THE 7th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

"CIVIL ENGINEERING - SCIENCE AND PRACTICE"

GNP 2020 – Kolašin, Montenegro, 10-14 March 2020

Büşra Cesur1, Cristina Campian 2

EVALUATION OF FLOATING STRUCTURES IN TERMS OF

SUSTAINABLE AND EFFECTIVE ENERGY USES

Abstract
One of the human-induced factors that cause climate change is; by releasing harmful gases into
the atmosphere creating a greenhouse gas effect and causing global warming. Climate change
due to global warming is progressing very rapidly and has different effects on ecosystems. The
most known effect is the rise of the sea level by melting the polar glaciers. The rising water
level also causes a number of risks to coastal environments in coastal areas cities. It is known
that approximately 50% of the world's population lives in coastal areas and the population in
these areas will increase further in the later processes. As this is the case, the number of
communities that were affected and will be affected by the water level is also increasing. On the
other hand, countries that are inadequate in the terrestrial terms have begun to develop
examples of alternative floating structures in the structural against climate change. There are
examples of floating building systems in many areas, such as floating houses, schools, airports,
commercial centers, marinas and they continue to increase. Because, while the mentality of
sustainability is taken advantage of today's natural resources, is to act by thinking that future
generations can benefit. Since the management and usage principles of water resources are also
important in this respect, sustainable approaches should be exhibited in the new floating
architecture approach of the future. Effective energy uses are construction methods that can be
easily applied in floating building projects. It is also relevant to sustainability, as it provides
energy-efficient use inside and outside the building. For this reason, this paper considers
sustainability principles related to floating structures, where examples will begin to be seen in
many areas in the future. It also provides an evaluation in terms of reflecting on floating
building projects by considering these principles. Some samples', sustainable and effective
energy use targets have been interpreted and the criteria that should be taken into consideration
have been tried to be emphasized.
Key words
Climate Change and Global Warming, Floating Architecture, Sustainability and Its Factors,
Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, Floating Architecture Examples and Evaluation

1
PhD Student, Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Civil Engineering, Sustainable Building Materials and
Technologies Pr., Kaskelen, Kazakhstan, busracesur.pm@gmail.com
2
Prof.Dr.Eng., Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Civil Engineering Faculty, Structures Departement, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania, Cristina.Campian@dst.utcluj.ro

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1. INTRODUCTION

Global warming is one of the biggest problems of our time, where the effects of our damage
to nature are seen at the fastest rate. Climate change, which plays an important role in the
interaction of air, water and land ecosystems, has a great impact on living life. The fact that the
effects are experienced so fast also accelerates the process of the measures that need to be taken. In
this respect, for the purpose of the paper, it is necessary to first understand climate change and the
changes that will occur on the coasts. According to the SR1.5 final versions of IPCC, Climate; in a
narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, or as the statistical description in terms of
the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands or millions of years. As defined by the World Meteorological Organization the classical
period for averaging these variables is 30 years. Climate change, on the other hand, is a change that
has been going typically decades or longer, where changes in the average or variability of climate
characteristics can be calculated by some measurement methods. This can be caused by the
destruction caused by humans in natural environments or by natural processes of change [1]. Or
according to Article 1 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); defines
climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity
that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.’ [2].
Due to climate change and its impacts sea level increases cause the threat in coastal areas.
This has enabled the development of various floating construction projects. The aim of the paper is
to investigate the sustainability and effective energy uses of these floating building architectures.
Because, the damage we've done to our planet is great, and in the floating systems that many
examples begin to seen, it is necessary to think about the effects on ecosystems from the beginning.
In this respect, some selected samples have been examined by considering sustainability factors.

1.1. THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

The major factor that causes climate change is global warming. In the opinion of scientists,
this warming in our world continues due to natural factors like changes in the sun's intensity,
volcanic eruptions, or slow changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun, natural processes within the
climate system such as changes in ocean current circulation [3]. However, the most important
reason for the rapid increase experienced today is due to anthropogenic origin. Especially after the
industrial revolution, for the past 200 years the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and
deforestation have caused the concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases) to increase
significantly in our atmosphere [3,4]. The increase in the amount of greenhouse gases also causes
the sun's rays to hold in the atmosphere more and the temperature to rise. According to the SR1.5
final versions of IPCC, the change in temperature rise is estimated to be in the range of about 0.8 °
C to 1.2 ° C and possibly 1.0 ° C to date. If global warming continues, it is expected to reach 1.5 °
C between 2030-2052. It is thought that this increase in air temperature will have different effects
on our planet among ecosystems and on continents. According to the SR1.5 final versions of IPCC,
it is possible to summarize the effects of this increase in temperature as follows:

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• Climate models have very different effects between present-day warm values and global
warming of 1.5C and between 1.5 C and 2.5 C. These differences include increases in: changes
such as mean temperature variability in the land and ocean region, increased temperatures in most
inhabited regions, heavy precipitation in some areas and drought in some regions.
• On land, impacts on ecosystems, including species loss and extinction, are projected to be
lower at 1.5°C compared to 2°C.
• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C is projected to reduce increases in
ocean temperature and ocean acidity, while reducing risks to marine biodiversity, fisheries and
ecosystems in Arctic sea ice and warm water coral reef ecosystems.
• Climate-related health, livelihoods, food, water supply, human security and economic
growth risks are projected to increase with global warming of 1.5°C while increasing by 2°C.
• In terms of adaptation, it will be 1.5°C lower compared to 2°C. However, within 5°C
global warming there are limits to the adaptation capacity of human and natural systems.
• The change in sea level is expected to be about 0.1 m lower with global warming of 1.5°C
compared to 2°C by 2100, and will increase after 2100 depending on future emissions. At the same
time, sea levels rose by 11-16 cm due to climate change in the twentieth century [5,6,9] and are
estimated to rise by another 0.5 m this century even if the carbon emissions that cause global
warming are reduced [7,9]. If in the case of the early-onset Antarctic ice sheet is unstable, the level
is expected to exceed 2 m [8,9].
It is obvious that these effects of global climate change, such as rising sea level, tsunami,
high-water and increasing flood risk will be felt more in coastal cities. Because in 2030, it is
estimated that about 50% of the world's population will live within 100 km of the coast [10].
According to the World Bank Policy Research Study Report, the countries that will be affected by
this situation terrestrially; In Latin America and the Caribbean, the Bahamas is also expected to be
most affected by the 1 m rise in sea level, followed by Cuba and Belize. In the Middle East and
North Africa region, a large amount of Qatar's land area, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait are
expected to be affected. Here, Gambia and, to a small extent, Guinea-Bissau are expected to be
affected. The most severely affected by sea level rise in East Asia is Vietnam, with 16% of its land
area, followed by Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and the Philippines. In
terms of the population comes Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar. In South Asia, it is expected that
Bangladesh and then SriLanka and Pakistan will be affected [11]. The countries most affected by
climate change in Europe are Lithuania, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and then Belgium, the
Netherlands and Denmark [12]. It is known that some measures have been taken against the risks
such as floods, high-water, tsunami and tide in these countries, which are located in coastal areas
due to global warming and sea level rise. In coastal settlements, it is possible to see houses being
raised from the ground, or in developed countries coastal embankments, water barriers and floating
architectural examples.

1.2. FLOATING ARCHITECTURE

Nowadays floating architectural structures' floating house, Bridge, Airport, Stadium,
floating solar panel, a hotel with different concept projects, marina, mosques, grassland area,
greenhouse, school, cemetery, pool, ice rink, floating islands, city projects, such as many samples
are available. While some of these examples can move, they usually consist of fixed systems in a
certain position to provide infrastructure services. Moon (2014) describes these floating
architectures as follows;

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“Floating architecture can be defined as a building for living or working space that floats on
the water with floatation system, is moored in a permanent location, does not include a watercraft
designed or intended for navigation, and has a premises services (electricity, water/sewage, gas)
system served through connection by permanent supply/return system between floating building
and a service station on land, or has self-supporting service facilities for itself.” [13]. In other
words, floating architectures are structures with functions, sizes, materials, renewable technologies,
fixed or movable properties that vary depending on public or private uses. People's desire to be
close to water since the past and the use of water in various fields such as fishing, trade and
Transportation shows that the history of these floating structures goes back a long way.
Floating houses are known to have developed over the centuries. Also, the global history of
floating houses is very complex and it widespread almost all continents [14]. For example, through
centuries, fishing tribes in the province of Siem Reap in Cambodia have homes, and depending on
the water level can rise and also move. In addition to Cambodia in Southeast Asia, there are many
floating villages in Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and China [15]. From the 17th century onwards
in Europe especially in cities like Holland-Amsterdam, it was stated people started to live on boats
and ships [16]. However these floating houses are different all over the world and it depends on the
technical characteristics of the buildings, architecture, material usage, climatic conditions and the
cultural structure of the region. The history of floating bridge examples dates back a very long
time, and the first floating bridge was built in ancient China by the Zhou Dynasty in the 11th
century [15]. Floating drilling platforms, one of the offshore building systems, have been used to
extract oil at a deeper level since the 1970s. [17].
The fact that the history of floating architectural structures dates back to the old times, that
it is serving different uses by changing today, is perhaps the future precursor of development of
new residential areas and different concept projects on the water. However, sustainability aspects
of these projects, which are so widespread and may affect aquatic ecosystems, need to be
considered.

1.3. SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS

Sustainability, while benefiting from natural resources, to exploit the without exceeding
capacity to use and the threshold usage limit, and is to ensure that future generations can benefit.
According to the United Nations' Brundtland report published in 1987, which is widely known;
The concept of sustainability is that today's needs and expectations are met without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and that resource values are maintained to
use by protecting [18]. In order to achieve this, mainly ecological, economic and social qualities
are taken into consideration.
Environmental sustainability is to meet the resource and service needs of future generations
without compromising the health of existing ecosystems for water, soil, food, fuel, energy, material
needs, etc. Environmental sustainability is a condition of balance, resilience, and
interconnectedness that allows human society to satisfy its needs while neither exceeding the
capacity of its supporting ecosystems to continue to regenerate the services necessary to meet those
needs nor by our actions diminishing biological diversity [19]. Economic sustainability is linked to
environmental and social sustainability. It is the term used to identify various strategies that make it
possible to use available resources to their best advantage [20]. Economic sustainability should
involve analysis to minimize the social costs of meeting standards for protecting environmental
assets but not for determining what those standards should be [19]. Sustainability of rights such as

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social equality, justice, liveability, equal access to public services, security, social capital, social
support, and cultural competence covers social sustainability issues. Social sustainability occurs
when the formal and informal processes, systems, structures and relationships actively support the
capacity of current and future generations to create healthy and liveable communities [21].
In order to provide ecological, economic and social sustainability factors in floating
architectures, the structure must be planned to premeditate from the design stage to its use and after
the end of its life. Renewable energy sources and impact energy use in floating structures are also
important in terms of sustainability. Renewable energy can be easily used in floating structure
examples, as the resource values which exist continuously and that the energy flow continues
without interruption, are practical and fast applicable systems. Especially renewable energy sources
such as sunlight, wind, rainwater recycling, wave energy and bottom current can be utilized, thus
ensuring ecological and economic sustainability.

2. SAMPLE FLOATING ARCHITECTURES

2.1. AMPHIBIOUS HOMES, MAASBOMMEL, THE NETHERLANDS

In Maasbommel, 32 amphibian-style houses were built that could swim against tidal
currents and floods. These amphibious houses are attached to flexible mooring poles and are based
on concrete caissons. Fixing to anchoring poles limits the movement caused by water. The houses
float when the water level rises and sit on concrete foundations when it decreases. These concrete
caissons are used for storage in normal periods, but they shift to the role of pontoons when
flooding occurs [22]. Lightness is an important factor in the design, construction of these caissons,
and also in the wood frame construction of houses. Concrete caissons weigh about 72 tons, while
timber frame homes weigh in at about 22 tons [22]. Waterproofing of concrete caisson is achieved
by making ordinary concrete with aggregate and strengthening the joints with an additional water-
resistant sealing strip. Projections indicate that the water level will rise by more than 70cm every
five years, and therefore homes will rise accordingly [23].

Figure 1. Amphibious homes in Maasbommel [by Factor Architecten bv, Dura Vermeer, 23]

2.2. FLOATING PAVILION, ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

The floating pavilion in Rotterdam is notable for being its appearance, materials used
against climate change, sustainable and flexible. The Pavilion consists of three spheres, the largest
of which has a radius of 12mt, and can be automatically raised and lowered with water. The
harbour where the pavilion is located is very suitable due to its moderate waves. It aims to reduce

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Rotterdam's greenhouse gas emissions and fight against climate change. The building is heated and
cooled with solar energy and surface water. It can provide the vast majority of its energy needs. By
purifying own toilet water rest of it can be safely discharged into the surface waters. The ETFE foil
in their special domes is about 100 times lighter and thicker than glass. The body, which floats to
keep these islands light and unsinkable, consists of sheets of polystyrene foam [24].

Figure 2. Floatıng Pavilion in Rotterdam [24]

2.3. JELLYFISH BARGE, NAVICELLI CANAL, THE ITALY

The jellyfish Barge project was conducted by Professor Stefano Mancuso who the director
of the International Laboratory of Plant Neurobiology (LINV)and his team. It consists of a wooden
base of about 70 square meters, floating on 96 recycled plastic drums. Inside the greenhouse, a
highly efficient hydroponic cultivation method saves up to 70% of water compared to conventional
crops cultivating systems [25]. Dubbed for the shape and translucency of the jellyfish barge, this
floating greenhouse can grow the crops hydroponically and produce up to 150 liters of fresh
drinking water a day [26]. The jellyfish Barge has a solar distillation system and absorbs moist air,
forcing it to condense in barrels that come into contact with the cold surface of the sea [25]. It is
designed in small size for installation in places with limited material resources. Despite this, it is
able to support the food and water needs of the two families [26].

Figure 3. Jellyfish Barge in Navicelli Canal [25,26]

2.4. HUB ON THE HUDSON, THE ABD

The Hub on the Hudson project, designed by architect Eytan Kaufman, is connected to the
shore by a footbridge and consists of a 9-acre circular pier. The circular pier is located on high
capacity caissons anchored into bedrock. The bridge, which uses steel and concrete material, would
extend the floating island through a raised circular promenade. The 9-acre park comprises gardens
and five pyramidal buildings constructed from steel and reflective glass. The centre of the hub is
designed for art activities and gathering. A marina built of a pile-supported flared wood was placed
on the western side of the island. The project was designed in accordance with the nature and spirit
of the High Line,” but there are thought to be shortcomings in its viability [27].

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Figure 4. Hub on The Hudson in ABD [27]

2.5. HARVEST CITY, THE HAITI

Collaborating with architect E. Kevin Schopfe and Tangram 3DS (visualization), they
designed the “Harvest City” project, which would also have floating agriculture and light industry
on the island's shores in Haiti. Harvest City was conceived as a functioning and vibrant city where
30,000 people could live. It embraces three main concepts. “The creation of an artificial, floating,
productive and habitable land needed for Haiti, Building an ecological, sustainable and practical
urban platform, Creating a new and advantageous economic model developed for struggling
nations.” Harvest City is envisioned as a 2 mile diameter complex of tethered floating modules.
The overall design is divided into four zones, which include housing complexes, schools,
administrative structures, community activities and general marketplace. The entire complex will
be floated and connected to the seabed by cable. Due to its low profile and perimeter wave
attenuators, hurricanes and typhoons will have little effect [28].

Figure 5. Harvest City in Haiti [28]

3. FLOATING ARCHITECTURES' SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

The realized and planned five cases of floating architecture were introduced and analysed in
terms of sustainable in Table 1. Features evaluated in terms of sustainability; use of new, light,
durable and different materials; discharge of waste water (grey water, rain water); prefabricated
and moved to different locations; self-contained systems in terms of electricity, water and sewage
treatment; use of renewable energy sources; energy efficiency; use of recycled materials.

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Table 1. Sustainable features of the sample buildings

Name of Floating
SUSTAINABLE FEATURES
Architectures
Amphibious Foundation is float upwards in the event of a flood, Electrical and sewer
Homes lines are kept to the land by flexible pipes, The material used is light.
Use of new, light, flexible, durable and different materials, Prefabricated
and moved to different locations, Reduce greenhouse gas (CO2)
Floating Pavilion
emissions, Use of renewable energy sources, Discharge of waste water,
Energy efficiency.
Prefabricated and moved to different locations, Self-contained systems in
Jellyfish Barge terms of electricity, water and sewage treatment, Use of renewable energy
sources, Use of recycled materials.
Hub on the Use of new, light, durable and different new materials and It has very
Hudson functional usage areas.
use of new, light, durable materials, discharge of waste water (grey water,
Harvest City rain water), self-contained systems in terms of electricity, water and
sewage treatment; use of renewable energy sources; energy efficiency.

4. CONCLUSION

Floating structures has been emerging as a strong alternative to the sea level rise caused by
climate change and against threat happening in some coastal countries. The applicability of floating
architectures' sustainability features, which are expected to be seen more in the future, is very high.
These findings were found in the samples investigated. In particular, by selecting realized and
planned examples, it was observed that sustainability could be reflected in future studies and it has
been achieved that more can be implemented in urban projects. However, since the study was
conducted through article reviews and internet researches, the details of the material properties
(domestic, low energy, renewable, recyclable, non-toxic, light structure), daylighting and natural
ventilation could not be reached in the samples.
As a result, floating architectures are considered as sustainable and high-availability
projects for countries that are inadequate in coastal terms. However, the blocking of sunlight by
large floating architectures may pose a disadvantage for undersea ecosystems. In addition, the
presence of constantly wet atmosphere conditions may have negative effects on people and
buildings. Therefore, floating architectures should be considered in these respects.

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