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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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tckrS oabmaygufayawmhw,f/
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tke;f rIwcf uG ef if;,if aoG;wk;d aysmufEidk af Mumif; vufc, H MHk unfygw,f? obm0vJ usyg
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22
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wkaYd q;ukyu Hk uRefawmfp;D wJh &SL;zdeyf nmbufajcaxmuf om;a& tvTmwvTm&JUatmuf
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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
23
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d J Munfw,f
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zk;H awGem? 'l;awGyg emvmygw,f/
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udu k wf mawG aysmufcsif,if 'geif;}}qkNd yD; eif;ykeH if;enf;jyygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh usr tke;f
rIwcf u G af y:wufNyD; b,f-nm tBudrw f &mwdwed if;ygw,f/ ok;H &ufavmuf eif;wmav;
eJu
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wavmu usrcifyeG ;f rauG;udk tvnfomG ;ygw,f/ tvnfomG ;,if;u tjyefusawmh
rauG;u rdwaf qGtcsKdU qD;csKda&m*g&So
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24
rauG;0if;jrifh
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ajrmufOuúvmy/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
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vGecf w hJ ahJ jcmufEpS af vmufwek ;f u OD;Zif;wku d af usmif;ay:u vdru hf sw,f/ vdrhf
uswmrS jyif;jyif;xefxefudk uswm/ 'ghaMumifh aq;&kw H uf&w,f/ aq;&ku H wwfuRrf;
em;vnfMuwJq h &m0efBuD;rsm;u "mwfreS &f u dk Mf unfMh uw,f/ t&k;d usKd;jcif;? tufjcif;r&Sd
ygbl;wJh/ wvavmuftMumrSm aq;&kHu qif;cGifhjyKw,f/ 'gayr,fh cg;emwmu vkH;0
raysmufb;l / cg;qpf&;dk xJu odyu f u kd w
f mbJ/ OD;Zif;&JU'um 'umrawGu aq;enf;trsKd;
rsKd;eJY vdr;f ay;Muw,f/ r&ygbl;? oufom&kyH gbJ/ 'Dvedk YJ 'Dcg;ema&m*gBuD;aMumifh ajcmuf
ESpMf um emwm&Snaf &m*gBuD; cHpm;ae&ygw,f/
vGecf w
hJ w hJ efaqmifrek ;f vu 'uma&;wJ]h ]tke;f rIwcf u G ef if; a&m*guif;}}aqmif;
yg;awG&Y vkYd zwfMunfw h ,f/ oabmusrdw,f/ 'ghaMumifh OD;Zif;a&m*g oufomvdk ouf
omjim; eif;Munfw h maygh/ [kwo f As? eif;wmuvJ tke;f rIwcf u G af y: ajcpkw H ufNyD; b,f
nm tBudraf ygif;ok;H axmifjynfah tmif eif;wmaemh/ aeYwidk ;f w&ufrS rysuf eif;vmvku d f
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emwJeh mwm&Snaf &m*gBuD;[m ckq, dk if &Si;f &Si;f BuD; aysmufomG ;ygNyD/ tke;f rIwcf u G [ f m Mum;
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'DtaMumif;awG 'Dausmif;wku d rf mS aewJu h &kd ifawG? OD;Zif;awG tukeo f Md uygw,f/
olwx Ydk ifwmu 'DO;D Zif;uawmh ausmif;wku d af y:u vdru hf swJ'h Pf&meJcY snfoh mG ;NyDvYdk awG;
xifaeMuwmud;k / ckawmh olwrYdk sufpad tmufwiG b f J vl[m csnfeh o YJ mG ;awmhr,fq h qJ J tke;f
rIwcf u G ef if;wmaMumifh oefoefrmrmjzpfvmwmudk olwo Ydk yd t
f MhH oaeMuw,f/ 'Denf;[m
aumif;ygw,f? jrefrmomru urÇmygodatmif qufBudK;pm;oifyh gw,f/
OD;Zm*&? b,0do'k ad¨ usmif;? aoG;aq;uef? &efuek Nf rdKU/
25
ukovdk v f &J a&m*gvJaysmuf

a':a':hrmS avief;a&m*guvJ&adS eawmh armif0if;jrif&h UJ tke;f rIwcf u G ef if; a&m*g
uif; aqmif;yg;udk zwfNyD;wJt h csdeu f pNyD; ntdy&f mr0ifrD tke;f rIwcf u G u f kd rdepfEpS q f ,f
em&D0ufavmuf rSerf eS ef if;aewmygbJ/ a':a':u tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;wJt
h cgrSm pdwu f w
jcm;a&mufroGm;atmif "r®pMumokww f ?Ydk "m&Py&dww f u

Ydk kd EIwuf toHxu G &f wG q f ydk al Zmf
,if; eif;ygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh a':a':henf;u ukov kd v
f &J a&m*gvJaysmuf qko d vkad yghav/
'geJY armif0if;jrifu h dk ajym&tk;H r,f/ a':a':wkt Yd rd uf &[ef;tm*EÅKeJv Y {l nfo h nfawG r
MumcP a&mufvmavh&Sdawmh tkef;rIwfcGufeif;wJtaMumif; ajymjy,if; tkef;rIwfcGuf
vufaqmifay;&ygw,f/ tke;f rIwcf u G v f adk e,if ykZeG af wmifaps; a&ausmfaps;rSm&Sw d hJ tke;f
oD;jcpf tke;f Ekn
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a':oef;oef;
32? r[mokcvrf;
ykZeG af wmif
usDawmf&yf? &efuek Nf rdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
vlom"kac: ewfom"kac:
tke;f rIwcf uG ef if;wmudk usKyfoabmvJayguf oabmvJusygw,f/ usKyftjzpf
u wrsKd;As? tdy&f mxJtyd w f t
hJ cg b,fnm vSnahf pmif;vkrdY &bl;/ wzufudk apmif;tdyaf wmh
r,fq, dk if tawmf'u k c© BH udK;pm;NyD; vSn&hf w,f/ 'geJY rdwaf qGwa,mufu tke;f rIwcf u G f
eif;zkYd wkud wf eG ;f w,f/ 'geJY &ufowåEpS yf wfavmuf eif;Munfw h ,fqydk gawmh/ tk;d -[kb
d uf
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toufav;q,fausmufavmufuwJu tdy&f m0if [kb d uf 'Dbuf vSnjhf yKtdyf
r&atmif jzpfvmcJhwJha&m*g[m toufajcmufq,fausmfvkdY tkef;rIwfcGufESpfywfeif;t
Munfrh mS oufomaysmufuif;oGm;vkdY tHv h t J MhH o 0rf;vJomqkw d mvkd tHMh o0rf;omjzpfryd g
w,f/
tarmift h aeeJY 'Denf;udk &SmazGaz:xkwv f ukd w
f m[m vlom"kac: ewfom"kac:
ygw,ftarmif&,f/
OD;azwif(tNidrf;pm;)
,pfrsKd;tifpyufawmf
qm;pnf&yf? rauG;NrdKU/
26
rauG;0if;jrifh
aoG;wkd;aysmufNyDwJh
yJc;l u rdwaf qGwa,muf aoG;wk;d a&m*gjzpfaewm MumygNyD/ tck ol tke;f rIwf
cGuef if;vkYd aoG;wk;d a&m*g &Si;f &Si;f aysmufb;l wJt
h aMumif; 0rf;ompum; Mum;&ygw,f/
OD;odef;atmif

trIaqmifvBl uD;? Ak'o ¨ moemEk*[ ¾ tzGcYJ sKyf
omoemh&yd o f m? &efuek Nf rdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
wkdufwGef;vkdY aysmufuif;olawG
uRefawmfrh w d af qGwa,muf&w dS ,f/ rEÅav; wrÜ0wD&yfrmS aeygw,f/ a&SUaeOD;
0if;&Sed w f /hJ ajczrk;d BuD; a&mifaew,f/ 'geJY uRefawmfomG ;NyD; tke;f rIwcf u
G Ef pS v
f ;Hk ykNYd yD; eif;
ckid ;f w,f/ ok;H &ufeYJ taumif;yuwd jzpfomG ;w,f/
aemufwa,mufuawmh &efuek u f ydaYk qmifa&;tifpyufawmfO;D bcifw/hJ olu
nmajcwzuf qGaJ ew,f/ Mum,if avief;qGo J mG ;awmhr,fth ajctaeygbJ/ tJ'gudk tke;f
rIwcf u G ef if;ckid ;f vku
d wf m taumif;yuwd jzpfomG ;awmhwmygbJ/ tJ'g uRefawmfu, kd w
f idk f
wkdufwGef;NyD; aysmufuif;wJhyk*¾KdvfawGbJAsm/
OD;aomif;wif
192 at? rD;&xm;0if;? &efuek Nf rdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
txkdiftx rav;awmhbl;
uRefawmf touf ckepfq,f&h pS Ef pS &f ydS gNyD/ [kw
d ek ;f u owif;a&;? owif;pmzwf
&mrSm rsufreS yf grS zwf&ygw,f/ vGecf whJ ahJ jcmufvavmufu tke;f rIwcf u G u f kd eHeuftyd &f m
x wBudr?f ntdy&f m0if wBudrf rSerf eS ef if;vmawmh ckq, dk if rsufreS rf vkwd thJ jyif vli,f
owif;axmufawGet YJ wl owif;rsm;udk zswfzswfvwfvwf oGuo f u G v f ufvuf ,lEidk cf hJ
ygw,f/
aeYpOfaeYwkdif; uRefawmfaexkdifwJhtdrfeJY jynfolYw&m;&kH;toGm;tjyef av;rkdif
ausmf&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dc&D;udk ajcusifoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ rarmygbl;/ txkdiftxvJ rav;
awmhygbl;/ tke;f rIwcf u G f eif;wm[m avjyefoefvmygw,f/ rsufpMd unfvifvmygw,f/
tke;f rIwcf u
G ef if;wm[m usef;rma&;twGuf taumif;qk;H avhusifch ef;wckygbJ/ jynfol
awG 'Dvkdavhusifhcef;rsKd; rsm;rsm;vkyfay;oifhygw,f/
27
OD;armiftkef;
[Hom0wDowif;axmuf? trSwf(143)
o&ufyifuu G ?f rauG;NrdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
tkef;rIwfcGufuawmh odyfa&mif;aumif;wmbJ
tkef;rIwfcGufeif;vkdY usef;rma&;twGuf b,favmuftaxmufuljyKw,f rjyK
bl;qkw d mudak wmh ckxd tvkyrf tm;vyfvYdk eif;rMunf&h ao;vkYd rajymwwfb;l / 'gayr,fh
vGecf w
hJ ihJ g;vavmufupNyD; usKyfqidk u f tke;f rIwcf u
G af wG vm0,fvu
dk Mf uwm renf;bl;/
ckxd a&mif;ae&wke;f bJ/
boufayg
tkef;-iSufaysmta&mif;qkdif?
ta&SUbufwef;? aps;BuD;twGif;
rauG;NrdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
vlxkatmfoH
(2-2-77)aeYxkwf aMu;rkHowif;pmwGif vlxkatmfoHtcef;rS ]]atmifoajy
OD;at;? wmarG}}qkdaomyk*¾KdvfwOD;u tkef;rIwfcGufeif;jcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk t
rsm;oligwkYd odMuapjcif;iSm tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;jcif;rsm;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk r>cif;rcsef
apwemtrSex f m;í &ifziG ahf &;om;xm;onfukd awG&Y ygonf/ ¤if;wifjyonfrh &l if;twkid ;f
az:jyvkdufygonf/
a&m*gaysmufa&; þodkYavhusifhay;
t,f'DwmcifAsm;
acgif;udkuf? acgif;rl;? aemufausmwuf? cg;udkuf? cg;em? ajcaxmufudkuf? aygifudkufrS
wppESiahf &m*ga0'emBuD;vmNyD; aoG;wk;d a&m*g? avief;a&m*g? rsufprd eI jf cif;? rsuf&;dk udu k f
jcif;? taMumtjcifwufjcif; a0'emrsm;txd vlwidk ;f jzpfwwfMuonf/
txufyga0'emrsm;onf yx0DEiS 0hf ga,mpíjzpfay:aoma0'emjzpfí ¤if;yx0D
ESi0hf ga,m"mwfukd aqmif&u G &f mwGif aq;raomufbEJ iS hf txufyga0'emrsm;udk aysmuf
uif;ap&efrSm aeYpOf eHeufwBudrf ntdyf&m0if wBudrf &ufrysuf rSefrSefvkyfudkif&rnf/
vky&f rnfwh m0efrmS tke;f rIwcf u G Ef pS cf u
k kd arSmuf&ufxm;NyD; ukid pf &mae&mwGif ¤if;tke;f rIwf
28
rauG;0if;jrifh
cGuEf pS cf u
k kd csxm;NyD; tke;f rIwcf u
G Ef pS cf u
k kd ajcaxmufEpS af csmif;u wufeif;NyD; b,fnm
[lí tBudrw f &mjynfah omtcg tcsderf mS ig;rdepfrQomMumygonf/ ntdy&f m0ifcgeD;wGif
ajcaxmufEpS af csmif;udk a&aq;yg/ aq;NyD;aomtcg txufygtwkid ;f b,fnmtBudrf
w&m jyKvkyNf yD; tdyyf g/

txufyg a&m*ga0'emrsm; rkcsraoG aysmufuif;ygonf/ aoG;wkd;? avief;
a&m*ga0'em&Sirf sm;onf w&ufrQrysufbJ &ufaygif;ajcmufq,ftwGi;f tusKd;xl;&Sv d m
aMumif; od&ygvdrrhf nfjzpfaMumif; wifjyvku d &f ygonfcifAsm;/
atmifoajyOD;at;
wmarG/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
pmav;wapmif trSwf 1
(usrtar rsufpt d vif; jyef&NyD)
wavmu wnae rauG;wkid ;f omoema&;t&m&SOd ;D wifvidI t f rd o f Ykd a&mufomG ;
ygonf/ OD;av;OD;wifvidI o f nf {nfch ef;ESirhf vSr;f rurf;wGif tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;aeygonf/
tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;onfqo dk nfrmS tke;f rIwcf u G Ef pS cf u
k kd Murf;jyifwiG af rSmufí vlu tay:
rS ajcz0g;;? ajczaemifh ajczsm;wkjYd zifh vko d vkd eif;jcif;udk qkv d ydk gonf/
]]xkid Af sKdU uk0d if;jrifBh uD;? NyD;cgeD;ygNyD}}
ig;rdepfavmuf tMumwGif OD;av;OD;wifvidI o f nf wbufapmifwxnfjzifh rsuf
ESmokw, f if; {nfch ef;vmxkid yf gawmhonf/
]]tckwavm rsufpo d yd Mf unhrf aumif;vkAYd sm? 'ghaMumifh tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;aewm}}
]]rsufpdrIefwmudk tkef;rIwfcGufeif;,if aysmufovm;OD;av;}}
]]aysmufoayghAsm? aysmufqkd vGefcJhwJhokH;ESpfu usKyfeJYnDtpfudk0rf;uGJawmfwJh
a*smf*bD &if a&Tpufawmfb&k m;zl;vm,if; tdrrf mS wnf;oGm;w,f/ oljzpfyu Hk rsufprd eI f
&muae wjznf;jznf; vk;H 0rjrif&bJ jzpfomG ;wm/ 'geJY olvJ [kw d ek ;f u Mum;bl;em;0&Sw d hJ
tke;f rIwcf uG ef if; avhusifch ef;vkyaf wmhwmbJw/hJ ajcmufvavmuf vk;H 0uG,af ewJrh sufpd
[m tke;f rIwcf u G f waeYEpS Bf udro f ;Hk Budrf aeYpOfrysuf ok;H vavmuf eif;vku d w f m wjznf;
jznf; rsufpad wG MunfvmNyD; ckq, dk if owif;pmawmif zwfEikd w f t
hJ qif&h NdS yDAs}}
]]w,f[kwfygvm;}}
]][kwq f dk 'Dtek ;f rIwcf u G ef if;wm[m tckrS ay:vmwmrS r[kwb f AJ sm? a&S;jrefrm
BuD;awG vufo;Hk aq;pGr;f aumif;bJ? 'gaMumifh usKyfvJ ,k, H MHk unfMunfeYJ eif;aewm wywf
29
avmufawmh&o dS mG ;NyD? r,kvH Ydk rjzpfb;l As? olu yx0DaMumrdu;dk / NyD;awmh ZufaMumwuf?
acgif;udkufaysmuf? tdyfaysmfpm;0ifudk;As}}
uRefawmfuvnf; tkef;rIwfcGufeif;onfhavhusifhcef;ESifhywfoufí Mum;orQ
jriforQ ud, k af wGaY wG&Y orQ A[kow k rsm;udk azmufonfcs,if; tdrjf yefcyhJ gawmhonf/
tdraf &mufawmh tdro f ul -

]]tudk vlMuKHepYJ mwapmifvmw,f? xef;vsuf wxkyv f aJ y;oGm;w,f}}
]]b,fuvJ? b,folYqDuvJ}}
]]rauG;aumvdyfaeoGm;wJhrndKpdrfhqDu}}
rndKpdrphf mu-
OD;0if;jrifh&Sifh-
wtdro f m;vk;H usef;rmMuygapvkYd qkreG af umif;awmif;vdu k yf gw,f/ usrvnf;
qDr;D ckH wGb J uftxuausmif;rSm q&mrvkyaf eygw,f/ usr tdraf xmifvJ usygNyD/ uav;
wa,muf&ygNyD/ usr cifyeG ;f ukad wmh OD;0if;jrifh odrnfrxifyg/ qDr;D ck&H mG uygbJ/ tar
eJYusrwkdY twlaeygw,f/
usr a&;csifwt hJ aMumif; wjcm;r[kwyf g? usrrdciftaMumif; jzpfygw,f/ waeY
tar ,mxJu rk;d csKyfrS jyefvmygw,f/ xrif;pm;zkYd xrif;[if;jyif xrif;pm;yGrJ mS rD;cGuf
xGef;xm;ygw,f/
]][Jh rD;cGuf xGe;f Muygtk;H }}vkYd taru ajymw,f/ ]]xGe;f vkyYd gaum tar&JU? rD;
cGuBf uD;}}usru 'Dvadk jymawmh ]]nD;wkYd xGe;f w,fom ajymw,f? ig rjrif&ygvm;? [kw&f UJ
vm;}} ]][kwyf gw,ftar&JU}}? ]]ighrsufpd b,fvjdk zpfw,f rodb;l ? ig bmrS rjrif&awmh
bl;}}vkq dY adk wmhrS usr xdwx f w d yf smysmjzpfomG ;ygw,f/ tJ'n D u wnvk;H pdwrf aumif;
yg/ &GmxJu em;vnfoal wG ajymawmh acsmufaq;&kyH cYdk idk ;f w,f/ taruvnf; aq;&kyH Ykd
rSm odyaf Mumufw,f/ 'Dvedk YJ wvavmufMumoGm;w,f/ waeYrmS OD;0if;jrifah &;wJ]h ]tke;f
rIwcf uG ef if;}}aqmif;yg;ukd oifb h 0r*¾Zif;xJrmS trSwrf xif ausmif;pmMunfw h u
dk &f vkYd zwf
vkud &f ygw,f/ aqmif;yg;xJrmS avjzwfwm? ZufaMumwufwm? acgif;udu k w
f mfawG aysmuf
uif;w,fvkdYqkdxm;ygw,f/ tarhrsufpdvnf; txuftckd;rIwfNyD; jzpfwmqkdawmh usr
tke;f rIwcf u G f tarhukd eif;ckid ;f zkYd pdwu f ;l rdygw,f/
pdwu f ;l [m pdwu f ;l ygbJ/ vufawGrY vkyjf zpfygbl;/ uav;uwzuf ausmif;w
zuferYJ Ydk rtm;vyfwmaMumifyh g/ 'Dvedk YJ tarhrsufpu d ,
G wf m ok;H vtMumrSm usru ab;
u wGNJ yD; tarhukd tke;f rIwcf u G f eif;ckid ;f ygw,f/ OD;0if;jrifah qmif;yg;xJ owday;xm;ovkd
tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;NyD; a&rcsKd;? a&raq;rdzYdk txl;owdxm;NyD; q,f&ufavmuf eif;ckid ;f
30
rauG;0if;jrifh
Munfawmh taru]]ighrsufpd tvif;a&mifysysuav; jrif&w,fath}}usrawmh tar

aq;&ko H mG ;&rSm aMumufvYdk ajymwmbJvYdk atmufarhrw d maygh/
aemufwaeY reufvif;awmh tHrh cef; tarhrsufpd tvif;"mwf&vmygawmhw,f?
ckqdk olaY jr;BuD;udk csDy;dk NyD; &GmxJvnfEidk yf wfEidk yf gNyD/ 'gygbJ OD;0if;jrif/h tke;f rIwcf u
G ef if;

aqmif;yg;udk tajccHNyD; usrtar rsufpu d ,G w f m prf;oyfeif;ckid ;f ,if;u rsufpt d vif;
&vkYd OD;0if;jrifu
h kd 0rf;yef;wom aus;Zl;wif,if; tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;wm[m rsufpu d , G wf m
yg aysmufuif;aMumif; oifb h 0r*¾Zif;xJ aqmif;yg;a&;ay;yg&Si/hf
rndKpdrhf
wGJbuftxu?
qDrD;ckHaus;&Gm/
uRefawmfonf rndKpdrq hf u
D pmzwfNyD; raz:jyEkid af vmufatmif 0rf;omyDwjd zpf
rdygonf/ rsufprd eI o
f rl sm;? vwfwavm tylc;dk aMumifh rsufpu d ,
G o
f rl sm; tke;f rIwcf u
G ef if;
jcif;jzifh a&m*gcyif; uif;a0;Muygap/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
31
"r®'ge þokjYd yKMu

oifb h 0r*¾Zif;wGif yg&Sad om pma&;ol\aqmif;yg;udk
þoku Yd ;l ,lí "r®'gejyKMuonf
(avjzwfa&m*gonfwOD;\awGY&Sdcsuf r,kHEkdifp&m)
(rauG;0if;jrifh)
&efuek Nf rdKUaqmifqef;tm;upm;NydKif0if;twGi;f rSm jynfe,fEiS w hf idk ;f rSm vufa0SY
NydKifytJG wGuf wkid ;f ESijhf ynfe,ftoD;oD;rS vufa0St Y oif;tkycf sKyforl sm;? enf;jyq&mrsm;
1976-ck? Zlvidk f 'kw, d tywfavmufupNyD; a&mufaeMuygonf/ pma&;oluvnf; rauG;
wkid ;f tm;upm;rSL;OD;wifx#G Ef iS t hf wl atmifqef;tm;upm;NydKif0if;xJu tcef;wcef;
xJrmS a&mufaeygonf/
nwkid ;f olt Y cef;ud, k 0f if? uk, d t
hf cef; olxu G qf o dk vkd wa,muftcef; wa,muf
ul;oef;MuNyD; tm;upm;taMumif;? &ky&f iS t f aMumif; axG&mav;yg; ajymqkMd u,if; usef;
rma&;taMumif;? bmoma&;taMumif;rsm;yg pkw H umaphaeygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwkdYESpfOD; wnf;ckdaexkdifonfhtcef;xJ rMumcP a&mufvmwwfolu
awmh rEÅav;wkdif; vufa0SYtoif;tkyfcsKyfolOD;bausmfjzpfygonf/ olonf touf
ajcmufq,fe;D aeygNyD/ okaYd omf vli,frsm;vkd zswfvwfo f u G v
f ufonf/ pma&;olu-
]]OD;av;OD;bausmfu uG,fvGefoltmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; OD;&mZwfeJYodyfwl
wmyJ}}[kajymaomtcg OD;bausmfu olonf q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf\nDt&if; ti,fq;Hk yif
jzpfaMumif; ajymjyojzifh tHt h m;oif&h ygawmhonf/ ol\usef;rma&;aumif;yku H kd rSwcf suf
pum;ajymrd&m-
]]usKyf ckvdk usef;rmaewmu wjcm;bmaq;rS rpm;bl;/ tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;wm
bJ}}
]]Asm tkef;rIwfcGufeif;w,f [kwfvm;}}
]][kww f ,f? tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;w,f/ 'gaMumifh tckvdk vli,fvufa0So Y rm;awGeYJ
eifvm; igvm; tpGr;f jyEkid w f m tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;vkaYd ygh? tke;f rIwcf u
G [
f m aq;bJ}}
]]b,fvkdeif;wmwkH;? odyg&ap}}
]]'Dvkdav? tkef;rIwfcGufudk ajrrSmarSmufAs? tJ'g vlu wufeif;? eif;,if;eif;
,if;eJY oabmaygufvmr,f/ ajcz0g;tv,fezYJ ed if; uefeif;&r,f? ajczaemifeh zYJ ed if;uef
eif;&r,f/ eif;,if;eJu Y , kd b
hf mom taMumrd oabmodvmr,f/ waeYwBudraf yghAsm? teJ
qkH; em&D0ufavmufeif;As/ oGufcsmyg'vkdYac:wJhavjzwfwmwkdY? aoG;wkd;a&m*g? acgif;
32
rauG;0if;jrifh
uku d af &m*g? Zufav;ZufaMumwuf tk-d tukeaf ysmufw,f/ vlrmS t"du t f a&;tBuD;

qk;H u aoG;aMum avaMumbJAs? aoG;aMum avaMumydww f mawGukd zGiahf y;wJo h abmbJ}}
]]w,f[w k yf gvm;? avjzwfwmawmif &oud;k }}
pma&;olu wtHw h Moar;awmh-

]]'DrmS usKyf tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;zkYd MuHwmuvJ usKyfavjzwfb;l w,f? a[m'D b,f
vufeYJ b,fajcaxmufaygh/ vufqyk v f Ydk vIyv f u
Ydk rdk &bl;/ rdwaf qGwa,mufu wjcm; bm
rSvyk rf aeeJ/Y tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;zkYd tMuHay;wmeJY usKyfvJ prf;Munfw h m? [kwo f AsKdU? waeY
em&D0ufomombJ eif;w,f/ q,fih g;&ufe&YJ iS ;f &Si;f aysmufoAs? ZufaMumwuf? acgif;udu k ?f
Zufav;? aoG;wk;d 'gawG tuke&f w,f/ usKyfawmh tke;f rIwcf u G u f kd vufrvTwaf wmhb;l ?
tJ wckawmh owdxm;&rSmu tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;NyD;,if; a&rcsKd;zdb Yk J taumif;qk;H uawmh
tdyf&m0ifrSmeif;,if taumif;qkH;bJ}}
OD;av;OD;bausmfu tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;í rnfoal vjzwfwmaysmufaMumif;? aoG;
wk;d a&m*g uif;&Si;f aMumif;? pmayavmu? &ky&f iS af vmu? tm;upm;avmurS emrnfausmf
yk*K¾ v
d af wG wa,mufNyD;wa,muf taxmuftxm;jy emrnfEiS w hf uG ajymjyoGm;ygw,f/
xkaYd Mumifh pma&;olu tvum;raeyJ tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;Muolrsm;xH oGm;í pkpH rf;
ygonf/ rD;&xm;bufu rdwaf qGwa,mufEiS phf um;pyfrMd uawmh olvnf; tke;f rIwcf u G f
wdww f qdwef if;vmwm q,fEpS af usmfyif MumNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymjyygawmhonf/ xkyd *k K¾ v d f
onf OD;av;OD;bausmfvydk if zswfvwfou G vf ufaeygonf/ wavmu &ky&f iS &f x Hk J qk;d oGr;f
vli,fEpS Of ;D u trsKd;orD;uav;wOD;udk &kid ;f &kid ;f ysys vkyo f nfukd Mum;u onf;rcHEidk í f
vufoD;pGrf;jyvkdufonf[k qkdygonf/
rEÅav;wkdif;rS vufa0SYtoif; tkyfcsKyfolOD;av;OD;bausmf ajymjyonfhpmay
avmurS yk*K¾ v d t f csKdUtdru f kd ra,mifrvnf tuJcwfí Munfrh yd gonf/ [kwyf gonf/ ol
wkYd tke;f rIwcf u G u f kd eif;aeMuygonf/
tHMh op&m taumif;qk;H uawmh q&m0efrwOD;\rdbESpyf g;u orD;aq;xk;d wm
olwkdY aoG;wkd;a&m*g raysmuf? tkef;rIwfcGufeif;rS ZufaMumwuf? aoG;wkd;aysmufawmh
aMumif; wtHw h Mo Mum;od&ygonf/
xkaYd Mumifh aq;zk;d 0g;cruke?f u&duxvnf; rrsm;? teif;tESyd o f nfvnf; ac:
p&mrvkad om tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;jcif;udk ud, k af wGrY [kwí f r,kMH unfao;onfw h idk f prf;oyf
MunfhMuygukef[lí apwemaumif;ESifhwifjyvkduf&ygownf;/
tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;jcif;jzifh a&m*gcyif; uif;a0;Muygap/
rauG;0if;jrifh
33
aus;Zl;wifvTm
txufygaqmif;yg;rSm 1976-ck? pufwifbmvxkwf oifb h 0r*¾Zif; twGJ 24?
trSwf 2 rS jzpfygonf/ ]]tma&m*sH y&rH vmbH=usef;rmjcif;onf rGejf rwfaom vmbf
BuD;wyg;jzpf\}}[lonfhtwkdif; vlwkdif;vlwkdif;\usef;rma&;twGuf taxmuftuljyK
Ekdifonfhþpmwef;i,fudk tcrJhukodkvfjzpf &kdufESdyfurf;vSrf;jcif;jzpfygonf/

þpmwef;ygenf;vrf;udk uRefawmfESifhwuG uRefawmhfrdwfaqG o*F[rsm;yg
aqmif;yg; rxGuaf y:rDuyif prf;oyfavhusifch &hJ m trSet f usKd;&Sad Mumif; awG&Y &dS ygojzifh
,k, H MHk unfMunfjzifh avhusifMh uyg&ef wk;d ufweG ;f tyfygonf/
oifbh 0r*¾Zif;wku
d &f iS rf sm;ESiahf qmif;yg;&Sif rauG;0if;jrift h m;vnf;aumif;? þ
ukov dk jf zpfpmwef; jzpfay:vmatmif aqmif&u G af y;ol ]"r®aCmouOD;armifarmif}tm;
vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif;/
(1-2-77)
tvSL&Sif OD;pdef&kd;
7-BudK;puf(2)vrf;? vif;vGef;&yfuGuf/
prf;acsmif;-&efukefNrdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
34
rauG;0if;jrifh
ed*kH;
waeYwiG f pma&;olonf rauG;aps;BuD;twGi;f odYk a&mufomG ;ygonf/ aps;BuD;
ta&SUbufwef;wGif &Sad om boufaygtke;f iSuaf ysmqkid ef m;odYk ra,mifrvnf &yfMunfh
aerdygonf/

boufaygonf toufajcmufq,fhig;ESpfywf0ef;usifavmuf&Sdygrnf/ aEGaEG
rk;d rk;d aqmif;aqmif; tusÐ0wfavhr&Syd g/ tifrwefat;ygrS pGyu f s,fvufpuESio hf mawGY
&wwfygonf/
boufaygqkid o f nf tke;f oD;ukd trsKd;rsKd; a&mif;onf/ tke;f &nf? tke;f qefom
ru tke;f rIwcf u G yf g &onf/ pma&;ol ra,mifrvnf tuJcwf Munhaf epOf toufq,fh
&SpEf pS t f &G,cf ef&Y dS rde;f ri,fwoku d f 0ifvmNyD; boufaygxHrS tke;f rIwcf u G f ajcmufv;Hk udk
wvkH;wusyfay;NyD; 0,fxGufoGm;ygonf/ pma&;olu-
]]tb [kt d rsKd;orD;awG tke;f rIwcf u G af wG 0,fvcS snfv h m;? b,fuvJ bmvkyf
MuwmwkH;}}
boufaygu pma&;olukd tawmfxo l nfo h il ,fyJ [laomtMunfjh zif-h
]]tkd;-oli,f rodbl;vm;? tJ'g rauG;aumvdyfausmif;olawGuG,fh? tkef;rIwf
cGuf q,fv;Hk awmifvcdk sifvYdk raeYnaeuwkid f vmrSmxm;wm? ay;&r,fv h al wGu rsm;vGe;f
vkYd reufjzefrS av;vk;H ,lygvkYd awmif;yefvw T &f w,f}}
boufaygu tke;f rIwcf u G u
f dk "m;jzifh tacsmowfae&mrS ajym\/
]]bmvkyzf Ydk 0,fMuwmwk;H tb&JU}}
]]a&m - cufNyD? rif; rodb;l vm;? ckwavm tke;f rIwcf u G f a&m*gxçaeMuwmav}}
]][ift h if; rodaygif? bmvkyzf }Ydk }
]][ - eif;wmuG eif;wm? tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;,if usef;rma&;aumif;owJ?h av
ief; aoG;wk;d ZufaMumwufawGyg aysmufowJ}h }
]]baum eif;Munfb h ;l ovm;? wu,ftanmif;tudu k f aysmuf&UJ vm;}}
]]at; aysmufraysmufawmh igvJ tvkyfrtm;vkdY eif;rMunfh&ao;bl;? tkef;
rIwcf u G f a&mif;aumif;wmuawmh rw&m;bJ}}
]]b tkef;rIwfcGufeif;zkdY aumif;w,f}}
]]tif; - nawmh eif;Munft h ;Hk r,fvYdk pdwu f ;l rdwmbJ}}
]]'geJY tke;f rIwcf u G w
f vk;H b,favmufvJ tb}}
]]wvkH; wusyf}}
]]rsm;bl;vm; b&m}}
35
]]rrsm;bl; rrsm;bl;? [dw k ek ;f u tke;f rIwcf u G uf kd vufuidk &f ;dk wyfNyD; a&rIwv f yk f
w,f? aq;vdycf cH u G f vkyo f ;Hk Muw,f? ck tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;zkqYd Ndk yD; [kv
d vl mvJ tke;f rIwcf u G f
eif;zk?Yd onfvv l mvJ tke;f rIwcf u G f eif;zkeYd ?YJ csD;rSbJ ckwavm tke;f rIwcf u G af &m*gxçaevku d f
Muwm vGeyf ga&m}}
tzk;d BuD; ajym,if;qk, d if; a'gazmif;vm\/ pma&;olvnf; cyfrqdwaf eNyD; b

oufaygqkid af &SUrS tomcGmcJ&h ygonf/ "m;rwkw d acsmif;jzifh tke;f rIwcf u G wf vk;H tacsm
owfaeaom boufaygawmh uRefawmf rnforl nf0grSe;f rodyg/
rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap? boufaygqkid f tke;f rIwcf u G f vIid v f idI af &mif;ae&vQif uRefawmf
0rf;omygonf/
jynfoal wG\usef;rma&;? tvkyo f rm;? v,form;? wuúov dk af umvdyw f rYdk S yg
armu©rS atmuf acgif;&GuAf swfx;dk txd usef;rmrIEiS jhf ynfph aHk eMuvQif pma&;ol\tke;f
rIwcf u G ef if; a&m*guif;pmtkyif ,fonf jynfoal wG\usef;rma&;twGuf tkww f csyf oJ
wyGirhf Q taxmuftuljyKygonf[q k v dk Qif pma&;olonf avhvma&;om;BudK;yrf;&usKd;
eyfNyD[í l /
tke;f rIwcf uG ef if;jcif;jzifh a&m*gcyif; uif;a0;Muygap/
rauG;0if;jrifh
rauG;0if;jrifh
pmayvkyfom;trSwf(0016)
trSw(f 6) rJx;D vrf;? aps;&yf? rauG;NrdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
36
rauG;0if;jrifh
aemufqufwGJ tkef;rIwfcGuf*,uf
[Hom0wDOD;0if;wif\tjrif
rauG;0if;jrifoh nf wESpw f acguf ESpaf cgufa&mufvmwwfonf/ owif;axmuf

ESit
hf ,f'w
D mjzpfí owif;udpaö jymcJMh uonf/ olpY um;onf owif;udpw ö iG o
f m r&yf? pm
taMumif;? aytaMumif;? w&m;"r®taMumif;? usef;rma&;taMumif;wkt Yd xd us,fjyefY
oGm;wwf\/
wavmqDu awmifBuD;om;jzpfaeaom OD;BuD;armif(aiGOa'gif;)u pmtkyfu
av;wtkyf ykv Yd u
dk o
f nf/ aumif;aumif;BuD;nTe;f um pmtkyu f kd trTe;f wifxm;onf/ r
auG;0if;jrifh\tkef;rIwfcGufeif; a&m*guif;pmtkyfjzpfonf/
owif;axmufa&;onfph mtkyv f nf;jzpf? t,f'w D ma[mif;nTe;f onfph mtkyif ,f
vnf;jzpfí aumufzwfvu dk o
f nf/ NyD;oGm;onf/ pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;om;bJ[k xifjrif
vkduf\/
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OD;BuD;armif(aiGOa'gif;)tqkd
vG,v
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tke;f rIwcf u
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rSm MumNyD/ Mum;&ko H m r[kw/f a&mufav&m tdr?f ausmif;tcsKdw Y iG v
f nf; tke;f rIwcf u G f
rsm;jyifqifxm;onfudk awG&Y onf/
pmayESiphf wif vIaYH qmforl mS oifb h 0r*¾Zif;wGif owif;axmufrauG;0if;jrif\ h
aqmif;jzpf\/ aMu;rkw H iG v
f nf; vlxak tmfow H iG f tke;f rIwcf u
G vf aYHI qmfrw I &yf zwf&onf/
rauG;0if;jrifu h yif ,ck oD;jcm;pmtkyif ,fjzifh wifjyvIaYH qmfvmonfudk awG&Y
jyef\/ ES,Ef ,S &f & r[kw/f tke;f rIwcf uG af Mumifh a&m*guif;yku H dk q&mawmfEiS v hf al ygif;rsm;
pGmwk\
Yd zGi[
hf axmufcrH I uGi;f qif;ar;jref;csufrsm;pGmukd ae&yfvyd pf mrsm;ESiahf z:jyxm;
onf/
omreftanmif;ajyr[kw/f avief;? aoG;wk;d a&m*grsm;yif aysmufuif;aMumif;
az:jyxm;onf/ uk, d af wGaY xmufcoH rl sm;wGif pma&;q&m? owif;axmufrsm;tygt0if
vlxak ':trmwkyYd if awG&Y \/
usef;rmapaMumif; tjcm;enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; yl;wGJyg&Sd\/ uRefawmfrlum;
bma&m*grQ r&Sad pumrl pmtkyzf wfNyD;onfEiS hf wNydKifeuf tke;f rIwcf u G Ef pS v
f ;Hk jyifqifvu dk f
37
onf/ vG,v
f ,
G Ef iS w
hf efz;dk BuD;aom enf;vrf;jzpfí prf;oyfMunfMh uyguke[
f k EI;d aqmfvu
dk f
&ygonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
vm;&I;d u &Jabmf
&JabmfwOD;onf vm;&I;d aq;&krH mS oGucf smyg'avjzwfa&m*gaMumifh ajcmufvrQ
tdy&f mxuf yufvufjzpfae&\/ olu Y dk xrif;cGaYH y;&onf/ waeY oifb h 0r*¾Zif;wGif pm
a&;ol\tke;f rIwcf u G ef if; aqmif;yg;udk ckwife;D vlemwOD;u zwfjyojzifh olonf pdwf
0ifpm;vSí vlEpS af ,muftultnDjzifh tke;f rIwcf u G f eif;onf/
ok;H v eif;onf/ aysmufuif;oGm;onf/ oGm;Ekid v f mEdik f taumif;yuwdjzpfvm
awmh 0rf;omyDwjd zpfvsuf vm;&I;d aps;xJrmS rD;&xm;ay:rSm ZD0w d 'getjzpf xk&d aJ bmfu
avjzwfvQif tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;MuzkYd wku
d wf eG ;f onf/ vIaYH qmfonf/ ol cHpm;&onfah 0'em
aysmufuif;í ukov dk v
f &J atmif wm0efBuD;w&yfyrm a[majymonf/ þtaMumif;udk
pma&;ol\rdwaf qGtrsKd;orD;wOD; vm;&I;d udk c&D;xGu&f mrS awGjY rifMum;odc&hJ yku H dk tjyef
rSm ajymjyjcif;jzpf\/
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'kwd,tBudrf&kdufrSmf xJhvkdufcsifvSw,f}}
pma&;olu ajymawmh-
]]at;av? a':a':vJ 'Dvrdk eS ;f rodbu J ;kd }}
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
'g&kdufwmOD;pkd;oef;
rauG;odYk ,Ofaus;rIuZmwftrSw(f 2) a&mufvmonf/ pDru H yG uf t
J yk cf sKyfvmol
u 'g&kdufwmOD;pdk;oef;/ [kdwkef;u aw;,rkHpkd;oef;trnfjzifh aw;oDcsif;aygif;ajrmuf
rsm;pGm a&;onf/ ,ckawmh ,Ofaus;rI uZmwftrSw(f 2)rSm t&m&S'd g&ku d wf m vkyaf eonf/
y@dwukrm® Zmwfvrf;onf olv Y uf&mjzpfonf/
olwkdYZmwftzGJY a&mufvmawmh OD;pkd;oef;ESifh uRefawmfu aygif;a[mif; oif;
a[mif;/
ola&mufvmvQif tdrf&SifjzpfwJhuRefawmfu wm0efaus&onf/ onfwacguf
awmh olu-
]]bmrS vkyrf aeeJ/Y b,frvJ cifAsm;a&;wJt h ek ;f rIwcf u
G ef if; a&m*guif;pmtky?f
38
rauG;0if;jrifh
&efuek rf mS 0,fr&bl;? tJ'g wtky&f atmif vkyaf y;yg}}[k qk\ d /

NyD;awmh olu-
]]usKyf cifAsm;a&;wJah qmif;yg;zwfNyD;uwJu eif;vmwm ausmif;oAsm? [kw d ek ;f
ursm; cg; cPcP emwm/ tdro f mwufzq Ydk ,dk if aMumufawmifaMumufw,f/ rxkid Ef idk f

bJu;kd / taMumawGwif;NyD; odyef mwm? 'geJY ud&k if ajymwJeh nf;twkid ;f eif;vku d w f m 'Dw
ywf ESpyf wftwGi;f cg;emBuD;vJ r&Sad wmhb;l / ZmufaMumvJ wif;raeawmhb;l / usef;rm
a&;twGuf wu,f[efusouk;d ? 'gaMumifh &k;H rSmwpk?H tdrv f omaqmifrmS wpk?H tdycf ef;
rSm wpk?H a[m- ckZmwfuxGuv f mwmvJ wpkyH gw,f}}
OD;pk;d oef;u ajymaewke;f ukrd if;Munf(rif;Munf-,Ofaus;rIuavmiftrnfjzifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;aeol)a&mufvm\/
]][kwo f Asm? cifAsm;enf; aumif;oAs/ ck q&mOD;pk;d oef; tke;f rIwcf u G u f av;
ESpfvkH;ygvmwm usKyfwkdYZmwfu vlaygif; w&mhokH;q,f&Sdw,f/ tJ'g wa,mufNyD;w
a,muf wufeif;wm ckq, dk if tke;f rIwcf u
G u f av;udk ajymifacsmaewmbJAsm}}[l\/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
tkef;rIwfcGufaysmufrIaMumifh
&yfuGufw&m;&kH;a&muf
waeY pma&;olonf rauG;u tvky&f Hk tvkyo f rm;Oya'ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd OD;
oef;atmifEiS t hf wl ewfarmufNrdKUodYk vku d of mG ;onf ewfarmufAf v dk w
f rJ mS wnf;onf/ nae
5-em&DavmufwiG f &yfuu G x
f J qlqn l nH oH MH um;&onf/ bmjzpfwmvJ[k Akv d w
f aJ pmifu
h kd
OD;oef;atmifu ar;onf/
]]tvum;yg q&m&,f? tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;qkv
d m;? tJ'pD mtkyu f kd wa,mufu iSm;
owJ?h jyefawmif;awmh aysmufNyDvaYdk jymvkdY tJ'g&efjzpfMuwmbJ? ck &yfuu G wf &m;&k;H a&muf
oGm;Muav&JU}}
OD;oef;atmifu pm;yGw J iG f pma&;aeaom uRefawmfu h kd yck;H wGejYf y\/ uRefawmf
vnf; acgif;ikHYjyKH;aevkduf&onf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
rGejf ynfe,fu pm
rGejf ynfe,fu trsKd;orD;wOD;u ar;onf/ olrY mS uk,
d 0f efcek pfv&Syd gonf/ tke;f
rIwcf u
G ef if;vkYd jzpfyghrvm;[laomtar;jzpfonf/ 'gaMumifh oltY ar;ukd taMumif;jyKí
39
tm;vk;H odatmif ajzMum;&aomf trsKd;orD; EIwif &Hk o dS nfrS arG;zGm;onftxd tke;f rIwf
cGuef if;Ekid yf gonf/ tusKd;um; tanmif;ajyNyD; taMumrsm; avsmhonft h jyif remusif
bJ vG,u f pl mG arG;zGm;ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ud, k 0f efaqmifrsm;vnf; eif;Muyg[lv/dk
ud, k 0f efaqmifrsm;? oufBuD;&G,t f rdk sm; eif;aomtcg odcRefveG ;f tm;BuD;aom
tke;f rIwcf u G uf kd reif;bJ ajyajyacsmacsmrsm;udo k m &SmMuHíeif;u tusKd;ykrd xdk ad &mufyg

onf/ tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;Mu&mwGif zifbuf acgif;bufrsufuiG ;f ygonfb h uf ra&G;yg? tm;
vk;H eif;Ekid yf gonf/ odaYk omf rsufuiG ;f ygonfb
h ufrmS &SrmS pd;k onft
h wGuf acsmarGpY mG jyKvkyf
tokH;jyKEkdifygonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
awmifBuD;NrdKUu pm
awmifBuD;NrdKU &Sr;f vlxu
k awmh tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;onfukd ususee vufcyH gonf/
pmtkyf 0,fr&yg/ pmtkyt f iSm;qkid w
f iG f iSm;zwfMu&ygonf/ waeY iSm;&rf;c 7-usyftxd
,laeMuygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh aemufxw k vf Qif &Sr;f jynfa'oudk pmtkyrf sm;rsm; &atmif ydYk
ay;zdYk w
f u
dk w
f eG ;f yg&ap/
cifarmif
owif;axmuf
awmifBuD;NrdKU/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
raoaumif; raysmufaumif;
EkdifiHom;aumif;
waeY pma&;olxo H Ydk vl&,
G w
f OD; a&mufvmonf/ uRefawmft h rnfukd ar;onf/
uRefawmf-
]]uRefawmf 0if;jrifyh gcifAsm? bmtultnDrsm; ay;&rvJ}}
]]aMomf - q&mhukd wrifawGcY sifveG ;f vkYd vmcJwh myg? 'Dvydk g? q&m[m uRefawmfh
aus;Zl;&SifygcifAsm}}
]]Asm bmjzpfv}Ydk }
]]'Dvydk gcifAsm? uRefawmfeh mrnf &Jabmfa&T&yg? qufo, G af &;wyfuyg? uRefawmf
a&SUwef;ppfrsufEmS rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaewke;f nmbufajcaxmuf auG;r& qefrY &jzpf
oGm;ygw,f}}
40
rauG;0if;jrifh
]]bmjzpfvkdYvJ}}
]]uRefawmfwYdk a&SUwef;ppfrsufEmS rSm tifrwefat;ygw,f? ESi;f uvJ usw,f/
uRefawmfwYdk &JabmfawG[m ud, k cf u
H sef;rma&;awG aumif;vGe;f vko Yd maygh? 'gayr,fh q&m
&,f? wcgwav aoG;eJu Y , dk f om;eJu Y ,kd q f adk wmh tqifroifw h thJ cg zsm;wm emwm&So d

aygh/ enf;ygw,f/ tJ'aD eYuawmh pufcvkwcf u Hk txrSm nmajcaxmuf vSr;f r&bJ acG
usoGm;ygw,f/ av;bufaxmuf oGm;&ygw,f/ ajcaxmufauG;vku d ,f if emwmbJ/ qefY
vku d , f ifvJ odyef mwmbJ/ aZmacR;rsm;awmif jyefw,fq&m? 'geJu Y Refawmfu h kd usKdi;f wkH
aq;&ku H ykd w Ykd ,f/ usKdi;f wkaH q;&krH mS ckepf&ufMumygw,f/ roufomwmeJY &efuek rf *Fvm'kH
ppfaq;&kyH yYdk gw,f/ taMuma&m*gonfawGxm;wJt h aqmifrmS xm;ygw,f/ ZeD;eJaY ,mu©r
rsm;vJ vkdufvmygw,f/ uRefawmfhtjzpfu tdyf&mxuf yufvufq&m? nmajcaxmuf
qefrY &wJt h jyif nmvufyg vIyrf &atmif jzpfvmw,f/ aumfzaD omufrvkYd rwfcu G u f kd ukid f
vku d Nf yD; yg;pyfem;f ajz;ajz;awhawmhr,fq, dk if taMumawGu zsif;ueJ zsif;ueJ jzpfomG ;
NyD; rwfcu G f vGwu f sawmhwmbJ/ em&Det YJ rQ cHpm;ae&awmh vlvyJ ed cf sKH;vmw,f/ rde;f ru
vJ uRefawmf aoawmhrmS bJqNdk yD; idw k ,f/ q&m0efBuD;awGuawmh taumif;qk;H aq;awG?
pm;aq;aomufaq;awGeYJ ususee jyKpk,, k ygw,f}}
olu pum;udk acwå&yfNyD;-
]]tif; qufajymygtkH;}}
]]waeYawmh uRefawmft h ukw d a,muf vlemvmar;w,f/ olu rdwaf qGwa,muf
tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;vkYd taMuma&m*gaysmufaMumif; ajymygw,f/ uRefawmhuv kd J eif;zkw dY u dk f
wGe;f w,f/ tJ'w D ek ;f u q&mhpmtkyf xGucf gp aumif;aumif;BuD;rSwrf w d ,f/ atmufwb dk m
vBuD;/ aemufwaeY tuku d tke;f rIwcf u G Ef pS v f ;Hk ,lvmNyD; uRefawmfu h kd eif;ckid ;f w,f/ t
ayghtyg;oGm;zkdY rwfwyf&yfwm ajcvSrf;awmifrS toJckdufatmif a0'emcHpm;ae&wm
tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;zku
Yd pd uö kd rpOf;pm;0Hb h ;l / ab;em;u ckeifem;eD; vlemawGu uefu Y uG Mf u
w,f/ wcsKdUuvJ ajymifMu aemufMuoayghav/ uRefawmfuawmh aysmufcsifwphJ w d af Mumifh
vlqw dk m cHpm;ae&wJah &m*gaysmufr,fq, dk if bmvky&f vky&f aygh q&m&,f? 'geJY uRefawmf
eif;zkYd p&awmhwmbJ/ rde;f ru wzuf tuku d wzuf wGaJ pNyD; ig;rdepfavmuf eif;vku d f
em;vdu k ?f 'Dvedk YJ ok;H &ufavmuf &Sad wmh odoo d mom oufomvmw,f? ud, k b hf momuk, d f
eif;Ekid w f t hJ qift h xd csufcsif; ajymif;vmwm? r*Fvm'kH ppfaq;&ku H q&m q&mrawG odyf
tHMh ooGm;Muw,f/ olwYdk rsufpad tmufrmS vkyaf ewmud;k ? ckwife;D rdwaf qGawGvJ eif;ukef
Muw,f/ uRefawmf&w dS ek ;f u ckwifwidk ;f rSm tke;f rIwcf u G u
f av;awGu, kd pf ED iS chf ifAs? uRef
awmf tck ok;H v em;cGi&hf ygw,f/ tJ'gq&mhukd trSww f & aus;Zl;jyKcsifveG ;f vkdY vmcJw h m
41
yg}}[k ajymonf/ olrY sufEmS onf 0if;yaeonf/ rsufv;Hk tpko H nf &Te;f vJah e\/ olt Y ouf
ok;H q,f0ef;usif/ olu
Y Mkd unfNh yD; pma&;ol 0rf;omyDwd jzpfvudk o
f nfrmS qkzd ,
G rf &S/d pdwx
f J
uvnf; aMomf - raoaumif; raysmufaumif; EkdifiHom;aumif;&wem usef;rmygap
csrf;omygap[k qkawmif;rdao;\/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
&ckid u
f pm
OD;0if;jrifh
pma&;q&m owif;axmuf
trSwf 6? rJx;D vrf;
aps;&yf? rauG;NrdKU/
&ufp/JG 1977-ck? 'DZifbmv 7-&uf/
taMumif;t&m/ /tke;f rIwcf u
G ef if; a&m*guif; pmtkyyf aYkd y;&ef udp/ö
av;pm;pGmjzif-h
q&mOD;0if;jrifhcifAsm;-
q&mud,k wf idk f okawoejyKpka&;om;xkwaf z:vku d wf m tke;f rIwcf u G ef if;a&m*g
uif; pmtkyfudk vGefcJhaom ESpf&ufcefYu wynfhwOD;vmjyí zwf&IcGifh&vkdufygonf/ t
zwf& tod& aemufusojzifh t f m;r&vSyg/ NyD; rmefatmif? oHw?JG pmtkyq f idk af wGukd xyf
qifrh mS aomfvJ r&vku d yf g/ rmefatmifwNrdKUvk;H tke;f rIwcf u G af ygygw,f/ tvum;vJ &
ygw,f/ tckvdk tke;f rIwcf u G f wefz;kd oduek v
f Ydk aps;awG tqrwef wufvmrSmpd;k yg&JU/ [kd
vl 'Dvu dk tp tke;f rIwcf u G f eif;MuzkYd ajymaeMuygNyDq&m? uRefawmfwYdk rdom;pkvJ raeYu
pNyD; eif;aeMuygonf/ q&may;wJeh nf;twkid ;f bJaygh/ nbuftyd af ysmfwmawmh rajym
vkdufygeJYawmhq&ma&? tdrfolckd;uyfwmawmif odrnfrxifyg/ ckvkd wefzkd;&SdwJhpmtkyf
aumif;usrS tydkifr&vkdufvkdY (pmay0goemtkd;)wOD;taeeJY odu©musvSw,fq&ma&/
'geJY tMuHwck&NyD; q&mwkrYd auG;NrdKUu pmtkyq f idk af wGrmS bJ &&? q&mhqrD mS bJ &S&d ?dS b,fu
&& q&mhvufrw S tf rSww f &jzpfatmif a&;xk;d NyD; avaMumif;u AGyD yD eD YJ uRefawmfq h yD aYdk y;
apvkdygw,fcifAsm/
tm;udk;vsuf
OD;aomif;nTefY
(ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;)
42
rauG;0if;jrifh
urm;tpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;
urm;NrdKeY ,fc?JG rmefatmifNrdKUe,f
&cdik jf ynfe,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
trsKd;om;a&; jzpfomG ;NyD

waeY pma&;ol\q&mvJjzpf tpfu&kd if;yrm cspfcif&aomawmifwiG ;f BuD;NrdKU t
pkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;atmifÓPfESifhawGYonf/ olu-
]]a[haumif? rif;pmtkyf pGHoa[h? wjynfvkH; eif;ukefMuNyD? trsKd;om;a&;jzpf
oGm;NyDuG}}[k 0rf;yef;womajymygonf/
[kwyf gonf/ wjynfv;Hk eif;vQif wjynfv;Hk usef;rmMuygrnf/ wjynfv;Hk wrsKd;
om;vkH; usef;rmMuvQifrlum; ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufí qkd&S,fvpftoD;tyGifhawG
wjynfv;Hk twlwuG cHpm;Mu&ygrnf/ pma&;olwiG f ,kMH unfcsufwck &Syd gonf/ xk, d MHk unf
csufrmS ppfreS af om apwemjzifh jynfou l kd tvkyt
f auR;jyKvQif jynfou
l vnf; jyefvnf
*kPfjyKvdrfhrnfjzpfygownf;/
tke;f rIwcf u
G ef if;jcif;jzifh a&m*gcyif; uif;a0;Muygap/
rauG;0if;jrifh
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
43
jrefrmh&;dk &m taMumjyifvuFm
pmzwfol okawoDrsm; ykrd o dk abmaygufapjcif;iSm &nfoefí odrjf zLq&mawmf

a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlaom taMumtwwfynmusrf;rS jrefrmh&kd;&m taMumjyifvuFmudk
aumufEkwfaz:jyvkdufygonf/
þenf;udkum; a&S;a[mif;aywckrS &&Sdonfhtwkdif; rl&if;rysuf az:jyxm;yg
onf/ usrf;jyKpkaomaypmrluo kd mawG&Y í usrf;jyKyk*K¾ v
d ?f ckepfouú&mZfwu
Ydk m; jynfph pHk mG
az:jyxm;jcif; r&So
d jzifh a&S;jrefrmh&;dk &m taMumjyifvuFm[kom trnfwyfí az:jyxm;
ygonf/ taMumjyifq&m tausmftarmfrsm; pD&ifcahJ om ,if;tESv D uFmusrf;udk a&;om;
az:jyygtHh/
1/ ud;k q,fah jcmufyg;? a&m*grsm;ud?k vufzsm;xda&muf? uif;uGmaysmufvrd ?hf rSwaf vmuf

p&m? a&S;q&mwk?Yd oifvmOya'? xm;cJah yom;? taotcsm? ESyd rf mS um;? *kyrf eS m;xif?
aemufz,fjyifü? emusifovkd? tyl&Idí? acgif;cJtem? xkdif;a&m*gonf? q&mvufo,f?
ÓPfBuD;us,fom;? tvG,w f ul? rSw,f jl cm;em;? az:jyjim;tH?h 'l;zsm;txuf? av;opf
wufí? ESycf sufwzk?H qkwd rHk ysuf? ykt
H wGuEf iS ?hf em;&Guaf emufyg;? 0J,mjcm;í? ar;zsm;em;
xif? rsufarSmufjyifü? vufjyifneT zYf ?k ckvv k [ k ?k vufpak csmif;arG? xdxad whí? aphaphEydS f
u? aysmufaeuswnf;? yG&J t[kw?f qHyifcsKyfaumh? ,lEw k x
f yl pf? pifppfacgif;cJ? aysmuf
pNrJwnf;/
2/ rvGw J csuf? em;avxGuí f ? em;&Guef m;xl? em;tlem;av;? em;jynfarS;í? ac:ar;r&?

em;xdik ;f paom? a0'emud?k ESyd v
f ydk grl? uPÖtxuf? em;o,fZufEiS ?hf em;&Gu\ f aemuf? em;
&Guaf tmufu?kd avQmufítNyD;? ESyd yf rHk ;DS avmh? pnfw;D rMum;? yif;onfeh m;vnf;? Mum;\
rouf? csufcsif;ouf\/
3/ avwufwaHk v? rl;rIid ;f acsí? raerom? &Sad vygaomf? *D0g*kyaf pmif;? tv,facgif;

ESi?hf waMumif;rsufarSmufMum;? rsufpeHk m;&if;? OD;jyif;qHZuf? ESyd yf x
Hk u
G \
f /
4/ wcsufxrdk ?S avylxaomf? uPÖaemuf(ay:)? ESyd cf gawmfavmh/
5/ xkaYd emufwrsKd;? BudKUBuD;xk;d aomf? *ky&f ;dk wavQmuf? ESyd v

f Qifaysmuf\/
44
rauG;0if;jrifh
6/ waxmuf'EÅm? oGm;zk;H emESi?hf oGm;emoGm;udu

k ?f oGm;EIu
d af &m*g? pGu
J yfvmaomf? vsifpmG
aysmufatmif? vufaxmufNrJNrJ? rSerf vGí J ? vuf0v
J uf,m? ESyd zf v
d maomf? wjzmwa0? "m;
vQif&SokdY? owåwav? wufawGrNydKif? ar;cdkifygrl? vufEkdifESdyfvkd? ykHtqkdu? vnfrsKdw
avQmuf? em;&if;a&mufatmif? ESyd af jrmufwaHk v? vGwNf rJaywnf;/

7/ waxGwqef? avykyq
f efaomf? atmhtefwrsKd;? yck;H &k;d u? *ky&f ;dk usatmif? jy\ESyd cf suf?
8/ yg'&ufaMumif?h avwufvufxek ?f rsufprd eI í f ? rsuftaHk 0&D? rsufpo d v

D suf? rsuferD suf
0g? rsufped mESi?hf ovmwdrzf ;Hk ? rsufv;Hk aMumifawmif? rsufpad tmifí h ? rsufawmfr<u? rsuf
arSmufusESi?hf rsufpyk;d &S?d usde;f pufbo d nf? rsufpad 0a0? rsuf&nfawGom? qkad wGwcsuf?
rsufweG w Yf ufí? vufwvSr;f vSr;f ? jzKwfjcif,rf;aomf? rsufcrf;rsufe?D rIeo f oD ED iS ?hf [ef
csDr&? vrf;r*¾u?kd x<uajzmifrh wf? roGm;wwfatmif? pGu J yf&;dk pk? a&m*gjyKí? pu©Ktem?
tmAm"mud?k rMumvsifpmG ? aysmufvjdk im;rl? <uufom;tzk;H ? ajcovk;H ESi?hf yck;H ESpzf uf? t
v,fcsufu?kd pkw H ufppfaMum? ESyd w
f aHk rmaomf? taqmrMum? vGecf srf;omonf? vG,u f m
ESyd zf ?Ydk pmwrf;wnf;/
9/ vufcw JG jzm? rderYf mS vdu k t

f ?hH uHvQm&Iz, G ?f om;rdr,fw?Ydk uk, d 0f efpu
JG yf? awaZm"mwf
aMumifh? rD;,yf&ifokdY? jzpfwkHNrdKUaomf? pdrf;ndKYzwfzwf? om;jrwftxuf? arGYarGYnufbd?
armif;quftem;? &ifEo Ydk m;ud?k ESyd jf im;wkyH g? vGecf srf;omvdr/hf
10/ [w¬vufuyf? vufaovwfaomf? om;jrwfxufr?S av;opfusESi?hf &if0atmufem;?

armif;auGYjcm;wnf;/
11/ rSwo f m;wkNH rdKU? avAl;qkv

Yd Qif? &ifq&Ydk ifusyf? avxk;d vwfaomf? vufzv
Ydk ufjyef? wzef
rqG? ykt
H &ESi?hf &if0aMumv,f? woG,rf w S &f m/
12/ eHab;emESifh? 'lvmavem? &ifbwfemaomf? rSefpGmrysuf? ESpfbufab;aMum? csuf

atmufavQmí? ESyd af omq&m? ok;H opfcmG í? ykwmå zGm;rd? y,ftrd x f ad Mumif?h aoG;xdrus?
&Su d ESyd rf ?l &moDcí
k ? Owkrajzmif?h qD;usifatmifah omf? rD;an§mift
h xuf? ESpo f pfwufí?
ESyd cf sufwzk?H vufuek x f ;dk ody?f aumif;pGmESyd af vmh/
45
13/ tdyv f nf;raysmf? &Swd aHk omfvsif? 'l;ab;wavQmuf? aygifjcHa&mufatmif? xkaYd emuf
ESyd &f ;dk ? ajczrk;d &if;? zaemifo h iG ;f zd/Yk
14/ udu
k jf cif;qpfrsuf? rkaH 0wufaomf? ajcrsufped ?YJ a&m*gxJwiG ?f tdyv f rJ aysmf? ajcqefY
aomfvQif? csufausmf0,J m? ÓPfazG&mS í? ESyd cf gr,Gi;f ? 'l;zsm;xGi;f u? em;&if;a&mufatmif?

vuf0g;apmif;ESi?hf axmifíESyd vf Qif? aysmufNrJyifwnf;/
15/ rD;wGi;f twl? ajc'l;ylaomf? xko d rl ,Gi;f ? ykqpfwiG ;f ud?k rysif;ravQmh? vufEak csmhEiS ?hf
ESyd af vmhreS pf mG ? aysmuf\rSeo
f nf? csrf;om{uefrvGw J nf;/
16/ rvGrJ eS pf mG ? igrderYf mS tH?h cg;emcg;udu k ?f cg;EIu

d af 0'em? pGu
J yfvmaomf? ajcrSmac:&k;d ?
ajczrk;d u? 'l;qpfusatmif? ESyd u f rSepf mG ? aysmufrnfomwnf;/
17/ usif0gusifatmif?h usifrajzmifah omf? zaemift

h xuf? <uufom;oufu?kd avQmufum
ESyd yf g? vGecf srf;omwnf;/
18/ ylumwzef? csrf;umwzk?H zsm;emwkaH omf? ESyd yf t

Hk &? rSepf mG jytH?h ajcrtMum;? ajcz0g;
rSm? ESyd af vygavmh/
19/ BuD;pGmtzsm;? wufaomtm;aMumif?h ar;jim;r&? ief;vsif<uí? ac:urxl;? tyl

tat;? a&m*gav;aomf? ESyd af otaomh? zaemifah Mumwnf;/
20/ rSwaf vmhw

f cef;? ief;ylzrf;aomf? ESyd v
f rf;rysuf? ykrH mS wufom;? ajcrsufpad tmuf? em
emaxmufavmh/
21/ xkaYd emufwjcm;? wkeí f zf sm;aomf? af jcrcGMum;? ajcz0g;v,f? zaemifo

h ,
G u
f ?kd e,fum
ESyd rf ?I aysmufNrJ[&l iS /hf
22/ ajcrlcsnfeh ?YJ jzpfwcHk ahJ omf? wJwh 'hJ ;l zsm;? ESyd cf sufxm;\? rSwo f m;ukeyf g? a&S;ykvH mí?
vuFmcsKdjym;? oDu;Hk xm;&Si?hf ESyd jf im;vkrd ?l pHy,Hk í
l ? emolwu Ydk ?kd u,fapvko
d nf? r*fzv dk ef Ad mÁ ef
pmwrf;wnf;/
46
rauG;0if;jrifh
vuFmt"dygÜ ,f &Si;f vif;az:jycsuf
ud;k q,fah jcmufyg;aom a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk taMumjyifq&m\vufEiS x

hf ad wGY
yg/ xkad &m*ga0'emrsm; aysmufuif;oGm;vdrrhf nf jzpfayonf/

1/ ZufaMumwif;jcif;? *kyef m;xif aemufz,fwüYdk emusifouJo h Ykd tyl&jdI cif;? &ifacgif;udk
avyifo h jzifh wtifth ifah ejcif;? cHwiG ;f ü ovdycf jJ cif;? acgif;xkid ;f rIid ;f av;vHjcif;? a0'
emwkdYudk ÓPf&SdaomtaMumjyifq&monf 'l;zsm;txuf vufav;opftuGm&Sd (a&tkd;
wifyg'&ufaMum)udv k nf;aumif;? em;&Guaf emufyg;wGi&f adS om(OD;qufaMum)rsm;udv k nf;
aumif;? ar;zsm; waumufaMumudv k nf;aumif;? em;&Gut f xuf&dS em;xifaMumrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? vufjyifnTefYzkwGif&Sdaom taMumckvkvk taMumxkH;uav;rsm;udkvnf;
aumif; taMumjyifq&m\vufacsmif;uav;rsm;jzifh pkí pkí qGo J jzifh taMumudk jyK
jyifay;&m\/
2/ em;avxGujf cif;? em;xljcif;? em;tljcif;? em;av;jcif;? em;jynf,jdk cif;? em;xkid ;f jcif;?

pnfw;D rMum; em;yif;jcif;paom em;ESiyhf wfoufaom a0'emrsm;jzpfvQif em;\txuf
em;o,faMumukv d nf;aumif;? ZufaMumudv k nf;aumif;? em;&Gu\
f aemuf OD;qufaMum
ukv d nf;aumif;? em;&Gu\ f atmuf em;aMumudv
fk nf;aumif; tpOftwkid ;f az:jyygtaMum
ESyd uf iG ;f ESyd u
f u
G w
f uYdk kd jyKjyifay;&m\/
3/ avwufjcif;? wkefwkef&D&D&Sdjcif;? rl;jcif;? rIdifawGjcif;wkdYjzpfvQif vnf*kyfapmif;&Sd t

aMumukvd nf;aumif;? OD;acgif;\tv,fwiG f &Sad om i,fxyd af Mumukv d nf;aumif;? rsuf
arSmufaMumukv d nf;aumif;? rsufuiG ;f aMumudv k nf;aumif;? em;&if;&Sd em;aMumudv k nf;
aumif; jyKjyifay;&m\/
4/ avylxvQif em;\aemuf OD;qufaMumudk ESyd ef ,fjyKjyifay;&m\/
5/ BudKBY uD;xk;d vQif *ky&f ;dk wavQmuf&dS taMumrsm;udk jyKjyifay;&m\/
6/ oGm;emjcif;? oGm;zk;H emjcif;? oGm;uku

d jf cif;paom oGm;ESiyhf wfoufaoma&m*grsm;jzpf
cJhaomf EIwfcrf;yg;apmif;wGif&Sdaom yg;taMumrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? ar;&kd;wavQmufrS
47
em;zsm;txuf a&mufatmif ar;aMumrsm;udv k nf;aumif;? vuf0v

J uf,mjzefí
Y vuf
acsmif;rsm;jzifh axmufí qGí
J ESyd af y;&m\/
7/ avykyq f efjcif;? atmhtefjcif;jzpfcahJ omf yck;H pGe;f t&k;d rS vnfqpf*yk &f ;dk txd qefw
Y ef;
vsuf&adS om yck;H aMumudk xpfí xpfí n§pí f n§pf ESyd af y;&m\/
8/ yg'&ufaMumifh txufoo Ykd nf;ajc a'goavck;d wufí rsufprd eI jf cif;? rsufpad 0&Djcif;?
rsufpo d jD cif;? rsufped jD cif;? 0gjcif; emjcif;? ovmwdrzf ;Hk ojzifh rsufpad Mumifawmifu, G f
jcif;? rsufpad tmifjh cif;? rsufpad rS;jcif;? rsufpyk;d 0ifouJo h Ykd usde;f pufjcif;? rsuf&nfxuG f
jcif;? rsufweG w Yf ufjcif;? (rsufpüd jzKwfjcifrsm;em;aeonf[k xifjcif;)? rsufcrf;pyfjcif;
[laomrsufpad &m*gwkaYd Mumifh vrf;ajzmifrh wfpmG roGm;wwfatmif jzpfaeygu ajcovk;H
<uufom;\atmufpGef;&Sd(ovkH;aMum)ukd¤if;? yckH;pGef; 2-bufrS *kwfqufodkY oG,fwef;
vsuf&adS om yck;H aMumud¤k if; ESyd af y;&m\/
9/ trsKd;orD;rsm; y#doaE¨wnfaomtcg ud, k 0f ef\awaZm"mwfaMumifh rD;,yftck;d wkYd

onf txufow Ykd ufí &ifqjYdk cif;? ysKdt
Y efjcif;? &ifcjH cif;wkjYd zpfcahJ omf om;jrwf\t
f xuf
vufarmif;qufteD;wGif &Sad om om;jrwfaMumudk ESyd af y;&m\/
10/ vufuyfjcif;? vufaojcif;wkjYd zpfcahJ omf om;jrwf\txuf vuf 4-opf&dS om;jrwf

aMumuk¤d if;? &if0\b0ifaMumud¤k if;? vufarmif;atmuf om;jrwfaMumab;&Sd armif;
auGaY Mumuk¤d if; ESyd af y;&m\/
11/ avqkjYd cif;? &ifqjYdk cif;? &ifMuyfjcif;? avxk;d jcif;wkjYd zpfcahJ omf vufjyifaMumuk¤d if;?
aemufaMum\ftv,fu¤kd if; ESyd af y;&m\/
12/ eHab;xk;d jcif;? emjcif;?f 'lvmfanmif;udu k jf cif;? avemjcif;? &ifbwfemjcif;wkjYd zpfchJ

aomf eHab;aMumrsm;ud¤k if;? csufatmuf vuf 3-opftuGm&Sd 0rf;aMumuk¤d if; ESyd ef ,f
jyKjyifay;&m\/ xko d Ykd 0rf;aMumukd ESyd af omtcg om;tdru f kd xdomG ;wwfonf/ om;tdrf
onf 0rf;aMumESiu hf yfvsuf&o dS nf/ om;tdru f kd ESyd rf o
d jzifh OwkaoG;xdejf cif;? rrSejf cif;?
qD;usifjcif;? atmifjh cif;wkjYd zpfcahJ omf rD;an§mift h xuf vuf 2-opf&dS rdvm’ aMumukd vuf
ukex f ;dk odyv
f suf ESyd &f m\? jyKjyif&m\/
48
rauG;0if;jrifh
13/ tdyrf aysmfvQif aygifwiG ;f tm&kaH MumwavQmufu¤kd if;? ajczrk;d qkid ;f rsm;aMumuk¤d if;
zaemift
h eD; ajcrsufpad tmuf&dS yx0DaoG;tdraf Mumud¤k if; ESyd &f m\/
14/ tqpftjrpfuu dk cf jJ cif;? rsufprd eI jf cif;? woef;oef; wufjcif;? ajcaxmufrsufcsdrsuf

jcif;? tdyíf raysmfjcif;? ajcaxmufqefw Y ef;aejcif;wkYd jzpfvQif csuf\txuf b0ifaMum
ud¤k if;? csuf0,
J moBuD;(olBuD;)ud¤k if;? 'l;zsm;twGi;f waumufaMumrsm;rS em;&if;txd
yg'&ufvidk ;f aMumfu¤kd if; vuf0g;apmif;jzifh axmifvsuf ESyd &f m\/
15/ rD;wGi;f uJo

h Ydk ajc'l;ylcahJ omf 'l;qpftwGi;f waumufaMumudk ESyd ef ,fjyKjyifay;&m\/
16/ cg;emjcif;? cg;ukud jf cif;? cg;yljcif;? cg;atmifjh cif;? cg;rsufjcif;? cg;apmif;jcif;? cg;
awmifjh cif;paom cg;ESiyhf wfoufaom a&m*ga0'emrsm;jzpfcahJ omf ajczrk;d rS 'l;qpftxd
yg'&ufaMumudk ESyd ef ,fjyKjyifay;&m\/
17/ qD;0gjcif;? qD;atmifjh cif;? qD;rajzmifjh cif;? (rkwu

å pd )f wkjYd zpfvQif zaemift
h xuf rk;d ckd
aMumwavQmuf ESyd af y;&m\/
18/ ylwcg csrf;wvSnhf iSuzf sm;uJo h zYdk sm;cJah omf ajcrtMum;&Sd yg'&uftqk;H aMumuk¤d if;?
ajcz0g;&Sd yx0DaMumuk¤d if; ESyd &f m\/
19/ tzsm;jyif;pGm wufaomaMumifh ar;jref;r& ief;zrf;onftxd jzpfcJhaomf zaemifh

aMum(<uufom;armif;xdyaf Mum)vsifjrefpmG jyKjyifEydS ef ,fay;&m\/
20/ tylBuD;í ief;zrf;aomf ajcrsufpad tmuf tjyif'v

l myg'&ufaMumud¤k if;? twGi;f
yx0DaMumud¤k if; ESyd &f m\/
21/ wkeíf jyif;xefpmG zsm;aomf ajcrcGMum;&Sd taMumuk¤d if;? ajcz0g;&Sd yx0DaMumuk¤d if;?
zaemift
h xuf&dS yg'&ufaMumuk¤d if; e,fí e,fí ESyd &f m\/
22/ ajcaxmufcsdejYJ zpfcv

hJ Qif 'l;zsm;atmuf&dS ndKo
Y BuD;(olBuD;)aMumukd ESyd &f m\/
þum; ayrlrS &&Sad om a&S;a[mif;jrefrmh&;dk &m taMumjyifenf;w&yfjzpfygonf/
49
usef;rmrItjzmjzm odaumif;p&m
udE&é mem aysmufap&m
"mwfqo dk nfrmS qef;awmh tqef;om;/ r,kí H vnf; rjzpf/ rsufjrifvufawGjY zpf
aeonf/ bmhaMumifh 'Dvjdk zpf&wmvJ[k pOf;pm;Munfjh yefawmhvnf; ÓPfrrDí tarmom
tzwfwifonf/
rauG; a&eHacsmif; um;pcef;rSm OD;eD[laomtvkyform;wa,muf &Sdygonf/
waeYawmh 0ufarG;&eftwGuf 0ufaygufpuav; ok;H aumif 0,fvmygonf/ 0ufaygufp
uav;ok;H aumifukd &ifciG rf mS yku d Nf yD; olaewJoh *d gF *D&&d yfuu G xf uJ tdru f kd jyefyyYdk gonf/
OD;eD naetvkyo f rd ;f vkYd tdrjf yefawmh a&csKd;&ef [efjyifygonf/ OD;eD rde;f ru ]]a&csKd;vkYd
rjzpfb;l av? awmh aeYv,fu awmfbJ 0ufawGayGv Y mwm r[kwv f m;}} OD;eDvnf; xkt d cg
usrS owd&um ]]at; - [kwo f m;bJ? 'gayr,fh acR;awGeYJ uk, d af &uav;awmh oyfvu dk f
tk;H rS}}ajymajymqkq d Edk iS hf uk,d af &oyf? vufajca&aq;vku d pf Of OD;eDtrd af tmufrS 0ufayguf
uav;okH;aumif twkH;t&kH; aooGm;ygawmh\/
aemufwaeY OD;eDEiS ahf wGaY wmh-
]]ajym rajymcsifygbl; OD;0if;jrif&h ,f? raeYu 0ufuav;ok;H aumif udpaö csma&m
AsKd?Y usKyfred ;f ru a&rcsKd;zkYd owday;ao;w,f/ 'ghaMumifh a&awmifrcsKd;ygbl;? uk, d af &
uav;oyf? ajcuav; aq;&keH YJ 0ufuav;ok;H aumif aoawmhwmbJ}}
]]b,fvkd "mwfoabmygvdrfh}}
]]b,fv"dk mwfreS ;f rodygbl;Asm? 0ufudk vlu xrf;As? xrf;NyD; 0ufudk wae&m
csxm;NyD; vla&csKd;Munfh? 0uf csufcsif;aow,fAsm? 'ghaMumifh 0ufarG;wJhvlawG 'Dudpö
odyfowdxm;Mu&w,f}}
onftaMumif;rsm;ESifhywfoufí rauG;NrdKUe,f aumifpDOuú|OD;azoef;ESifh
pum;pyfrMd uawmh-
]]'gawG tqef;Mu,fom;As? uRefawmfwkdY tkwfzkwfwJhae&mrSm tkwfawGusuf
atmif xif;vk;H awGerYJ ;D NrdKuf&w,f r[kwv f m;? tJ'x D if;xJrmS qD;jzLom;ryg&atmif odyf
*&kpu dk &f w,f/ qD;jzLom; wacsmif;wav Mum;n§yyf goGm;&if &So d rQtkwaf wG tukeu f JG
awmhb}J }ajym\/ tkwv f yk of m;BuD;rsm;ESiahf wGíY ar;Munfjh yefawmhvnf;-
]]r,kv H v Ydk m;? tkwzf ;dk cHEikd &f if prf;Munfah v? qD;jzLom;uawmh usKyfwt Ydk w k zf w
k f
wJvh al wG odyo f wdxm;&w,f? olyg&if tkwaf wG tukeu f yJG sufuek w f mbJ? bmoabmrSe;f
rodbl;Asm}}[l\/
50
rauG;0if;jrifh
waeY/ a&eHacsmif;NrdKU odrfjzLaq;ay;XmerS wm0efcHOD;Zif;OD;jrzl;ESifh"mwfo

abmqef;Mu,faMumif; pum;pyfrMd uawmh OD;Zif;OD;jrzl;u-
]]ud0k if;jrifEh ,S ?f avmurSm qef;Mu,fwmawGawmh trsm;csnf;yJ? urÇm&h efbuf
aMumife<YJ uufwAhJ s? aMumifEw I cf rf;arG;eJ<Y uufEw I cf rf;arG;...?... (,if;pD&ifyu Hk kd ajym

jyygonf/ vG,fvnf; vG,fygonf/ ynmÓPftajrmftjrifr&Sdolrsm;? ukokdvfuH? tuk
okv d uf rH odorl sm; tvGo J ;Hk pm;vkyu f 'kua© &mufEidk í f xnfo h iG ;f raz:jyawmhyg/ pma&;
ol/) aemufwck qef;wmu udE&é mem ukx;Hk As? ]]"mwfpm}}eJu Y w k m? aysmufuif;wm ok;H
a,muf&NdS yD/ ok;H a,mufuk ok;H a,mufaysmufwmaem/ olu vlrmS tjzpfenf;wJt h emuk;d /
udE&é mqkw d mu csKdi;f Mum;xJ tusdwv f ;Hk awG ay:vmwm/ b,fa&mnma&m? wvk;H u ESpf
vk;H ? ESpv f ;Hk u ok;H vk;H qkw d mvkd qufwu dk f ay:vmawmh vufEpS zf uf udE&é D udE&é mvkd 0JysH
awmhrvkd ajr§mufxm;&wmaygh/ tJ'v D dk udE&é mtemukd "mwfpmeJu Y o k As/ yxrqk;H wum
wa,mufAs? wumBuD; bmrS vkyrf aeeJ/Y taumif;qk;H uawmh rkv YH ;Hk a&ay: 33-vk;H wdwd
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58

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