UTILIZATION OF MUNG BEANS (Vigna radiata) WITH SODIUM

POLYACRYLATE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE

OF POTASSIUM BATTERY

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the English Department

Trece Martires City Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Research Project

By:

Pauline F. Campillo

Angelyn L. Carandang

Deserie M. Diokno

Caleb T. Lopez

Ryan D. Obseñares

Charls Lorence T. Torres

James J. Vergara

September 2019
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will present the background of the study, research gap, statement of

the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitations.

Background of the Study

Battery is a device that produces electrons through electro-chemical reactions

and it has a positive and negative terminals. As of today, lithium batteries are widely

used for appliances that are not affordable for some consumers. Based from Gilmore

and Sundaresan (2013), lithium-ion batteries are one of the most widely used as

commercial batteries that are expensive for the consumers and may rely on inadequate

resources. Also, it costs about $100 per kilowatt hour when used as power for electric

cars.

Furthermore, there are studies about the potassium as an alternative battery that

can be used to replace lithium-ion batteries in terms of its cost, availability of resources

and electricity consumption.

According to Gilmore and Sundaresan (2013) state that potassium-ion battery

can be alternative energy storage and could be more efficient than lithium-ion. In

addition, the researchers estimated that this potassium-ion battery will cost about $44

per kilowatt hour compared to lithium battery that is pricier in terms of electricity

consumption.
 As stated by Zhang, Liu & Guo (2019) wherein potassium-ion batteries became

attractive for more serious development due to their low cost, fast ionic conductivity in

electrolyte, high operating voltage and has the largest atomic radius compared to lithium

and sodium resulting to have a highest ion mobility and ion conductivity. However, there

are some challenges in terms of structural stability of potassium-ion battery that should

be maintained to ensure long and proper performance.

Thus, there are articles about sodium polyacrylate which may deal with one of

the challenges of potassium battery which is the structural stability of the potassium

battery in maintaining its performance.

Moreover, as given by Xie, Wu, Lin, Wei & Zhong (2006, June 12) said that

sodium polyacrylate is a biocompatible material used for active systems and it is

important as electrolyte or called as hydrogel electrolytes possessing a liquid-like ionic

conductivity while preserving the structural stability of a solid state and also used for fuel

cells and dry cell batteries.

Based from the studies and articles about potassium battery, there are organic

foods that are cheap and highly nutritious, specifically beans such as cocoa

beans/cocoa pod husks, coffee beans and mung beans that contain high amount of

potassium content which lead to possible high amount of voltage and applicable to use

as a variable for potassium batteries.

Beans are the pod-borne seeds of leguminous plants and one of the important

food sources worldwide. According to Gunnars (2019) beans are highly nutritious and

very cheap compared to other foods.

 Cocoa beans or powder is one of the healthiest and oldest foods in the

world.According to Darkwa (2019) states that there is feasibility studies about cocoa

pod husks that could be converted into valuable bio-fuels and significant 15% electricity

coverage at present. This new bio-energy infrastructure would support the Ghanaian

government`s aim for universal access to electricity by 2030 if this feasibility study will

be successful.

Coffee beans are seeds of the coffee fruit and known as the coffee cherry.

According to Kay (2017) in support with Shell company states that coffee grounds/logs

are collected to become a bio-bean and give a sustainable energy solution for homes,

vehicles and for the community.

Mung beans are one of the best plant-based sources of protein, rich in essential

amino acids. It is also the long-time seed friend of many Filipinos that can be harvested

from 60 to 70 days after planting it.According to Garde (2014), mung beans are the

cheapest major source of magnesium, fiber and in potassium 100 grams hold, 1246 mg

or 26.5%.

As of today, study about utilization of mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an

alternative potassium battery is limited but there is a study stating that having a high

amount of potassium content could also give a high amount of voltage and may use the

study as a basis to come up with a potassium battery.

Based on the result of the study by Orbe (2018) from University of Baguio

entitled “The Potential of Different Fruits Waste Media Grown with Yeast

(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as Alternative Energy Source” states that getting a higher

potassium content from the variable used on the study could also be helpful to produce

a higher amount of voltage.

Therefore, researchers will conduct different preparations of Mung Beans with

sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery to determine the amount of

voltage produced, the duration of time it will sustain its electric power, and determine

the potassium content of the best treatment among different the preparations of mung

bean by means of chemical analysis.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study will answer the question: Will the Mung Beans with sodium

polyacrylate produce electricity as an alternative potassium battery?

1. What will be the amount of voltage (volts) produced by:

Treatment 1:

a. The Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium

battery;

Treatment 2:

b. The powderized Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery;

Treatment 3:

c. The toasted Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery; and

 Treatment 4:

d. The toasted powderized Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an

alternative potassium battery?

2. Will there be a significant difference among the different preparations of

Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium

battery?

3. What will be the potassium content of the best treatment among thedifferent

preparations of Mung Bean by means of chemical analysis?

4. What will be the signifiicant difference between the best treatment among the

different preparations of Mung Bean and commercial battery in terms of

voltage?

Hypotheses of the Study

This study will test the following hypotheses:

H0: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage produced by the

different treatments of Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery.

H0: There is no significant difference between the best treatment among the

different preparations of Mung Bean and commercial battery in terms of voltage.

Significance of the Study

 This study will be concerned in determining the amount of electricity in terms of

voltage produced of the mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery. The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Community.This study will be profitable for some people living in rural areas

who cannot afford to buy commercial batteries, but because of utilization of mung beans

with sodium polyacrylate as alternative potassium battery could give them cheaper and

affordable kind of battery.

Industries.The outcome of this study will be developed as a new source of safe

and renewable energy from organic materials that can be sold to the public. This would

be useful, cheaper and affordable than the commercial battery.

Farmers. This study will be beneficial for them in terms of their everyday life by

planting more mung beans with sodium polyacrylate that can be utilized as an

alternative potassium battery and can be a source of additional income.

Electronics and Electrical Professions. The findings of this study will be

helpful for them to increase their level of awareness and interest on the environment.

Utilization of mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery

could influence future electronics and electrical professions for the development of the

study.

Future researchers.Also, this study will be used as an eye-opener for to conduct

and develop the utilization of mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery by thorough scientific examinations.

Scope and Limitation

The general intent of the study “Utilization of Mung Beans (Vigna radiata) with

Sodium Polyacrylate as an Alternative Potassium Battery” will examine the amount of

electricity produced among different preparations. It is an experimental research under

qualitative research. It will be conducted from June to March 2020 at Trece Martires City

Senior High School. It will cover the amount of electricity produced by the utilization of

mung beans and the time length it will sustain its electricity.Also, it will undergo

chemical analysis at DOST Taguig Main-Laboratory to determine the potassium content

of the best treatment among the different preparations of mung bean.Moreover, this

study will determine the significant difference between the best treatment among the

different preparations of Mung Bean and commercial battery in terms of voltage.

This study will be delimiting the use of saline solution as the primary solvent

because saline solution is the mixture of salt and water. Since, dissolved salt contains

ion resulting for it to conduct electricity. Also, it will not be including the use of

microorganisms considering it as a catalyst for it will have a significant effect on the

amount of voltage produced by the mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an

alternative potassium battery. Lastly, this study will be delimiting the use of an appliance

having a high voltage requirement due to the tendency of not reaching the minimum

voltage of the appliance.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents an overview of the topic for a general understanding and

review of the variables that will be used in this study. Review of Related Literature will

prove that mung beans can produce electricity and can be an alternative potassium

battery. While the Review of Related Studies, will present studies that are related to this

study.

Battery

Battery is a device that has two terminals which is positive and negative

terminals that produces electrons thorugh electro-chemical reactions. According to

Masese (2018) stated that a basic battery provides electricity, or a flow of electrons that

can be converted to electrical energy. The word “battery” was used to describe a “series
of similar objects grouped together to perform a function” and in the year 1749, it was

used by Benjamin Franklin to describe a series of capacitors and used for electricity

experiments.

Batteries are classified into different categories and types that are based on

chemical composition, form factor, its uses and size. Primary batteries and Secondary

batteries are the two major types of battery.

Primary batteries are the one that cannot be recharged once depleted or in other

words these are non-rechargeable batteries. Primary batteries are made of

electrochemical reaction that cannot be reversed. This kind of battery is consisting of

high specific energy and the systems in which they are used to consume low amount of

power to acquire last long duration as possible. According to Emmanuel (2018) stated

that this type of battery exist in different forms ranging from coin cells to AA batteries

and the most popular type of primary batteries are alkaline batteries.

Alkaline battery is a kind of non-rechargeable battery has the ability to have a

high specific energy, environmental friendly, cost-effective and does not leak even when

fully discharged. According to Emmanuel (2018), the only downside of it is the low load

current which limits the use of devices having low current requirements such as

flashlights, portable entertainment devices and remote controls.

Zinc-carbon batteryis considered to be the first successful battery in the year

1866. Based on the Dictionary of Energy (2015) stated that this battery was known as a

“wet cell” wherein both anode and the cathode were submerged to a liquid solution of
ammonium chloride that acted as the electrolyte and used in some devices such as

flashlights and portable electronic equipment.

Secondary batterieshave a reversible reaction in which it is responsible for

generation of electricity and they can be reveted back to the original reactant state.

According to Burheim (2017), secondary batteries are also called as rechargeable

batteries that have been developed for mobile applications such as smartphones and

power tools in which lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the common secondary type of

battery.

Lithium-ion batteryis the most promising battery system for the portability in

consumer products. Lithium battery is a kind of battery utilized for low-control, high-

unwavering quality, long-life applications such as tickers, cameras and for machineries.

(Collin Dictionary, 2019). However, based from Gilmore and Sundaresan (2013),

lithium-ion batteries are one of the most widely used as commercial batteries that are

expensive for the consumers and may rely on inadequate resources. Also, it costs

about $100 per kilowatt hour when used as power for electric cars.

Lead-acid batteryis the oldest form of rechargeable battery in which it is primarily

dominating in the market because it offers lowest cost per watt-hour despite of having a

low specific energy. However, according to Engineers Garage (2011) stated that this

battery must be fully stored and reach its fully charged state to avoid sulfation resulting

to degradation of the battery performance. Also, the amount of electric power produced

by this battery is based on the amount of lead present.

 Potassium battery is a kind of battery that is in the process of development in

which it has the capability to become alternative energy storage. According to Gilmore

and Sundaresan (2013), stated that potassium-ion battery can be potential alternative

energy storage and could be more efficient than lithium-ion. In addition, the researchers

estimated that this potassium-ion battery will cost about $44 per kilowatt hour compared

to lithium battery that is pricier in terms of electricity consumption.

As stated by Zhang, Liu & Guo (2019, May 10) wherein potassium-ion batteries

became attractive for more serious development due to their low cost, fast ionic

conductivity in electrolyte, high operating voltage and has the largest atomic radius

compared to lithium and sodium resulting to have a highest ion mobility and ion

conductivity.

However, there are some lapses that are needed to develop in terms of structural

stability of potassium-ion battery that should be maintained to ensure long and proper

performance. Sodium polyacrylate could be a possible solution to ensure the

performace of the potassium battery.

Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of high absorbent resin, has an excellent water

absorption performance, is low in price and isn't corrosive. It is an odorless, grainy white

powder. It is most impressive property in its ability to absorb large amounts of fluid, up

to 800 times its volume of distilled water and lesser amount of other liquid mixtures

(Gale, 2008).

Moreover, as given by Xie, Wu, Lin, Wei & Zhong (2006, June 12) said that

sodium polyacrylate is a biocompatible material used for active systems and it is

important as electrolyte or called as hydrogel electrolytes possessing a liquid-like ionic

conductivity while preserving the structural stability of a solid state and also used for fuel

cells and dry cell batteries.

Nowadays, battery manufacturing process of each company has its own special

technical patented and secret processes, which are not bound to be revealed to

masses. According to Heimes, Kampker, Lienemann, Locke, Offermanns, Michaelis &

Rahimzei (2018), the production of the lithium battery cell consists of three main

process steps: electrode manufacturing, cell assembly and cell finishing. Electrode

production and cell finishing are largely independent of the cell type, while within cell

assembly a distinction must be made between pouch cells, cylindrical cells and

prismatic cells. Regardless of the cell type, the smallest unit of any lithium cell consists

of two electrodes and a separator, which separates the electrodes from each other. The

conductive electrolyte fills the pores of the electrodes and the remaining space inside

the cell.Recent technology developments will reduce the material and manufacturing

costs of lithium-ion battery cells and further enhance their performance characteristics.

However, there are some alternative manufacturing processes in producing a dry

cell in which the main three parts of the battery (anode, cathode and electrolyte) could

be replaced by alternative materials to maintain and prolong the performance of the

battery.

Anode is a kind of positively charged electrode that attracts electrons or anions

through external circuits where the battery is connected. According to Wagner (2016),

zinc is the most preferred anode material with the negative electrical polarity. However,
one major limitation is that the corrodible ability of the zinc is present whether it is not

delivered accordingly on its current or not. In some ways, it is true that Zinc carbon are

only consumed when the current is drawn, but the actual presence of impurities would

causes corrosion of the electrode even when the cell is inactive.

As of today, there are some non-toxic metal that can be used as an alternative

anode for batteries. According to Ritchie (2018) stated that aluminum anodes could be

the most popular non-toxic alternative to old zinc anodes and at this point, it becomes

the number one choice of engine manufacturers worldwide. Moreover, it last up to 50%

longer than zinc anodes and work well in fresh or salt water.

Cathode is a kind of negatively charged electrode that attracts cation or positive

charge. The manganese dioxide cathode material has an important content with zinc-

carbon battery.This manganese dioxide is use with special carbon black, and a solution

blended within the zinc-carbon battery.

Copper can be used as alternative cathode material and also used for electrical

equipment and also important material in making electric wires that is used for high-

voltage transmission lines. According to Huang et al. (2018) stated that metallic copper

can be served as an alternative cathode which is quite simple and broadly applicable

that could provide new opportunities having a high performance for some rechargeble

batteries.

The most common type of electrolyte used for lithium-ion battery is lithium salt in

which it transports high purity electrolytes for batteries. In addtion, according to Bhatt et

al. (2016), the solution of lithium salts in a mixture of solvents is commonly the
electrolyte in a lithium-ion cell. Dimethyl Carbonate or diethyl carbonate is an example

of solvents that is devised to mend the performance of the battery.

According to Leonard (2018), water in salt electrolyte such as concentrated

potassium acetate or potassium itself could give a wide voltage window and it helps the

reversible operation of an anode of potassium-ion batteries that functions only in non-

aqueous electrolytes.

Beans

Beans are produced from a flowering plant in the family of Fabaceae and

classified as legumes. They grow in pods which are capsules that develop from flower

and contain several beans inside (Villines, 2017). They contain 10% water, 24.5%

protein, 48% carbohydrates, dietary fiber 14.50%, and the remaining 3% lipids. Mostly

of the minerals present in greater quantities are sodium, potassium, iron, phosphorus,

manganese, calcium, zinc and selenium (Loto, 2017). Based on the given informations

above, potassium content of the beans could be a possible source of electrolytes that

can be utilized as alternative potassium battery for enough consumption.

There are some kinds of bean that can be used and utilized for producing

alternative electricity such as coffee beans, cocoa beans and mung beans.

Cocoa beans or powder is one of the healthiest and oldest foods in the world.

According to Darkwa (2019) states that there is feasibility studies about cocoa pod

husks that could be converted into valuable bio-fuels and significant 15% electricity

coverage at present. This new bio-energy infrastructure would support the Ghanaian
government`s aim for universal access to electricity by 2030 if this feasibility study will

be successful.

Coffee beans are seeds of the coffee fruit and known as the coffee cherry.

According to Kay (2017) in support with Shell company states that coffee grounds/logs

are collected to become a bio-bean and give a sustainable energy solution for homes,

vehicles and for the community.

Mung beans are one of the best plant-based sources of protein, rich in essential

amino acids and become an important pulse that are consumed all over the world,

especially in the tropical countries of Asia. It is also the long-time seed friend of many

Filipinos that can be harvested from 60 to 70 days after planting it.According to Garde

(2014), mung beans are the cheapest major source of magnesium, fiber and in

potassium 100 grams hold, 1246 mg or 26.5%.

Review of Related Studies

According to Masese et al. (2018) in their study entitled “Rechargeable

potassium-ion batteries with honeycomb-layered tellurates as high voltage cathodes

and fast potassium-ion conductors”, potassium-based materials for developing

potassium-ion based rechargeable batteries. Developments in higher, longer-lifetime

and lower-cost battery technologies are a key part of the necessary energy storage

strategy required for a more sustainable future, and potassium-ion batteries may offer a
lower-cost alternative, partly as potassium is over eight hundred times more abundant

on Earth than lithium. These honeycomb materials have shown to be thermally stable

and maintain the high voltages they are capable of producing, which bodes well for the

potential lifetimes of potassium-ion batteries based on these cathodes. The tellurate-

based materials showed high conductivity for the potassium ions and as well as play an

important role in the development of solid electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries for the

future.

In addition, according to the study of the researchers from Georgia Institute of

Technology (2018) about Sodium and Potassium-based batteries stated that the

reactions that occur inside a battery during the experiments were directly observed

inside an electron microscope, with the iron sulfide particles playing the role of a battery

electrode. The researchers found out that iron sulfide was more stable during the

reaction with sodium and potassium than with lithium, indicating that such a battery

based on sodium or potassium could have much longer life than expected. The

difference between how the different ions reacted was stark visually. When exposed to

lithium, iron sulfide particles appeared to almost explode under the electron microscope.

On the contrary, the iron sulfide expanded like a balloon when exposed to sodium and

potassium.

Moreover, according to Gilmore & Sundaresan (2019) from Ohio State University

about the efficiency and reliability of potassium-ion battery in which it has been a

potential alternative for energy storage. The researchers showed that the battery could

be more efficient than lithium-oxygen batteries while simultaneously storing about twice

the energy as compared to lithium-ion battery. However, the researchers kept running
into a roadblock: The battery degraded with each charge wherein it could not last longer

than 5 or 10 charging cycles and the oxygen caused the anode to break dwon, making

the battery itself could no longer supply a charge, but incorporating polymers into the

cathode might able to protect the anode from oxygen to give potassium-oxygen battery

a longer life.

Furthermore, according to the of Gade (2014) entitled “Cassava Leaves Battery

as Alternative Energy based on Environment Friendly Technology” stated that thhis

study tests the electrolytes present in casava leaves (Manihot utilissima) as an

alternative energy according to the environment-friendly technologies. Electrolytes could

be a water, acid, base or compounds. Cassava leaf contains the following mineral such

as potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, chlorine, manganese, and

sodium that is high enough to produce electrical energy environementally or nature

friendly. After examining the cassava leaves, 1.19V are the battery voltage which is

closed to the commercial batteries having 0.31V with 0.66 ampere and a drift in their

cassava leaf battery flow of current that emerge is 0.34 because of the chemical

reaction between the potassium and sodium with chlorine.

Lastly, according to the study of Gao, Xue, Xin & Goodenough (2018) entitled “A

High-Energy-Density Potassium Battery with a Polymer-Gel Electrolyte and a

Polyaniline Cathode” stated that there has been developed a safe and rechargeable

potassium battery of high energy density and excellent cycling stability wherein the use

of a p-type polymer cathode increases the cell voltage. The potassium anode wets the

polymer and makes it cross-linked to provide small pores of adjustable sizes to stabilize

a solid-electrolyte interphase that is formed at the anode/electrolyte interface. Based on

the alternative anode/cathode strategy, it gives a promising new process to achieve low-

cost potassium batteries for stationary storage of electricity.

The study of Orbe (2018) from University of Baguio entitled, “The Potential of

different Fruits Waste Media grown with Yeast (Sacchromyces cerevisiae) as

Alternative Energy Source”, the study aimed to determine the potential of yeast grown in

different fruit waste peeling media as source of electrolyte of the common cell (micro-

biological fuel). Banana, Papaya, and Pineapple peelings were used. Twenty (20)

grams of each fruit waste peeling was obtained from the market (over ripe or rejected).

Among the different treatments and fermented fruit waste peeling media were tested of

its volts produced, such as Banana, Papaya and Pineapple.The result of the study

found out that the volt produced in the banana waste peeling medium grown with yeast

was 0.73 with 4.5 pH value. The volt produced in the papaya waste peeling medium

grown with yeast was 0.53 with 4.5 pH value. The volt produced in the pineapple waste

peeling medium grown with yeast was 0.53 with 4.0 pH value. There are significant

differences in the volts produced among the different waste peeling media grown with

yeast based on the statistical treatment. The high yield is due to the greater

oxidationbrought about by fermentation and become acidic and might be the higher

potassium content of the medium that also contributed to the higher volts produced.

In the study entitled “Potential of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Water as Source of

Electricity” (2009) conducted at First City Providential College Laboratory, City of San

Jose Del Monte, Bulacan, stated that an essential nutrient of coconut water is

particularly rich in potassium as one cup containing 8-ounce of coconut water has more

potassium than a banana. This study used coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as
 electrolyte. A pair of electrodes was placed on each beaker and connected in series

circuit using a wire. Each beaker represented one electrolytic cell, and once it was

connected in series with another cell, the potential difference produced increased.

Conceptual Framework

Different Preparations of Mung Bean withVoltage

SodiumProduced and Potassium Content of the Battery
Polyacrylate

Figure 1.

This study is entitled “Utilization of Mung Beans (Vigna radiata) with Sodium

Polyacrylate as an Alternative Potassium Battery” that will examine the amount of

electricity produced among different preparations. The independent variable in the study

is the different preparations of Mung Bean with Sodium polyacrylate wherein the

researchers will manipulate to determine the best treatment.The dependent variables in

the study are the voltage produced and potassium content of the alternative battery.

The best treatment among the different preparations of Mung Bean with Sodium

polyacrylate will undergo chemical analysis to determine its potassium content.

Synthesis

Battery is an electrical device that is known to be the alternative source of

electricity. There are two types of battery which are: Primary battery wherein this kind of
battery is cannot be recharged once depleted or in other words this are called non-

rechargeable batteries, whileSecondary battery has a reversible reaction in which it is

responsible for generation of electricity and they can be reveted back to the original

reactant state or also called as rechargeble battery. This study focuses in creating an

alternative battery which consists of potassium element for more efficiency and

reliability. According to Gilmore and Sundaresan (2013), stated that potassium-oxygen

battery can be potential alternative energy storage and could be more efficient than

lithium-ion. In addition, the researchers estimated that this potassium-oxygen battery

will cost about $44 per kilowatt hour compared to lithium battery that is pricier in terms

of electricity consumption.

Wherein beans are could be used for creating an alternative potassium battery,

specifically Mung beans which is considered as one of the best plant-based sources of

protein and rich in amino acids. In addition, according to Garde (2014) thosemung

beans are the cheapest major source of magnesium, fiber and in potassium 100 grams

hold, 1246 mg or 26.5%. Based on the result of the study by Orbe (2018) from

University of Baguio entitled “The Potential of Different Fruits Waste Media Grown with

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as Alternative Energy Source” states that getting a

higher potassium content from the variable used on the study could also be helpful to

produce a higher amount of voltage and could be an efficient source of electricity for

urban and rural areas.

Theoretical Framework
 Beans are known for its cheapness and high potassium content. Researchers

use Mung beans as independent variable. There are several studies which tackles the

electricity production of different beans.

According to Nair (2017) UK Organization found that from bean to cup to give a

electricity generation. The bio-bean or the coffee grounds are the next big thing that has

a wonderful solution for combating the quantity of waste sent to landfill by converting

used coffee grounds into biomass fuel, combining sustainability with entrepreneurship.

Moreover, collecting used coffee grounds from distributors, the bean grounds are then

transferred before being handled to the facilities of the company, compressed into either

pellets or briquettes, and sold. Furthermore, it is obvious that an affordable alternative,

from undercutting the expenses of traditional waste alternatives to presenting a

completed product that burns longer and at a greater temperature than logs and that is

carbon-neutral. It is clearly stated that bio-bean are clearly an attractive option for

electricity.

Moreover, according to Kristina (2019) that Researchers from UK have improved

a new technology from plants, to produce electricity from extracted cocoa pod husks,

which might help the Ghanian agriculture with little or no permission to grid power. This

project is led by the University of Nottingham, it aims to create a new bio-fuel industry

which would be a big help for the society.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research method outline that will be followed in the

study. Reserch design, setting, materials used, procedures that will be followed, the

methods in data gathering, and the statistical treatments that will be utilized in

interpreting the data will be shown in this section.

Research Design

This study is a quantitative type of research, specifically an experimental

research design. Quantitative research is a structural method that involves

measurement of data, statistical, computational, and mathematical tools to gather and

examine data that is acquired from various sources to obtain a specific result. Under the

quantitative research is the experimental research design, it is a study that is strictly

attach to a scientific research design. Also, it involves the true manipulation of

independent variable and assigning different treatment categories are also involved in

this design.

In this study, mung beans will be utilized and used as an alternative potassium

battery wherein it has four treatments which are: T1 – Mung beans with sodium

polyacrylate, T2 – Powderized mung beans with sodium polyacrylate, T3 – Toasted

mung beans with sodium polyacrylate, and T4 – Toasted powderized mung beans with

sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery. Controlled treatments are the

amount of mung beans, water and sodium polyacrylate. The different preparations of

mung bean will be examined based on the voltage produced and the best among the

four treatments will undergo chemical analysis to determine its potassium content.

Setting

This research will be conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 at Trece Martires

City Senior High School,specifically inside the Science Laboratory located at Brgy.

Gregorio, Trece Martires City, Cavite. The materials and equipment will be collected at

the Wet and Dry Market located at Brgy. San Agustin, Trece Martires City, Cavite.

Although, some of the equipment will be gathered from online shop and provided by the

researchers.

Methods

A. Materials and Equipment

 The following are the materials that will be used in conducting the

experiment:

Materials

1. 4.74 L of boiled water

2. 4 preparations of 280 grams Mung Beans

a. Not pulverized

b. Pulverized

c. Toasted and pulverized

d. Toasted but not pulverized

3. 80 g of Sodium Polyacrylate

4. Copper steelplate (cathode)

5. Aluminum steel plate (anode)

Equipment

1.Multimeter/Volt meter

2. 4 pcs. of 5 mm LED light

3. Alligator clips

4. Measuring Cup

5. Frying Pan
 6. Small containers

7. Kitchen Grinder machine

8. Metal Grinder machine

B. General Procedure

1. Preparation of Electrodes (Anode & Cathode)

a. Cut the copper steel plateinto a sheet using a metal grinder machine

acquiring a height of 2 inches and awidth of 0.4 inch and will be

placedinside of the container, specifically at the left side of it.

b. Also, cut the aluminum steel plate into a sheet using a metal grinder

machine having a height of 2inches and a width of 0.4 inches and

will be placed inside of the container,specifically at the right side of it.

2. Preparation of Mung beans with Sodium polyacrylate

a. Prepare the mung beans, tap water, sodium polyacrylate,measuring

cup, kitchen grinder machine and frying pan.

b. For treatment 1, put first a 1 tsp of sodium polyacrylate, and then put 1

tbsp of unpulverized mung beans that will be mixed up with ½ cup

of boiled water and pour inside the container having with sodium

polyacrylate.
 c. For treatment 2, prepare the kitchen grinder machine to grind the mung

beans until it becomes pulverized. After it, put first a 1 tsp of sodium

polyacrylate,and then put 1 tbsp of pulverized mung beans

that will be mixed up with ½cup of boiled water and pour inside the

container having with sodiumpolyacrylate.

d. For treatment 3, prepare a frying pan and cook the mung beans until it

becomes toasted. Then, put first a 1 tsp of sodium polyacrylate,

and then put 1 tbsp of toasted mung beans that will be mixed up with

½ cup of boiled water and pour inside the container having with

sodium polyacrylate.

e. For treatment 4, prepare a frying pan and cook the mung beans until it

becomes toasted. Then, prepare the kitchen grinder machine to

grind the toastedmung beans and it will become pulverized. After that,

put first a 1 tsp of sodium polyacrylate,and then put 1 tbsp of toasted

pulverized mungbeans that will be mixed up with ½ cup of boiled water

and pour inside thecontainer having with sodium polyacrylate.

f. After making a first output for each treatment, replicate each treatment 4

times and wait for 5-10 minutes until all the treatments solidify

before checking their voltage using a multi-meter.

3. Voltage Test

a. Prepare the four treatments, alligator clips, and multimeter.

 b. For voltage testing of the 4 treatments, the alligator clips which are

paired to each other have a positive and negative pole in which it

will be connected on the anode and cathode to produce a voltage output.

c. First, connect the negative pole of the alligator clip to the copper steel

sheet which is the cathode while the positive pole of the alligator

clip must be connected on the aluminum steel sheet which is the

anode and repeat the process for each treatment.

d. After connecting all pairs of alligator clip to its designated electrode, the

last pair of alligator clip must be connected on the positive and

negative end poles of the multi-meter to check the voltage output

properly.

4. Applying of LED light

a. For applying of LED light, each treatment must be still connected by the

alligator clips to conduct electricity and avoid short circuit.

b. The last pair of alligator clip must be connected on the positive (longer

leg) and negative (shorter leg) end poles of the LED light by

applying a series circuit connection for each treatment to produce

enough voltage that will carry out the light from the LED.

C. Scoring and Interpretation

The researchers will use 2 parameters which are the voltage output (measure of

specific potential energy between two locations or the pressure that pushes negative
charges through conducting wires that enables them to do work) in evaluating the

capacity of mung beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery.

Also, to determine the potassium content of the best treatment among the different

preparations of Mung bean by means of chemical analysis.The following will be the

parameter`s scoring and will be followed by the interpretation:

1. Voltage Output

The nominal voltage produced by a dry-cell battery is about 1.2 to 3 V.

This will serve as the basis of this study to assess the voltage output of

the mung bean with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery.

1 = below 1.2 V

2 = between 1.2 to 3 V

3 = above 3 V

Interpretation

Mean Interpretation
Low Voltage Output; the alternative
potassium battery does not achieve the
1.00-1.66
expected level of its properties
1.67-2.33 Mid Voltage Output; the alternative
potassium battery achieves the expected
level of its properties
High Voltage Output; the alternative
2.34-3.00 potassium battery exceeds the expected
level of its properties
Statistical Treatment

Statement of Problem #1.Determine the amount of voltage (volts) produced by:

Treatment 1:

a. The Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium

battery;

Treatment 2:

b. The powderized Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery;

Treatment 3:

c. The toasted Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery; and

Treatment 4:
 d. The toasted powderized Mung Beans with sodium polyacrylate as an

alternative potassium battery?

1. To determine the amount of voltage among the four treatments having different

preparations of mung beans as an alternative potassium battery, the mean of

each treatment in the first parameter will be compared and the treatment that will

give the least value will be the most efficient amount.

C nj
2
SST =∑ ❑ ∑ ( X ij− X́ ) ❑
J=1 j=1

Where: c the number of groups

n total number of values in all groups

combined

nj the number of values in group j

C nj

∑ ❑ ∑ X ij the grand mean

J=1 j=1
X́ =
n

Statement of the Problem #2.Determine if there is a significant difference among the

different preparations of Mung bean with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative

potassium battery.

2. To determine the significant difference among the different preparations of Mung

bean with sodium polyacrylate as an alternative potassium battery, the one-way

ANOVA test will be used.

C nj
SST =∑ ❑ ∑ ( X ij− X́ ) ❑2
J=1 j=1
 Where: c the number of groups

n total number of values in all groups

combined

nj the number of values in group j

C nj

∑ ❑ ∑ X ij the grand mean

J=1 j=1
X́ =
n

Statement of the Problem #3.Determine the potassium content of the best treatment

among the different preparations of Mung bean by means of chemical analysis.

3. To determine the potassium content of the best treatment among the different

preparations of Mung bean by means of chemical analysis, paired T-test

will be used.

m
t=
s /√ n

Where: m mean

s standard deviation of the

difference (d)

√n the size of difference (d)

Statement of the Problem #4.Determine the significant difference between the best

treatment among the different preparations of Mung Bean and commercial battery in

terms of voltage.

4. To determine the significant difference between the best treatment among the

different preparations of Mung Bean and commercial battery in terms of

voltage,

m
t=
s /√ n

Where: m mean

s standard deviation of the

difference (d)

√n the size of difference (d)