Mr. Firas Shbeeb).
2. Phonetics 40 Marks (Dr. Saleh Al-Khatib)
3. Seminar 20 Marks [Grammar with Ms. Rana or Phonetics with
Dr. Saleh Al-Khatib]
The textbook required for this course is A University Grammar of the
English Language by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum.
Grammar (3) course will cover certain chapters from this book. Maybe it
will cover three chapters this term. By the way, the same book will be
used in studying Grammar 4 next term as well. You should bring your
books with you every lecture because you are going to need it.
At the beginning of every lecture, I will provide you with the summary of
the previous one. Besides, I will test your understanding of the lecture by
providing you with some MCQs at the end of every lecture…

Let's move to lecturer's speech…

Good morning everyone. Well, I will be responsible for teaching you

Grammar 3 for this term. We will start with chapter 2 of your book. I will
be selective when it comes to reading; I mean that I will read certain lines
and examples that you have to study for the exam. Please open your book
on page 10.

Chapter Two

This chapter deals with sentence structure in English and how we analyze
this structure. This chapter also contains a number of important
definitions (such as subject, predicate, operator, etc.) that you may be
asked about in the exam. We will examine the structure of sentences. We
will analyze sentences. What is the meaning of "analyze"? To analyze
here means to examine the sentence and decide what the elements of the
sentence are and the function of each element. For example, when we
analyze a sentence, we try to find the subject, the verb, the object, the
adverb… etc. This is called in Arabic (‫)إعراب‬. (Trying to find "‫ " فاعل‬or "
‫ "مفعول‬,…etc.)
Parts of a sentence

2.2
Subject and Predicate:

Many grammarians have proposed that the structure of sentences can be

divided into two parts:

1. SUBJECT
2. PREDICATE

Who can tell me the differences between the subject and the predicate?

The subject is the doer of the action.

The predicate is what comes after the subject.

Let's read something from your book and have some examples:

Traditionally, there is a primary distinction between SUBJECT and

PREDICATE:

The examples below will tell you the differences between the subject and
the predicate:

SUBJECT PREDICATE
John carefully searched the room 1
The girl is now a student at a large university 2
His brother grew happier gradually 3

It rained steadily all day 4

He had given the girl an apple 5
They make him the chairman every year 6

The elements in the first column (‫ )العامود األول‬are called subjects (

‫ )فاعل‬and the other elements in the second column are called
"predicates" (‫)بقية الجملة‬. The subject of the sentence has a close
general relation to 'what is being discussed', the 'theme' of the
sentence. The predicate refers to 'what is being said' about a
'subject'. In other words, the subject is the thing that we talk about in
the sentence, and the predicate is what we say about the subject. In
the above examples, "John" in (1) and "the girl" in (2) are subjects.
So, in these two examples we talk about John in the first sentence and
about the girl in the second sentence. Also, "carefully searched the
room" and "is now a student at a large university" are predicates.
Therefore, we have many definitions of a subject (very important for the
exam):

A. The subject is the doer of the action.

B. The subject what is being discussed.
C. The subject is the theme of the sentence.

What is the definition of the predicate?

The predicate is something new that is being said about a 'subject'.

Subjects have many properties in English. So, it is what is being

discussed in the sentence. This is the first property. Also, the subject
determines what is known as "concord". What is the meaning of the
word "concord"? "Concord" means "agreement" (‫)التوافق^ القواعدي‬
between the subject and the verb. Look at example 2 in the table:

The girl is now a student at a large university 2

As you can see in this example, the subject ''the girl'' determines the
concord between the subject and the verb. Since the subject 'the girl' is
singular, the verb must be singular as well ''is''. If the verb was plural, we
would take the plural verb 'are'.

Look at example 6:

They make him the chairman every year 6

Because the subject 'they' is plural, we have chosen the verb 'make' not
'makes'. Thus, subjects determine concord/agreement in sentences.

Furthermore, the subject is the part of the sentence that changes

its position as we go from statement to question, as we can see in
the following example:
 He had given the girl an apple
 Had he given the girl an apple?
 Jane is studying in her room.
 Is Jane studying in her room?
In the first example, the subject (he) moves to the second position
after the auxiliary (had) in order to change the statement into a
question. Also in the second example, the subject 'Jane' becomes in
the second position instead of the first position when a question is
formed.
So, we have two properties:
 1. The subject determines concord/ agreement
2. the subject is the part of the sentence that changes its
position as we go from statement to question
Now we will move to section 2.3 and discuss some more grammatical
terms that are used in analyzing sentences. Remember that a language
consists of a large number of sentences. In order to analyze language we
must know how to analyze the sentence first.

2.3 Operator, auxiliary, and predication

We have mentioned in the above discussion that a sentence can be

divided into two parts: a subject and a predicate. Now, the predicate
can also be divided into Auxiliary and predication. Accordingly, the
sentence structure of the sentence may be analyzed into a subject and
predicate, and within the predicate, we can have an AUXILIARY as
OPERATOR and PREDICATION. The distinctions may be represented
in the form of a diagram which represents the structure of the example
"he had given the girl an apple ":

So, within the predicate, we have auxiliary as operator + prediction. The

auxiliary as operator is the first auxiliary in the sentence. The
predication is what comes after the auxiliary.

Why do we call it Auxiliary as Operator?

Because it has a grammatical operation when it comes to making negative
or questions. For example, if you want to form a question of the above
sentence, you just need to invert between the subject and the auxiliary as
operator; thus, it becomes like this:

Had he given the girl an apple?

So, what is the operator?

The operator is an auxiliary verb that performs a grammatical

operation. In addition, it is the first auxiliary in a sentence.

We may have more one auxiliary in a sentence; in this case, only the first
auxiliary is an operator (used for making questions and negative
statements).

2-4 Range of operators

The verb phrase may have several auxiliaries, as we can see in the
following example (from the book, page 12):

 He should have been questioned by the police.

In the above sentence, we have three auxiliaries: should+ have+ been.

All of them are called auxiliaries, but which one is called auxiliary as
operator?

The first one "should" only because it is the first auxiliary.

In such cases, it is the first auxiliary that acts or can be used as

operator(to form question or negative):

 Should he have been questioned by the police?

 No, be shouldn't have been questioned by the police.

Furthermore, some sentences do not have an auxiliary. In this case, we

need to bring "do/does" if the sentence refers to the present, or "did" if
the sentence refers to the past. Look at this example:

- It rained steadily all day.

- Did it rained steadily all day?
- No, it did not.
In the above sentence, "did" is the auxiliary as operator because we use
it to form negative statements and questions. It is not just Auxiliary. It is
auxiliary as operator since it functions to make questions and negative
forms.

Also the verb "be" can be used as operator whether it is an auxiliary, as

in

John is searching the room.

Is John searching the room?

Verb "to be" is a very special verb in English. It can be used as an

operator in all cases. Even when "be" is a main verb and not an
auxiliary; it can also be used as an operator, as we can see in the
following examples:

 The girl is now a student.

 Is the girl now a student?

In this example, the main verb is moved and placed before the subject
(the girl). In other words, it is used as an operator.

The same is true about verb "to have". It can be used as an operator in
all cases. Even when verb "to have" is a main verb and not an auxiliary; it
can also be used as an operator, as we can see in the following examples:

 He has a degree.
 Has he a degree?

As you can see, "has" in the first example is the main verb; however, it
functions as "operator" when it comes to questions.

2.5 Sentence elements

Some Grammarians divide a sentence into five units called ELEMENTS

of sentence structure: SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT, OBJECT,
ADVERBIAL, These elements are here abbreviated or shortened as S, V,
C, O, A. To explain how we can use this classification in analyzing
sentences, read the following examples silently and see if you can analyze
these examples into their basic elements:

1. John (S) carefully (A) searched (V) the room (O)

 2. The girl (S) is (V) now (A) a student (C) at a large university
(A)
3. His brother (S) grew (V) happier (C) gradually (A)
4. It (S) rained (V) steadily (A) all day (A)
5. He (S) had given (V) the girl (0) an apple (O)
6. They (S) make (V) him (O) the chairman (C) every year (A)

In the first example [1], the sentence consists of a subject "John", an

adverbial "carefully", a verb "searched", and an object "the room". In [2],
"the girl" is the subject, "is" is the verb, "now" is an adverb, "a student" is
a complement, and "at a large university" is an adverbial of place.
In the above examples, we can see that each element consists of one
word. For example, in {1}, the subject is (John), and the verb is
(searched). However, we may have a whole phrase or a sentence
functioning as a subject or object..
Now, let's consider some more examples, at the end of page 12 and the
beginning of page 13:
7. She (S) saw (V) that [it (S) rained (V) all day (A)] (O)
In example (7), 'she' is a subject, 'saw' is a verb, 'it' is a subject, 'rained' is
a verb, and 'all day' is an adverbial. Note here that the object of the verb
"saw" is a sentence (or a clause). The object in this example is the whole
sentence "it rained all day".
8. His brother (S) grew (V) happier (C) when [his friend (S)
arrived (V)](A)
In example (8), 'his brother' is a subject, 'grew' is a verb, 'happier' is
subject complement, 'his friend' is a subject, and 'arrived' is a verb. Note
that the clause "his friend arrived" is an adverbial here because it shows
the time of the action. In this example, the clause "when his friends
arrived" is used as an adverbial of time. It refers to the time when his
brother grew happier. The main verb of the above sentence is "grew".
9. That [she (S) answered (V) the question (O) correctly (A)] (S)
pleased (V) him (O) enormously (A)
In example (9), 'she' is a subject (S), 'answered' is a verb (V), the question
is an object (O), and 'correctly' is an adverb (A). The word "pleased" is a
verb, 'him' is an object (O), and 'enormously' is an adverb (A). Also in
this example, the subject of the verb "pleased" is the whole clause (all the
sentence) "she answered the question correctly". Thus, the main verb of
the above sentence is "pleased".

Section 2.6 / page 13

Complements and Objects:
In this section, we are going to discuss some differences between objects
and complements and the different types of complements. To show this
difference, let us examine the following examples:
The term Complement differs from the term object. A complement
usually refers to the subject or the object, as we can see in the following
examples:
1. John wrote the book
2. John is a student.
3. They made him the chairman.
In the first example, "John" is the subject and "the book" is the object.
The word "the book" is different from "John". John is a person whereas
"book" is a thing. In the second example "John" is the subject, and
"student" is a complement' because it refers to John. John and "student"
are the same. They refer to the same person. It is called a subject
complement [Cs]. In the third example, "the chairman" refers to the
pronoun "him", and "him" is the object in this example. Therefore, "the
chairman" is a complement of an object, and it is called an object
complement [Co]. Accordingly, there are two types of complements:
 Subject complements Cs
 Object complements. Co

What are the types of objects?

We have two types of objects:
 Direct object Od
 Indirect object Oi
Let's now discuss the types of object that exist in English. Consider the
following two examples:
1. John carefully searched the room (Od)
2. He had given the girl (Oi) an apple (Od)
In [1], the verb 'searched' is followed by the object 'the room'. We call
this object a 'direct object' (Od).
In the other example, the verb 'had given' is followed by two objects: 'the
girl' + 'an apple'.
We call the first object 'the girl' an indirect object (Oi).
The second object is called the direct object (Od).
Usually the human object (the girl) is the indirect object whereas the
non-human or the thing (an apple) is the direct object.
Also, the indirect object almost always precedes the direct object. In
example 2, the indirect objet (the girl) comes before the direct object (an
apple).
Moreover, the indirect object is "the recipient". In example 2, "the
girl" receives the apple; thus, "the girl" is the indirect object because she
is the recipient.
Let's go back to complements…we said that we have two types of
compliments: subject complement and object complement.
The subject complement refers back/defines the subject.
The object complement refers back/defines the direct object.
Look at the following example:
1. The girl is now a student (Cs) at a large university.

In this example, "student" is the subject complement because it refers

back to the subject "the girl". Who is the student? The girl.
2. Her brother grew happier (Cs) gradually.

In this example, "happier" is the subject complement because it refers

back to the subject "her brother". Who grew happier? Her brother.
3. They make him the chairman (Co) every year.

In this example, "the chairman" is the object complement because it

refers to the direct object "him". Who is the chairman? He is the
chairman.
To summarize, the subject complement has a relation the subject as in
example 1 and 2.
The object complement has a relation to the direct object as in example
3.
Ok, this is everything for today. See you next week. Farewell…

MCQs:

Identify the underlined word or words…

1. They make him the chairman every year1.
A. Subject complement
B. Object complement
C. Predicate
D. Predicator
2. Her brother grew happier gradually2.
A. Cs
B. Co
C. Od
D. Oi
3. That she answered the question correctly pleased him
enormously3.
A. Noun
1
C
2
A
3
C
 B. Adverb
C. Subject
D. Object
4. His brother grew happier when his friend arrived4.
A. Adverbial of time
B. Adverbial of place
C. Adverbial of manner
D. Direct object
5. He is a doctor5.
A. Cs
B. Od
C. Co
D. Oi

"If you want to make everyone happy, don't be a leader. Sell ice cream"
Steve Jobs.

FOR any questions or Private Courses, you can contact me via

Whats'App (0945462264)

Done by: Moussa Al- Rashed

Scanned by: Ahmad Jawad

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