Wavelet Preprocessing for
Automated Neural Network
Tulga Kalayci and Ozcan Ozdamar
University of Miami
Deportment of Biomedical Engineering
160
Detection of EEG Spikes
Eandlectroencephalography is an important
clinical tool for diagnosing, monitoring
managing neurological disorders re-
lated to epilepsy. This disorder is charac-
terized by sudden recurrent and transient
disturbances of mental function andor
movements of the body that result from
excessive discharge of groups of brain
cells. The presence of epileptiform activ-
ity in the electroencephalogram (EEG)
confirms the diagnosis of epilepsy, which
sometimes can be confused with other
disorders producing similar seizure-like
activity. During seizures, the scalp EEG of
patients with epilepsy is characterized by
high amplitude synchronized periodic
EEG waveforms, reflecting abnormal dis-
charge of a large group of neurons. Be-
tween seizures, epileptiform transient
waveforms, which include spikes and
sharp waves, are typically observed on the
scalp EEG of such patients.
According to The Committee on Ter-
minology of the International Federation
of Societies for Electroencephalography
and Clinical Neurophysiology definition
[ 11, an EEG spike is a transient waveform,
clearly distinguished from background ac-
tivity, with a pointed peak and a duration
from 20 to 70 ms. The main component is
generally surface negative. Spikes may
occur alone but more often a slow wave
follows, lasting from 150-350 ms, forming
a “spike and slow wave complex.” The
detection of the spikes and the spike and
wave complexes requires their separation
from general EEG background activity,
particularly from electromyographic
(EMG) artifacts. Examples of such EEG
events are shown in Fig. 1 . The form of the
spike is generally assumed to have little
diagnostic information. However, spike or
spike and wave complexes may occur re-
petitively, with the repetition rate carrying
information on the status of the disease.
Detecting and classifying sharp tran-
sient waveforms by visual screening of the
EEG record is a complex and time con-
suming operation. The electroencepha-
lographer (EEGer), although guided by
the general definitions for epileptogenic
IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
sharp transient waveforms, uses addi-
tional subjective criteria based on contex-
tual information and other heuristics to
reach a decision. Therefore, visual screen-
ing of the EEG records requires highly
trained professionals, who are in generally
short supply. Thus, there is an urgent need
to automatically detect spikes and sei-
zures. In addition, the use of ambulatory
monitoring, which produces 24 hour or
longer continuous EEG recordings is be-
coming more common, thus further in-
creasing the need for automated detection
methods.
Over the past decade, great progress
has been made in the automatic analysis
of EEGs for recognizing epileptiform
transients. Several computer algorithms
and programs have been developed (e.g.,
[2, 31). Mimetic techniques have been
widely used for detecting epileptiform
discharges. For spike detection, mimetic
methods usually decompose the EEG into
waves or half waves by determining ex-
trema of amplitude. Each wave is then
examined for its fit to a set of predeter-
mined criteria, e.g., duration, amplitude,
slope and sharpness [4,5].
With an EEG free of artifact, a reason-
ably accurate detection of spikes and
sharp waves is possible. However, diffi-
culties arise with artifacts, particularly
those caused by EMG activity and other
EEG activity resembling spikes. These
problems increase the number of false
detections, which commonly plague all
automatic systems [2, 31. In recent years,
an artificial intelligence approach using
expert systems methods has been intro-
duced to solve these problems [3, 51. Al-
though fairly successful, this approach
becomes increasingly difficult due to the
proliferation of the rules and the need for
computers with large memories and large
processing power. In addition, EEGers
cannot agree on a complete set of rules
acceptable to all, limiting the success of
this method [6].
An alternative approach is the use of
the newly emerging technology of artifi-
cial neural networks (ANNs). Many stud-
0739-51 75/95/54.0001995 Morth/April 1995

Spike
ssw
1. Examples of classified EEG events. SSW events include spikes, and spike and
wave complexes. Non-SSW events encompass background EEG and electromyo-
genic activity (EMG). Scalp negativity is plotted in the upward direction.
ies using this approach for detecting EEG
spikes have already been reported [7-lo].
Modeled after properties of natural neu-
rons, ANNs are composed of basic com-
puting units, which learn and recognize
patterns in ways similar to humans. ANNs
do not need any specific rules but only
examples for training. Thus, ANNs offer
an attractive solution to recognition and
classification tasks where complete rules
cannot be written.
ANN based spike detection systems
basically use two different approaches for
input representation: a) extracted EEG pa-
rameters or b) raw EEG signal. In the first
approach, spike parameters extracted
from the EEG signal, such as slope and
sharpness, are presented to the ANNs for
training and testing [7]. The success of
such a system depends heavily on the
proper selection of the parameters, which
may not be completely known in advance.
In the second approach, the raw EEG sig-
nal is presented to the NN after proper
scaling and windowing [8-1I]. With this
approach, successful results have been ob-
tained by using a sliding input window
both in off-line [8] and real-time [9, 101
operations. The window size of 20 points
(100 ms) produced successful results [8-
lo]. Later, this window was extended to
30 points (150 ms) for further improving
detection accuracy [ 1 11. The use of a small
window of this size, however, excludes
the contextual information, which is help-
ful in recognizing many artifacts such as
Morch/Aprill995
EMG
Background H for all the frequencies in the time-fre-
200 msec
I
Non-SSW
EMG. Although enlarging the input win-
dow size may overcome this problem, the
training of such networks becomes trou-
blesome and unrealistic for real-life sys-
tems.
Representing a larger data input win-
dow without increasing the input size may
provide a solution to this problem. The
wavelet transform (WT), with its variable
window size, has well known data com-
pression and time-frequency filtering ca-
pabilities [ 121. Another application of
WTs is in the area of signal detection.
Preliminary theoretical and practical stud-
ies in this area show potential for future
applications [ 13, 141.
The short time Fourier transform
(STFT) is used for time-frequency analy-
sis of signals on a routine basis. Essen-
tially, the STFT is a localized Fourier
transform operating with a sliding time
window. The STFT of a signal x(t) is
defined by:
where g(t) is the time window and z rep-
resents the location of the center of the
time window. Here STFTx(z, f) corre-
sponds to the spectrum of the signal x(t)
around the time T.
The STFT has some drawbacks. It uses
a fixed time-frequency resolution defined
by Heisenberg’s inequality:
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1
time * bandwidth = Af * At 2 - (2)
4n
This means that neither time nor band-
width can be arbitrarily small, and in-
creasing the resolution in time decreases
the resolution in frequency, and vice
versa. Another characteristic of the STFT
is its fixed time-frequency resolution.
Once a time window has been chosen, the
time-frequency resolution stays the same
quency plane. These features may not be
desirable for analysis of nonstationary
signals, such as biological signals.
The WT overcomes some of the short-
comings of the STFT by performing a
multiresolution analysis of signals [ 15,
161. The WT of a signal x(t) is defined as:
In WT, analysis of a signal is carried out
by the use of a special function, h(t), called
the mother wavelet. This function is trans-
lated in time for selecting that part of the
signal to be analyzed. The portion of the
signal selected is then expanded or con-
tracted using a scale parameter, a [15],
which is analogous to frequency. For
small values of a, the wavelet is a narrow
function of the original function, which
corresponds roughly to higher frequen-
cies. For very large values of a, the wav-
elet is expanded and corresponds to a low
frequency. In the WT, high frequency
components are analyzed with a sharper
time resolution than low frequency com-
ponents [ 15).This is a desirable property,
especially in analyzing fast transient
waveforms such as EEG spikes.
The function WTx(z,a) is the projec-
tion of the signal onto the wavelet shifted
by and scaled by a, and hence indicates
the contribution of the wavelet to the sig-
nal. Thus, such a transformation does not
lead to a time-frequency representation
but instead to a time-scale decomposition
in which scales are related to frequency.
The highest scale corresponds to the high-
est frequencies represented in the signal,
and the bandwidth of this scale ranges
from the Nyquist frequency (half of the
sampling rate) to one half of the Nyquist
frequency. Bandwidth of scales decreases
by a factor of two, and at the same time,
the number of the WT coefficients in
scales decreases by a factor of two. Thus,
while the top scale contains 256 coeffi-
161
 WT as a preprocessor for enlarging the
window size of an ANN input is explored
for EEG spike detection. The goal is to
50 pV I investigate if and how such a process can
reduce the input size without compromis-
- - A A ing the accuracy of the detection process.
J
EEG Materials and Methods
A CL The methodology followed in this
study is summarized in Fig. 2 . It consists
of three sequentially performed proce-
dures: a) data selection, b) wavelet trans-
formation, and c) neural network training
Q L Scale rQ and testing.
The EEG data used in this study were
obtained from five patients who were di-
agnosed with epilepsy and were under
1 evaluation in the Epilepsy Center of the
I’
Miami Children’s Hospital. There were
two male subjects and three female sub-
2 jects, with an average age of 13.8 years
I
(15, oldest; 8, youngest). EEG data were
acquired with disk electrodes placed using
collodion in accordance with the 10-20
3
electrode placement system. Sixteen
channels of analog EEG data from each

4 1 1 - ””
subject were amplified, bandpass filtered
(1-70 Hz), and recorded on video tapes
using a commercial EEG monitoring sys-
tem (Telefactor, W. Conshohocken, PA)
Fifteen minute sections of each subject’s
6 5 data were randomly selected and digitized
with a 100 Hz sampling rate at 14 bit
resolution. Digitized data were visually
examined by two EEG experts using a
NN training computerized EEG system developed in
and testing our facilities. This system allowed EEG
experts to examine EEG data and search
for spikes and other events and to perform
the data preparation procedures on the
selected EEG portions.

Data Selection
During evaluation, experts searched
for two main EEG events: a) spikekpike
2. Methodology. Data selection and generation of ANN training and testing files and wave (SSW) and b) any other activity
(stage A), wavelet transforms of data files computed using Daub-4 and Daub-20 wav- (non-SSW) including background EEG
elets (stage B), three layer feedforward neural networks trained and tested using and muscle artifacts. After a SSW event
wavelet transform coefficients (stage C). was selected in consensus among experts,
the main peak of the spike was positioned
at the center of a 5.12 s wide analysis
window on the computer display (Fig. 2a).
cients from the transform of 512 data lar scale localized in a small time window. For non-SSW events, a random point in
points, the next lower scale contains half The wave portion of the spike wave com- EEG data was selected and positioned at
of this number, 128 coefficients, and so plex will be represented in a lower scale the center of the analysis window. After
on. A proper selection of coefficients from of the WT, covering a wider span of time. positioning the EEG event, the data in the
different scales may be used to compress Thus, with the proper selection of WT analysis window (512 points) were ex-
or represent original signals [ 141. scales and time spans, a fewer number of tracted from the main file and stored in a
The above property of the WT can be WT coefficients may be used to represent separate file for subsequent transforma-
useful in representing with few coeffi- the spikes and spike wave complexes, re- tion with wavelets. Following the above
cients the essential characteristics of the sulting in a neural network with fewer procedure, a total of 3614 SSW (761 files)
EEG spikes and spike wave complexes. inputs, as explored in a previous study and non-SSW (2853 files) files were gen-
Since spikes contain high frequency en- 1171. erated.
ergy, they will be represented in a particu- In this study, the feasibility of using the

162 IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY March/April1995

 structed using WT coefficients of each
A decomposition scale as follows: First, the
Spike and Wave original waveform was reconstructed us-
ing coefficients in Scale 1 only. Then,
scales 1 and 2 were used. This procedure
was repeated for all scales (e.g., 1 + 2, 1 +
2 + 3, etc.). Results of each reconstruction
were visually compared with the original
waveform. This small experiment showed
that the last three scales (scale 6,7, and 8)
which had 8,4, and 2 coefficients, respec-
tively, had very little effect on the shape
of SSWs and non-SSW EEG data. There-
fore, these three scales were not used in
"- I I the rest of the study.
0 05
Scale WT coefficients from the remaining
OW 5 five resolution scales were used to gener-
0 14
Scale ate NN training and testing files. For this
purpose, eight coefficients (four points
taken from each side of the selected cen-
ter) from each scale were selected, as
shown in Fig. 3. Due to multiresolution
B decomposition, eight coefficients repre-
sented different time durations in different
scales.The time duration covered with
eight WT coefficients from each scale and
their corresponding frequency ranges
modified from Trejo and Shensa [ 141 are
presented in Table 1.
A variety of ANN training and testing
sets were formed using different scale
0 02 combinations to investigate the effects of
nr, - 7 -vnu c - r- Scale
0 01
v u U I-

3 the different WT scales on detection. For

0 03
n
I n n n- - rl Scale example, one set was formed containing
eight coefficients from Scale 1 only. An-
other set was formed using 24 coefficients
from 3 scales. Scale combinations and
their effects on classification accuracy are
presented in the Results section.

Neural Networks
3. Multiscale representation of wavelet transforms of a spike and wave complex (a), In the third stage (Fig. 2c), three layer
and an EMG activity (b). Both results are obtained using Daub-20 type wavelet. Fig- feedforward networks employing the
ures show the top six scales. Double vertical bars in the top graph encompass 80 ms. back propagation (BP) learning algorithm
Eight coeffkents taken from each scale are indicated by the arrows. were trained and tested using WT coeffi-
cients obtained as described above. Each
network had a different number of input
Wavelet transform points, and so on. To investigate the con- nodes, variable numbers of hidden layer
In the second stage (Fig. 2b), wavelet tribution of each resolution scale, a group neurons (from 3 to 8), and one output
transforms of the SSW and non-SSW files of SSW and non-SSW files were selected. neuron. SSW and non-SSW events were
containing 512 points of EEG data were After WT, original signals were recon- represented as 0.8 and -0.8, respectively.
comDuted using 2 tvDes of wavelet func-
v d 1

tions, Daubechies 4 (Daub-4) and I

Table I: Windows and CorrespondingWavelengths I
Daubechies 20 (Daub-20) [14, 181. Re-
sults were presented on the computer dis-
Time Window (ms)
play in multiresolution decomposition
form, as shown in Fig. 3.
~~~~

'-
7

Wavelet transformation of 5 12 data -

21.76 50.00
, 21 .OO - 50.00
- - I

March/Aprill995 IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 163

The hyperbolic tangent function was used
as the activation function. Each network
was trained and tested at least twice, and
the best result was taken as the best clas-
sification accuracy of that particular net-
work.
As mentioned above, during data
preparation a total of 3614 data files were
generated. After wavelet transformation,
1200 of these files (400, SSW; 800, non-
SSW) were randomly selected to form the
training set for ANNs, while the rest
were used as the testing set. Testing set
contained 361 SSW and 2053 non-SSW
files.
Classification performance of the
ANNs was measured using the conven-
tional criteria. SSWs and non-SSWs were
considered as positive and negative events
respectively. Consequently, a true posi-
tive (TP) outcome was registered when
both the ANN and EEG experts classified
an EEG portion as SSW. False positive
(FP), true negative (TN), and false nega-
tive (FN) outcomes were similarly de-
fined. Using these definitions, sensitivity
and specifity values were calculated using
the formulas TP * (TP + FN)/100, and TN
* (FP + TN)/l00, respectively. The aver-
age of these two percentages was used to
calculate the overall classification accu-
racy.
Results
Figures 4a and 4b show classification
accuracy of different ANNs, which were
trained and tested using WT coefficients
from different scale combinations. For all
ANNs, testing results were remarkably
close to the training results, indicating
good generalization. On the average, test-
ing accuracy was only about 2.1 % lower
than training accuracy for all the ANN
configurations tested. Since there is only
a small and consistent difference between
testing and training results, only the test-
ing results will be referred in the discus-
sions below.
When only one scale (eight coeffi-
cients) was used, drastically different clas-
sification accuracy was obtained
depending on the scale used. Scales 1, 2,
and 5 showed poor classification accuracy
close to the chance level (50 percent).
Only the ANN configuration using Daub-
4, Scale 1 input gave a higher classifica-
tion accuracy, about 80 percent. Scale 4
gave a result of around 74%, which is
between those obtained with Scales 5 and
1. Scale 3 showed the best classification
accuracy for eight coefficients, which was
between 85 and 90% for both Daub-4 and
Daub-20 wavelets.
When Scale 3 was combined with any
164
A Daub-4
95
oTrain
90 OTest 7.5
5.8
85
80 7
75
70
65
60
55
50
45 m 2
3 4 5 1+2 1+3 2+3 3+4
Multiresolution Scale Combinations
4+5 1+2+3
E?
951 rn
90 ! ! !
85
80
75
70
65 -
50
45 ~ g ' g
1 2 3 4 5 1+2 1+3 2+3 3+4 4+5 1+2+3
Multiresolution Scale Combinations
, Training and testing accuracy results of ANNs using different scale combinations.
Results obtained using Daub-4 (a) and Daub-20 (b) wavelets.
other scale (Scales 2, 3 or 4; with 16 3. With the exception of Scale 1, the out-
coefficients), better accuracy (over 90%) comes of Daub-20 and Daub-4 were simi-
was obtained. None of the other combina- lar.
tions produced results of such high accu- The effects of changing the number of
racy. For example, the combination of the hidden layer neurons were also investi-
Scales 4 and 5 produced an accuracy of gated during the training and testing proc-
about 80% for both Daub-4 and Daub-20 esses. Briefly, increasing the number of
wavelets. With 3 scale combinations (24 the hidden layer neurons did not change
coefficients), results did not improve sig- the classification percentages dramati-
nificantly. cally. For most of the ANNs, the differ-
The overall highest classification accu- ence between classification percentages
racy, 91.4%, was obtained using Daub-20 of ANNs with 3 hidden layer neurons and
wavelet function and the combination of ANNs with 8 hidden layer neurons was
Scales 3 and 4. This result is slightly around +2 percent. Therefore, for each
higher than using Scale 3 alone, which network set, the ANN with the highest
produced an outcome of 90.2 percent. Us- classification percentage was accepted as
ing Daub-4 wavelet, the highest classifi- the most successful network, regardless of
cation percentage, (90.8%) was achieved number of the hidden layer neurons.
using the combination of Scales 1, 2, and
IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Morth/April1995
 Discussion
The purpose of this study was to inves-
tigate the feasibility of using a WT as a
preprocessor for an ANN based EEG
spike detection system. The study aimed
at decreasing the input size to the ANN
detector, without decreasing the informa-
tion content of the signal and degrading
the detection performance. Since routine
clinical EEG requires recordings from
many channels (generally 32 or 64), input
size becomes a critical design parameter
for real-time multichannel spike detection
systems. For a sliding window of 20
points, more than 600 input lines will be
necessary for a 32-channel system, which
is not easily manageable with current
ANN technology. One approach to this
problem is to use a single ANN module for
each EEG channel and integrate the out-
puts across channel information with a
second module. We have successfully de-
veloped a 16 channel prototype of such a
system working in real-time [9, 101. This
system used a 20 point (100 ms) sliding
time window and employed a floating
point digital signal processor for real-time
operation. Adding more channels to this
system would be difficult for real-time
operation. In addition, our recent studies
showed that the best detection perfom-
ance is attained with a 30 point (150 ms)
time window [ 1 11, further increasing the
computational load. Thus, the develop-
ment of a preprocessor to reduce the input
size without significantly reducing the in-
formation content would be very helpful
in developing large multichannel EEG
spike detection systems.
The use of input data preprocessing for
ANN detection of neuroelectric signals
has been explored previously using vari-
ous neuroelectric signals [14, 19, 201.
Among preprocessing methods, time and
frequency transformations have been in-
vestigated the most. In a previous study,
we explored the effects of time (normali-
zation) and frequency (spectrum) trans-
formations and their combinations on the
threshold detection performance of audi-
tory brainstem responses [ 191. Although
transformations involving amplitude
spectrum were less successful than ampli-
Unprocessed 20
I
Table II: Best Performance Values for ANNs
input
Sensitivity (Yo) 91.1
Specifity (“/.) 95.9
Accuracy (“A) 93.5
MarthlApril1995
tude normalization, their combination
greatly enhanced detection performance.
In a more recent paper more directly re-
lated to this study, Jando, et al., [20]
showed that Fourier transformation of a
sliding EEG window greatly improved the
performance of the ANN detection of rat
EEG spikes. The above studies, however,
did not aim to reduce the number of input
nodes to the ANN, but rather improve their
performance. The goal of the present
study was to decrease the input size to the
ANN without decreasing performance,
since very high detection rates already
have been achieved with ANN using raw
data [ 111. The present study shows that
this goal is achievable with a preprocessor
using WT.
The results presented in this study
show that the use of the WT drastically
decreases the input size of the ANN, with-
out much compromise in its performance.
The most important factor in performance,
however, was the proper selection of the
scale or the combination of scales. As
shown in Fig. 4, even one scale (Scale 3)
with 8 inputs was adequate in providing
more than 90% accuracy in detection per-
formance. Scale 3 performed the best for
both types of Daubechies wavelets indi-
cating that it contained most of the rele-
vant information for detection. Addition
of other scales to Scale 3 improved detec-
tion only slightly, indicating that addi-
tional scales contain mostly redundant
information.
In order to evaluate the performance of
the WT processed ANN results, we pre-
pared the detection performance of un-
processed inputs with different window
sizes. These results were obtained in con-
junction with another study investigating
the effects of window size [ I 11, which
used the same large data set used as this
study. The results are tabulated in Table 2.
As observed, WT-processed test results
are only slightly lower than unprocessed
results; yet input size is reduced more than
50 percent. The detection performance of
both WT networks containing reduced in-
put nodes is comparable to the previous
NN with larger input nodes.
Regardless of wavelet type, proper se-
_ _
I .~
30 input Processed
(Daub-4)8 input
93.1 82.0 1 89.1
_ _ . ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______
94.3 89.9 1 91.8
93.7 86.0 90.4
IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
lection of a scale or scale combination
appears to be another important factor in
obtaining higher classification values. Re-
sults show that lower scales (scale 1 and
2), which contain higher frequency com-
ponents, do not carry enough information
to discriminate between the SSW and
non-SSW events. This could be due to the
fact that high frequency components of
SSW events and EMG activity may accu-
mulate in the same scales. The above dis-
cussion does not hold for the test results
of Daub-4, Scale 1 data, which show a
high classification accuracy (Fig. 4a).
Currently, we do not have an explanation
for this anomalous result.
Inspection of both graphs of Fig 4
shows that Scale 3 presents significantly
higher classifications when compared to
other one-scale results. In addition, other
scale combinations, including Scale 3,
show higher classification accuracy than
the scale combinations without it. There-
fore, it may be assumed that Scale 3 con-
tains the most important classification
information that may be related to the
frequency bandwidth of spike signals. To
explore this idea, the bandwidths of both
Daubechies wavelengths for different
scales listed in Table 1 were inspected. As
observed, the frequency bandwidth of
Scale 3 ranges from 4.1 to 9.5 Hz and from
3.7 to 8.9 Hz for Daub-4, and Daub-20,
respectively. Although there is not
enough information about frequency
characteristics of spikes or waves, a rough
calculation shows that the frequency
range of Scale 3 covers the frequency
range of spikes. Similarly, the frequency
range of Scale 4, which also shows high
classification values, includes the fre-
quency range of the waves in spike and
wave complexes. As a result, the combi-
nation of Scales 3 and 4 shows the highest
results for Daub-20.
Another factor to be considered in the
design of a WT preprocessor is the selec-
tion of wavelet type. Although in this
study accuracies between Daub-4 and
Daub-20 were not drastically different,
other type wavelets, such as Morlet’s
wavelet or spline wavelets, may provide
better results. Designing a mother wavelet
_ . 1 ~ ~ ~
L
Processed
(Daub-20)8 input ’
87.3
_ ~
90.8
-1
93.3 93.2
90.3 92.0
165
that matches the shape or frequency char-
acteristics of SSW events may also offer
higher accuracy. These possibilities are
open for future studies.
The successful results obtained with
WT preprocessing can be attributed to the
to variable frequency representation and
data compression properties of WTs. Such
preprocessing can also be used in other
signal processing applications of ANNs to
reduce data input size and/or improve per-
formance. One slight disadvantage of us-
ing WT preprocessing is the difficulty of
interpretation of the results. This may be
precluded in the future, as more experi-
ence is obtained about the characteristics
of wavelets.
Acknowledgment
This study was partially supported by
a Florida High Technology and Industry
Council (FHTIC) grant to Dr. Ozcan
Ozdamar.
Tulga Kalayci received his M.D. de-
gree from Ege University School of Medi-
cine, Izmir, Turkey in 1990. He worked as
a research assistant from 1990 to 1992 in
their Biophysics Department. Currently,
he is on leave from Ege University, where
he is pursuing his PhD. degree in Biophy-
ics, and a visiting scholar in the Depart-
m e n t of B i o m e d i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ,
University of Miami. His research inter-
ests are in the areas of application of neural
networks to biological signal analysis and
classification, intraoperative monitoring
systems, application of wavelets in
biomedical signal processing, time fre-
quency analysis of biological signals. He
can be reached at tkalayci@umiami.ir.mi-
ami.edu.
Ozcan Ozdamar received his B.S.E.E.
degree in 1971 from Middle East Techni-
cal University in Ankara, Turkey. He
earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
Biomedical Engineering from Northwest-
166
ern University, Evanston, Illinois in 1973,
and 1976, respectively. He is currently a
Professor of Biomedical Engineering at
the University of Miami, Coral Gables,
Florida, USA, with secondary appoint-
ments in the departments of Otolaryngol-
ogy and Pediatrics of the School of
Medicine. His current research interests
are in the application of artificial neural
networks to EEGs, EP and speech proc-
essing, intelligent biomedical devices,
hearing prostheses for the deaf, and auto-
mated electrophysiologic testing of hear-
i n g . A d d r e s s for c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :
University of Miami, Dept. of Biomedical
Eng., PO Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL
33 124 USA
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