Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in
NATSCI2
Balaoro, IkaClarish M.
De Lemos, Kimberly Marie C.
Elep, Jennifer
Ibale, Alexandra E.
Izar, Janine S.
2BSA-2
A.Y 2014 – 201
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
order to produce electrical energy for all the devices that needed small
amount of electricity.
care and support of the researchers’ family, who let the researchers observe
and explore the study and uplifted their confidence in whatever circumstances
Mendoza, who allocates his time and patience to explain the whole research
Most of all, to God, our almighty Father, the source of all strength and
wisdom, for his lasting love and guidance, the study would be accomplished.
---Authors
Abstract
Secretary, unless the government takes bold steps to address the power
Petilla projected that Luzon will face a power shortfall between 400
megawatts and 500 megawatts (MW) by summer next year because of the
power plants being built, he explained that some of them will not be online by
government from venturing into power generation but the Energy secretary
also noted that Section 71 of the law allows the President to declare an
emergency and ask the House of Representatives and the Senate to come up
with a joint resolution that will authorize him to implement some measures to
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………..i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….ii
Introduction
of the most powerful forces in our lives. This term makes us to remind of that
anything that an individual plug into the outlet, an electric current will flow to
the device. It is the key component for the modern society everyone has
Since its invention, the battery has become the most common power
cathode and negative terminal, anode. There are many ways to construct a
the endeavor. It shows that searching new ways of producing electricity is not
possible. It’s also impressive to know how vinegar can produce electricity and
how it will help the environment. With this research, each individual’s curiosity
will be captivated.
Background of the Study
energy, the researchers come up with an idea to prove other alternative basis
of electricity. They arrived to ascertain the vinegar battery that can generate
uses the positive and negative ions from the copper and zinc. When the
electrodes (copper and zinc) are immersed in vinegar, they draw ions from
the vinegar, and the movement of the ions creates an electrical current.
The researchers prioritize not only the discovery of the vinegar battery
cheaper than other batteries. After all, vinegar is freely available anywhere. It
elements. This is something that seems like magic to most people, but is
really simple science. This energy if guided correctly can power devices.
Statement of the Problem
General Objective:
Specific Objective:
energy.
a) Voltage production
b) Number of devices
Hypothesis
1. Vinegar forms few ions and does not conduct electricity very well.
2. Vinegar, copper strip and galvanized nails do not complement each other.
energy.
Significance of the Study
the energy crisis. All of us will experience a great loss about that. People
for everybody.
Everyone use this in everyday life. It is used throughout the world in giving
power for every appliance each have. It gives the amusement and swept out
the things they’re used to. They forgot that they have capabilities to make
solutions to simple things. This study opens each mind that everyone can
Electrical energy
atoms, and every atom contains one or more electrons, which are
electricity.
Battery
Vinegar
Copper
This chapter presents the related literature and studies from foreign or
vinegar as a battery.
Related Literature
Invention of Battery
The making of battery was such a phenomenal success after all the
today the battery. As time goes by, different kinds were made and improved.
It all started in 1780 when Luigi Galvani was dissecting a frog affixed to
a brass hook. When he touched its leg with his iron scalpel, the leg twitched.
He believed the energy that drove this contraction came from the leg itself,
experiment, and published the results in 1791. In 1800, Volta invented the
first true battery, which came to be known as the voltaic pile. The voltaic
pile consisted of pairs of copper and zinc discs piled on top of each other,
separated by a layer of cloth or cardboard soaked in brine (i.e.,
the electrolyte). Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produced a continuous
and stable current, and lost little charge over time when not in use, though his
sparks. He experimented with various metals and found that zinc and silver
Volta believed the current was the result of two different materials
regarded the corrosion of the zinc plates as an unrelated flaw that could
ever succeeded in preventing this corrosion. In fact, it was observed that the
corrosion was faster when a higher current was drawn. This suggested that
the corrosion was actually integral to the battery's ability to produce a current.
This, in part, led to the rejection of Volta's contact tension theory in favor of
pile have extra metal disks, now known to be unnecessary, on both the top
and bottom. The figure associated with this section, of the zinc-copper voltaic
pile, has the modern design; an indication that “contacts tension" is not the
Volta's original pile models had some technical flaws, one of them
involving the electrolyte leaking and causing short-circuits due to the weight of
the discs compressing the brine-soaked cloth. A Scotsman named William
piling them in a stack. This was known as the trough battery. Volta himself
invented a variant that consisted of a chain of cups filled with a salt solution,
linked together by metallic arcs dipped into the liquid. This was known as the
Crown of Cups. These arcs were made of two different metals (e.g., zinc and
copper) soldered together. This model also proved to be more efficient than
Another problem with Volta's batteries was short battery life (an hour's
worth at best), which was caused by two phenomena. The first was that the
around impurities in the zinc, causing the zinc to degrade. The latter problem
was solved in 1835 by William Sturgeon, who found that amalgamated zinc,
whose surface had been treated with some mercury, didn't suffer from local
action.
Leyden jars, and made possible many new experiments and discoveries,
such as the first electrolysis of water by Anthony Carlisle and William
Related Studies
Saltwater Battery
Salt molecules are made of sodium ions and chlorine ions. (An ion is an
atom that has an electrical charge because it has either gained or lost an
electron.) When you put salt in water, the water molecules pull the sodium
and chlorine ions apart so they are floating freely. These ions are what carry
water. Salt breaks up in water to make positive sodium ions and negative
chloride ions. These ions reduce the energy needed for water to split into
hydroxide ions (OH-) and hydrogen ions H+ (the hydrogen ions quickly find
At the zinc strip, the zinc ion combines with four hydroxide ions to form
one ion of zincates (Zn(OH)42-), leaving two electrons behind on the zinc strip.
The chlorine ions from the salt then combine with the hydronium ions left over
when the hydroxide ions were taken away by the zinc, and form hydrochloric
acid.
Over on the copper strip, four electrons combine with oxygen dissolved
in the water and two molecules of water to form four hydroxide ions. The
sodium ions from the salt combine with these hydroxide ions to make sodium
hydroxide.
The hydrochloric acid and the sodium hydroxide combine back into
salt. So the salt is merely in the picture as a way to move charges through the
Now it shows why it is called a zinc-air battery. The oxygen from the air
is combining with the zinc. The copper electrode is just there to conduct the
electrons, and does not participate in the chemistry. It can be replaced with a
carbon rod.
You may notice that after a short while, the oxygen in the battery is
used up, and the current (and thus the brightness of the LED) begins to drop.
Stirring the salt water helps to put more oxygen in the water, and the LED
In this experiment, it proves that solution like Saltwater can carries ions
Lemon Battery
galvanized nail provided the zinc anode (negative terminal), and a copper
penny provided the cathode (positive terminal). *Source: Home School and Things
In the case of the copper and zinc strips, the copper holds onto its
atoms more strongly than the zinc does. The zinc strip is therefore more
negative than the copper strip, and the electrons flow from the zinc to the
copper.
When the forces are eventually balanced, the copper strip ends up
with more electrons than the zinc strip. The zinc strip now has fewer
electrons, and it cannot attract the zinc ions back to the strip.
If the battery just had water in it, not much more would happen. But the
Coca-Cola battery has water plus phosphoric acid. The vinegar battery has
water plus acetic acid. An acid is something that has an easily detached
hydrogen ion. Hydrogen ions are positive, and the remaining part of the acid
becomes negative when it loses the hydrogen ion. In our two batteries, the
remaining parts are the phosphate ion and the acetate ion, respectively.
bumps into those negatively charged phosphate ions? They phosphate ion is
more strongly attracted to the zinc ion than to the hydrogen ion. The positively
charged hydrogen ion is attracted to the copper strip, because the copper
strip has the extra electrons, and is thus negative (opposite charges attract).
The hydrogen ions attract the electrons from the copper, and become
molecules, and form bubbles on the copper strip. Eventually the bubbles
become big enough to float up to the surface and leave the system entirely.
Now the copper strip no longer has the extra electrons. It attracts more
from the zinc strip through the connecting wire, as it did when it first
The copper ions next to the copper strip are not as attracted to the strip
as they were before. The hydrogen ions keep taking the electrons that
attracted the copper ions. So those ions are free to move through the liquid.
At the zinc strip, zinc ions are being removed, leaving extra electrons.
Some of those electrons travel through the wire to the copper strip. But some
of them encounter the copper ions that happen to bump into the zinc strip.
Those ions grab the electrons, and become copper atoms. We can see those
atoms build up on the zinc strip. They look like a black film, because the
oxygen in the water combines with the copper to form black copper oxide.
Eventually, all of the zinc is eaten up, and the copper and copper oxide
falls into a pile beneath where the zinc strip used to be. The battery is now
dead, and no more electrons flow through the wire. If there was not a lot of
acid in the water, it may be the first thing to be used up, and the battery may
die while there is still some zinc left on the zinc strip. *Source: Sci-Toys
vinegar battery are almost the same in terms of its components and its
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
accordance to all the related studies, was conducted by knowing the definition
These are planned, scientific and designed to test the accuracy of the
outcome.
Research design
This study used experimental method of research. This method shows
shows the steps and flow of the process on how the study acquired. It is used
to prove if this kind of battery is efficient in producing electricity. And also, the
SOURCES
Vinegar
Copper Galvanize
d Nail
Strip
(Zinc)
FORMULATION OF DESIGN
OUTPUT
CONSTRUCTION OF DEVICE
OBSERVATION
copper and zinc in galvanized metals are the major components of the
device.
electrically charged ions. Copper strip and galvanized metal serve as the
electrodes. The copper strip or copper acts as the positive terminal and the
zinc in galvanized nail will be the positive terminal of the vinegar battery.
design output.
get better.
solution of acetic acid and water whereas it produces ions which are
For Solo
Connect one ends of copper strip and galvanized nail to the LED bulb
Put the copper strip and galvanized nail on the different side of container.
Finally, observe what happens to the LED bulb. To test how much
bulb.
For Series
Get the zinc and a copper strip and connect one of the ends of both the
Put the connected zinc strip in one of the glasses and copper strip in
another glass.
. Connect the remaining copper and zinc strip to the LED using two
connecting wires.
Then put the copper strip which is connected to the LED in the glass
which has zinc strip and LED connected zinc strip in copper containing glass.
Finally, observe what happens to the LED bulb. To test how much
bulb.
Sources of data
The main sources of data in this study came from experiments and
methods used, followed by the discussion of the attempts taken. The findings
were related to the research study together with the layout of the product that
Voltage Reading
Total volts = 6 V
1 Volt per Battery
(for the constructed series battery)
Table1.Voltage production
Presentation of Findings
Number of Number of
Device Results
Volts Vinegar Battery
above results determine the effects of the vinegar battery to the device, if it’s
The table 3 illustrates the second attempt of the researchers to see the
the vinegar battery, another 3-Vinegar Battery was added, for total of 6-
Vinegar Battery. The series vinegar battery produced maximum light that the
Summary
energy.
a) Voltage production
b) Number of devices
needed in the study. It helps to manipulate the variables used and able to
The first trial of the solo vinegar battery results to the device brought
For the second attempt, the researchers used the first 3-Vinegar
Battery was added, for total of 6-Vinegar Battery. The series vinegar
battery produced maximum light that the whit LED bulb could produce.
Conclusion
The copper strips and galvanized nails are important materials in the
energy. When those two immersed in vinegar, they draw ions from the
The life span of the materials (copper strip and galvanized nail)
were proposed:
electrical energy.
Use thicker materials (copper strip and galvanized nail) in order to use