CHAPTER 1

Background of the study

Electricity is a part of life that allows us to see in the darkest of nights-

Unknown. Some matters act

as conductor and insulator of electricity. Water is a conductor of electricity. Adding salt 

makes it an excellent conductor of electricity. Saltwater is also known as “saline water”

Because it contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts, therefore, the

more salt used, the better the result. Saltwater composes of ions that

will give charges. Douglas (2019) stated in his study that

“these ions in saltwater attract electrons in the iron beneath the rust layer. As the

saltwater flows, accordingly do the ions and the ions attractive force drags the electrons

in the iron along with them, resulting in an electrical current.”

Normal salt, Basic salt, acidic salt, double salt, mixed salt, and

complex salt are the various forms of salt. The researchers preferred normal salt as one of

the variables in the study. Since normal salt is electrically neutral. Because of

the presence of ions, salts are ionic in nature. They are brittle, rigid, and crystalline

solids. Salt is white, odorless, and has a salty flavor that contains sodium chloride so

when water and salt are mixed, the result will have salt molecules because it splits into

two pieces: a sodium ion and chloride ion.

Water is made up of

two elements: hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Distilled water is pure and free of salts, mak

ing it a weak conductor of electricity. The following samples

are used to test the water into salt: river water, spring water, tap water, and

1
distilled water. All of this has the same components which are the water molecules but do

not have any ions.

Saltwater or “saline water” when added as ordinary table

salt (NaCl) is added to distilled water(any water as mention above) it becomes an

electrolyte solution capable of conducting electricity. As ionic compounds, such

as saltwater, dissolve in water, they conduct electricity. Ionic compounds are made up of

two or more ions held together by electrical attraction. One of them One

ion has a positive charge (cation), while the other has a negative charge (anion). Water,

for example, is made up of individual molecules that are held together by mutual

electrons. So that, this is the reason why saltwater is a conductor of electricity for

sodium-ion that will give a positive charge, chlorine ion is a negative charge. Since

saltwater contains minerals, it is a better conductor of electricity. Magnesium, calcium,

and potassium are a few of these minerals. Pure water, unlike saltwater, contains very

few ions, making it a poor conductor of electricity. Hence,

saltwater contains a lot of ions; it’s a good conductor of electricity.

This study aims to assess the effect of adding salt to

any type of water. Thus, making this study a great avenue for learning

conduction. This would also provide information that will aware of the community about

how salt affects the conductivity of any liquid. 

2
Statement of the Problem

This research study determines the efficacy of saltwater as an electrical

conductor and the possible application of this principle. More specifically, it seeks

to resolve the following questions:

1. What are the procedures in performing the experiment?

2. What are the observations during the experiment?

3. What are the results that can prove saltwater solution is a strong conductor

of electricity?

Specific Objectives:

1. To demonstrate the procedures in performing the experiment.

2. To present data from the observation during the experiment that would entice

future researchers to try this experiment.

3. To prove that saltwater solution is a strong conductor of electricity.

3
Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Solution

Amount of Solute (salt) Amount of light produced

Amount of Solvent (water)

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram

The diagram above explains the

distinct variables independent variables and dependent variables. The

independent variables are the amount of solute which is salt and

the amount and type of solvent which is water. The

dependent variable is the amount of light produced. The amount of light depends on the

amount of solute dissolved in the solvent. 

Significance of the Study

The study's findings can include information about conduction using simple table

salt and water. Through doing so, the researchers hope to gain a more thorough

understanding of how saltwater can benefit our schools, students, governments, and

potential researchers. It equally benefits our society, especially our poverty-stricken

people.

To the Students, this will offer a source of awareness for them, as well as inspire

them to be creative and enthusiastic in Science and Technology. They can learn more

about conductivity to enhance their knowledge, and some students continue working on

4
the experiment.

To the Teacher, they will utilize this as

a source of information for discussing the concept of

conduction. Therefore they can encourage their students to understand the conductivity

of Saltwater.

To the Government, the results will provide information that can be used to make

plans on how to optimize the use of saltwater, especially the ocean.

To the future researchers, they will obtain some information regarding the

conductivity of salt that they can somehow use for their research to gain knowledge about

conduction.

Scope and Delimitation

 The researchers focused on the study On Saltwater as

a conductor of electricity. The researchers restrict the source of materials used for testing,

such as; river water, spring water, and tap water by generating a specific electric field in

which saltwater acts as a conductor of electricity.

5
Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally and/or conceptually to gain better

understanding in this study:

Experimental Research – it is research conducted with an experimental done by the

researchers

Battery – it is one of the materials that correspond to/help the circuit function.

Voltage – it is needed by the researchers to study the voltage needed by the

experiment.

Ions – it is a type atom which have in a solution either water solution or salt solution.

Saltwater – this is another name which the two solutions are mixed together.

Electrodes – this is called when the bulb are open or lights on.

Cooper wire - it is to help to circulate the electricity connected to the battery.

Sodium Chloride- is a solution which the researcher uses by their experiments.

Electric Field – is where does the electricity react .

Water – is a variety of liquid that researchers are used

Light – emitting diode (LED) – is a semiconductor light source that emits light when

current flows through it.

LUX - is a SI-derived illuminance unit that measures luminous flux per unit area.

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED AND LITERATURE STUDY

This chapter includes the review of related Literature and review of related studies.

2.1 Review of Related Studies and literature

The researchers get dwelling on the topic because of its current relevance

to society and arising the importance for the environment; in addition, its accessibility to

vast resources. Otherwise, researchers are considered to be imperative in the study for

the validity and accuracy of information. The researchers were able to discover there are

several studies before which are related to what is being presented.

Water

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration study entitled

"Hydropower Technology and Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants" that hydroelectric

power generates about 7% of U.S. energy. Flowing water creates energy that can be

captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water

in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it,

which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric power doesn’t

necessarily require a large dam. Some hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal to

channel the river water through a turbine.

7
 Another type of hydroelectric power plant – called a pumped storage plant –

can even store power. The power is sent from a power grid into the electric generators.

The generators then spin the turbines backward, which causes the turbines to pump water

from a river or lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, where the power is stored. To use

the power, the water is released from the upper reservoir back down into the river or

lower reservoir. This spins the turbines forward, activating the generators to produce

electricity.

A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a

home, farm, or ranch.

A study entitled "How it Works: Water for Electricity" by UCS (2017)

that water use in power plants is divided into two parts: withdrawal and consumption.

Water withdrawal is, as the name implies, the act of withdrawing water from a local

water source. The withdrawn water may or may not be returned to the source or used

elsewhere. The amount of water lost to evaporation during the cooling process is referred

to as water consumption.

Some power plants use cooling systems that draw water from a lake, river,

aquifer, or ocean to cool steam and then return virtually all of it—although at higher

temperatures—to the source. Such systems, known as once-through cooling systems,

have high withdrawals but low consumption.

Coal and nuclear plants, for example, may draw 20 to 60 gallons of water

for every kilowatt-hour of electricity they produce, depending on how they are cooled.

8
Largely because of older power plants using this approach, electric power generation is

responsible for almost 40 percent of freshwater withdrawals in the United States—on the

order of 100 billion gallons per day in 2008—most of which is used for cooling. During

times of drought or other water stress, when water is simply not available in the required

volumes or at the required temperatures, water withdrawal by power plants can become a

major challenge. Large amounts of cooling water drawn through pump and pipe systems

can trap and kill fish, insect larvae, and other organisms. Power plants using other

cooling systems, known as recirculating or closed-loop systems, withdraw only a fraction

of the amount that once-through systems do, but consume most or all of it. Power plant

water consumption becomes a large problem in water-constrained regions where

competition among users is high.

Hydropower plants withdraw large amounts of water to run through their

turbines, while the lakes they rely on can also consume water quickly by evaporation;

however, dammed lakes are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural irrigation,

flood control, and recreation.

"Stanford researchers use river water and salty ocean water to generate

electricity" by Bergeron (2011) that Stanford University researchers have built a battery

that generates electricity by exploiting the salinity difference between freshwater and

seawater.

According to Yi Cui, associate professor of materials science and

engineering, who led the research team, any place where freshwater enters the sea, such

as river mouths or estuaries, may be potential sites for a power plant using such a battery.

9
He claims the amount of freshwater available in the theoretical limiting factor. "We have

an infinite amount of ocean water," he said, "but not an infinite amount of fresh water."

Cui's team predicted that if all of the world's rivers were harnessed, their batteries

could generate about 2 terawatts of electricity annually, which is approximately 13% of

the world's current energy consumption. The battery is initially charged by filling it with

fresh water and applying a slight electric current. Following that, the freshwater is

drained and replaced with seawater. The electrical potential, or voltage, between the two

electrodes, increases because seawater is salty and contains 60 to 100 times more ions

than freshwater. As a result, much more energy can be harvested than previously. As a

result, much more energy can be harvested than was used to power the battery.

Water is needed either to process raw materials used in a facility or maintaining a

plant or to just generate electricity itself.

Overall, the electricity industry is second only to agriculture as the largest user of

water in the United States. Electricity production from fossil fuels and nuclear energy

require 190,000 million gallons of water per day, accounting for 39 percent of all

freshwater withdrawals in the nation. Coal, the most abundant fossil fuel, currently

accounts for 52 percent of U.S. electricity generation, and each kWh generated from coal

requires withdrawal of 25 gallons of water.

According to Byrne (2020) that water (H2O) consists of the elements hydrogen

(denoted by H on the periodic table of elements) and oxygen (O) in a 2-to-1 molar ratio.

10
This means that there are two H atoms for every O atom in water. Because oxygen is

about 16 times more massive than a hydrogen atom, however, the water molecule is

nearly nine-tenths oxygen by mass.

Water is a solid at temperatures below 0 °C, a liquid between 0 °C and 100

°C, and a gas (water vapor) at temperatures over 100 °C. It is polar, meaning that

although it has no net charge, parts of it (in this case the oxygen atom) are slightly

negative because of a higher density of electrons, leaving other portions (in this case the

hydrogen atoms) slightly positive.

Salt  

According to Hills (2020), that salt contains NaCl and KCl, which form

electrolytes when dissolved in water, most of which become ions. The relationship

between density and conductivity is nearly linear. There comes a saturation point, not

unlike a traffic jam, where the ions act against each other, and this makes it hard for

electricity to flow. In a very low-density zone, conductivity has a linear relationship with

density, as is seen with organic acids. The acetic acid solution is a good example.

However, as density increases, the rate of ionization decreases. In the high-density zone,

only part of the electrolyte is ionized, and the overcrowding causes most of the potential

ions to remain dissolved in water as molecules.

Apart from sodium chloride, other common salts are sodium nitrate, barium

sulfate, etc. Sodium chloride or common salt is a product of the reaction between

hydrochloric acid (acid) and sodium hydroxide (base). Solid sodium chloride is made of a

cluster of positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions held

together by electrostatic forces.

11
 Seawater contains on average about 3 percent salt, although the actual

concentration varies from about 1 percent (in the polar seas) to 5 percent. Enclosed

waters such as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea contain a higher proportion of salt than

does the open ocean at the same latitude. Irrespective of the source of the seawater, salt

obtained by the evaporation of seawater has the following composition: sodium chloride

77.76 percent, magnesium chloride 10.88 percent, magnesium sulfate 4.74

percent, calcium sulfate 3.60 percent, potassium chloride 2.46 percent, magnesium

bromide 0.22 percent, and calcium carbonate 0.34 percent.

Though the material that gives seawater its salty flavor is composed of many

substances, sodium chloride, or common salt, is by far the predominant compound. On

the assumption that 1 gallon (about 4 liters) of seawater contains 0.231 pounds (about

105 grams) of salt and that rock salt on the average is 2.17 times as dense as water, it has

been estimated that if the oceans of the world were completely dried up, they would yield

at least 4.5 million cubic miles of rock salt or about 14.5 times the bulk of the entire

continent of Europe above the high-water mark.

The Dead Sea, which covers an area of 1,020 square km (394 square miles),

contains approximately 12,650,000,000 tons of salt. The Jordan River, which contains

only 35 parts of salt per 100,000 parts of water, adds 850,000 tons of salt to this total

each year. 

Certain natural brines occurring in the United Kingdom and the United States are

of special interest because they contain salts, such as the chlorides

of barium and strontium, that are not usually found in brines. Special processing methods

are required to produce salt from such brines. In Britain, these unusual brines are found at

12
great depths during test drillings for petroleum, while in the United States such brines

occur in deep wells in several places.

At one time almost all the salt used in commerce was produced from the

evaporation of seawater, and sea salt still is a staple commodity in many maritime

countries, especially where the climate is dry and the summer is long. Commercial salt is

manufactured from rock salt, as well as from seawater and other natural and

artificial brines. Most of the artificial brines are obtained by pumping water into

underground salt beds. A considerable amount of brine itself is used directly in industrial

countries.

Conductivity

Based on the study “Water Conductivity” by lenntech (2016) that pure water is

not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary distilled water in equilibrium with carbon

dioxide of the air has a conductivity of about (20ds/m). Because the electrical current is

transported by the ions in solution, the conductivity increases as the concentration of ions

increases. Thus conductivity increases as water dissolved ionic species.

The study done by UVM education called “Conductivity and Water Quality”

stated that conductivity is a measurement of the ability of an aqueous solution to convey

the electrical current. An ion is an atom of an element that has gained or lost electrons

which will sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) held together in a crystal. In water,

it breaks apart into an aqueous solution of sodium and chloride ions. This solution will

conduct an electrical current. It does seem like water can conduct electricity and that is

why we shouldn’t touch any electrical outlet or switches if our hands are not dry. An

13
electric current is conducted by a flow of electrical charges such as electrons or ions. Pure

water contains very few ions and so it is a poor electrical conductor.

Salt molecules are made of sodium ions and chloride ions. (An ion is an atom that

has an electrical charge because it has either gained or lost an electron.) When you put

salt in water, the water molecules pull the sodium and chlorine ions apart so they are

floating freely. These ions are what carry electricity through water. Watch it work in this

project! 

According to a study done by laqua (2016) entitled: ions in water and

Conductivity that common table salt (NaCl) is an electrolyte and when this is dissolved in

water to form saltwater, it becomes sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-), each of

which is a corpuscle that conducts electricity. This is what happens in the salinity

conversion to arrive at the value displayed by the twin conductivity meter.

Salt contains NaCl and KCl, which form electrolytes when dissolved in water,

most of which become ions. The relationship between density and conductivity is nearly

linear. Adding an ionic solid, or salt, to distilled water produces a solution that conducts

electricity. When an ionic solid such as table salt, NaCl, is added to water, it dissociates

— breaks apart into oppositely-charged ions — into Na+ and Cl-. Salts are strong

electrolytes — they dissociate completely. Increasing the amount of salt in a solution

increases the conductivity of the solution.

The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids dissolved

in water – TDS, which stands for Total Dissolved Solids. TDS is measured in ppm (parts

per million) or mg/l. The electrical conductivity of the water depends on the water

14
temperature: the higher the temperature, the higher the electrical conductivity would be.

The electrical conductivity of water increases by 2-3% for an increase of 1 degree Celsius

of water temperature. Many EC meters nowadays automatically standardize the readings

to 25oC. While the electrical conductivity is a good indicator of the total salinity, it still

does not provide any information about the ion composition in the water.

The same electrical conductivity values can be measured in low-quality water

(e.g. water rich with Sodium, Boron, and Fluorides) as well as in high-quality irrigation

water (e.g. adequately fertilized water with appropriate nutrient concentrations and

ratios). Since the electrical conductivity is a measure of the capacity of water to conduct

electrical current, it is directly related to the concentration of salts dissolved in water, and

therefore to the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Salts dissolve into positively charged ions

and negatively charged ions, which conduct electricity. Since it is difficult to measure

TDS in the field, the electrical conductivity of the water is used as a measure.

The electrical conductivity of the water can be determined quickly and inexpensively,

using portable meters. Distilled water does not contain dissolved salts and, as a result,

does not conduct electricity and has an electrical conductivity of zero.

Nevertheless, when the salt concentration reaches a certain level, electrical

conductivity is no longer directly related to salts concentration. This is because ion pairs

are formed. Ion pairs weaken each other’s charge so that above this level, higher TDS

will not result in equally higher electrical conductivity.

15
 According to a study entitled "Producing Electricity from Saltwater" done by

Shyam (2011), together with his batchmate Srikanth, a student of B.Tech. (ECE), made

an experimental setup to generate electricity from saltwater. Repeated experiments

produced enough electricity to light an LED bulb.

The students estimated that it took them some Rs. 55 to produce 1.30V of

electricity. They explained the details of the experiment. “The electrolysis method was

used to produce the electricity from saltwater. Water is comprised of two elements –

hydrogen and oxygen. Distilled water is pure and free of salts; thus it is a very poor

conductor of electricity. By adding ordinary table salt to distilled water, it becomes an

electrolyte solution that can conduct electricity.”

The duo is not the first to conduct this experiment; many science students learn

about these principles in their high school. The large-scale application of this technique to

produce electricity has not proved feasible.

Yet this fact has not deterred Shyam and Srikanth, who are currently planning to

operate a water mill in the canal near their home.They believe that saltwater could be the

best economical energy source for homes and factories. “We could build saltwater power

plants alongside our nation’s long coastlines to produce electricity with much less harm

to the environment,” they emphasized.

Based on the study "Making Electricity From SaltWater" by Balter, Ph. D. (2018)

that saltwater can serve as the electrolyte in a battery, generating electricity. A battery has

three parts: an electrolyte and two electrodes, which are made of different materials, often

metals. Some of the first batteries, made by Alessandro Volta around 1880, used

16
saltwater, silver, and zinc to generate electricity. This type of battery is easy to build and

experiment with.

In water, table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), dissolves into positively charged

sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Chemists call a solution of

ions such as this an electrolyte. In a battery, one electrode, called the cathode, sheds

electrons into the solution, leaving it with a positive charge. At the same time, the other

electrode, the anode, collects electrons, giving it a negative charge. Ions in the electrolyte

help facilitate this process. The charge imbalance between the two electrodes creates an

electrical potential difference or voltage. If you connect the terminals in a circuit, the

electrons built up in the anode will flow through the circuit back to the cathode, creating

an electrical current.

Lux

According to Keim (2016) entitled: Understanding Illuminance: What’s in the

Lux? that the energy consumption in the household sector and buildings are reviewed,

consisting of studies that aim to evaluate the energy consumption and the potential to

increase energy efficiency through various technologies. Several research articles propose

energy efficiency improvements that have been applied in various countries. The result is

that the implementation of technology and novel methodologies in both the retrofitting of

the existing building and new construction projects can improve energy efficiency, save

energy and lower the environmental impact. 

Measuring the intensity of light is nothing new. However, modern electronic

devices are increasingly influenced by operational requirements—autonomy, energy

efficiency, etc.—that depend upon standardized, human-vision-based assessments of

17
ambient illumination. These assessments are measuring illuminance, and the SI unit for

illuminance is the lux. The lumen is the SI unit for luminous flux, which is a closely

related measurement.

Luminous flux corresponds conceptually to a quantity of light; illuminance, on the

other hand, is the quantity of light relative to the size of the illuminated surface. Thus, it

just so happens that lux is defined as lumens per square meter. For example, a 60 W

incandescent light bulb might generate 850 lumens; this luminous flux does not vary

according to where you locate the bulb.

But the illuminance provided by this bulb is entirely dependent on external

circumstances—if the bulb’s light is distributed over a floor area of 16 square meters, you

have 53 lux, which is probably adequate for walking up a staircase without tripping. That

same bulb in a 1-square-meter closet gives you 850 lux, which is enough for

administering first aid.

Impurities

A study "Rust and Saltwater Used to Generate Electricity" by Clark (2019) that

researchers found that when saltwater flows over a thin film of rust, or iron oxide,

electricity results. Unlike interactions between other metal compounds and saltwater,

however, this reaction is not a chemical reaction, where one or more compounds are

converted to a new compound. Here, the electricity is the product of an electrokinetic

effect, where the kinetic energy of flowing saltwater results in electricity.

This same phenomenon has been observed with thin films of graphene, where

levels of about 30% efficiency have been reached, compared to about 20% efficiency for

the most advanced solar cells. But creating graphene films large enough to use is

18
difficult. Not so for rust, however. The researchers estimate that an area of 10 m2 could

generate a few kilowatts per hour or enough to power a typical US home.

The Caltech news release describes the mechanism responsible for the generation

of electricity as complex and involving ion adsorption and desorption, but summarizes it

this way: “The ions present in saltwater attract electrons in the iron beneath the layer of

rust. As the saltwater flows, so do those ions, and through that attractive force, they drag

the electrons in the iron along with them, generating an electrical current".

According to a study "The Role of Mineral Sea Water Bonding Process with

Graphite-Aluminum Electrodes as Electric Generators" by Utomo (2019), that when

seawater interacts with graphite, the mobile electrons in graphite would be boosted by the

potential energy of seawater elements. The energetic electrons then jump. It is shown that

seawater has the most dominant element of 1000 Mg/L followed by 322.1 Mg/L of K and

57.45 Mg/L of Ca. The very few elements are sodium, Na of 14.32 Mg/L, followed by Cl

of 8.88 Mg/L, and Mg (magnesium) of 0.65 Mg/L. According to semiconductor theory,

the electrons separated from the bond will be away from the hole that has a positive

charge and will become free electrons that have a negative charge.

19
 Chapter III

Research locale

Figure 2. Map of the location of the study

The location where the researchers conducted their experiment “saltwater as

a conductor of electricity” is at purok 4,TCES,Poblacion ,Tubod LDN. With the

present situation, the researcher decided to do the experiment at the house of one of

the members here in TCES, Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao del Norte. 

I. Research design and sample procedure

20
 This study will employ an experimental study. The experimental research

represents a design with the intent of providing an investigation about laboratory

experience, but it does not provide an accurate investigation into the tangible world. The

researchers decide on this design because the members will conduct an experiment about

the conductivity of saltwater. This kind of research reflects what comprises the materials,

procedures, and observations needed in the experiment. Same with

all experiments done by many, the researchers must have an observation sheet for them

to complete and make a conclusion base on the observations recorded. .

Research instrument

Here are the materials that the researchers need/used to do the experiment “salt

water as a good conductor of electricity” Firstly, the researchers removed the cover of the

tip of the wire. Second, they wrap/cover the copper wire. Thirdly, connect the other tip of

the wire to the LED light. Next, the researchers connect the other wire to the battery (9V

battery). After that, they place water into the cup and gradually place a tablespoon

of salt into the water and stir it. In addition, the researchers put a foil between the two

cups with salt on it. Lastly, put the other wire with a foil cover on the tip of the wire in

the water and record all the result in observation sheet.

21
Data Gathering Procedure

Upon gathering the data the researchers asked for permission from

their adviser to conduct a test run. Then, requesting permission from

the parents of Joshua Rojas if the researchers can operate their house as

the venue. Next, setting the date and time for purchasing the necessary materials

needed for

the experiment. As the researchers conducted the experiment, the researchers prep

ared the materials. To begin with, the researcher removed the end cover of

the wire for the copper will be observed and enclosed it up with foil. At

that point in time they connected the wire to the two 9V batteries and the other

end is straight to the LED light. After that the researchers prepared a

liter of water and put the negative and positive foils submerged in

the water. They put, 20 grams, 40 grams, 60 grams, 80 grams, and

100 grams of salt to each type of water and the observations are written in

the observation sheet.

22
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

On this chapter it covers the result and interpretation of the data that the

researchers gathered. The results are presented in tables followed by the interpretation of

each table.

Table 1.1 Water Without salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1. Spring water Without salt 151 18V

2. River water Without salt 170 18V

3. Tap water Without salt 189 18V

4. Distilled Water Without salt 198 18V

 In table 1.1 Water without salt, here you can observe the amount of

lux produce by the LED light handling the various kind of water as

a conductor of electricity. First is the spring water, spring

water can produce 151 LUX without salt. Second River water, River water is also a cond

23
uctor of electricity and can produce up to 170 LUX without salt on

it. Third Tap water, Tap water is also a conductor of electricity and can produce up

to 189 LUX with 0 grams of salt. The last one is Distilled water, which can produce LUX

up to 198 and it can conduct electricity too even though there is no salt included in

the water for now. 

Table 1.2 Water with 20 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 20 2167 18V
2. River water 20 1,820 18V

3. Tap water 20 1,935 18V

4. Distilled water 20 2,881 18V
In table 1.2, over here, you can see the amount of lux that the

LED produces has increased. It is because the researchers added 20 grams of salt to

every water included in the research. First is the spring water, the researcher added 20

grams of salt in the spring water and mix it until it dissolved the salt. The spring

water conducts more electricity and produces up to 2167 LUX. Second is the river water,

same as the spring water, the researcher added 20 grams of salt in

the river water. The river water conducts more electricity too and can produce up

to 1820 LUX. The third represents the distilled water with the

equivalent amount of salt and presently can produce up to 1925 LUX. The last one is the

distilled water with the same amount of salt also and now can produce up to 2881

of LUX. To abbreviate the topic all water has conducted more electricity and also

increased the amount of LUX that the LED produces.

24
Table 1.3 Water with 40 grams of salt

Water Grams of Salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring Water 40 2,441 18V
2. River water 40 2,310 18V

3.Tap water 40 2,023 18V

4.Distilled water 40 3,064 18V
In table 1.3, you can see the researcher added more salt 20 grams which,

is now equal to 40 grams of salt in the water. First is the spring water, spring water has

now 40 grams of salt on it and now produces 2441 LUX. Second is the river water with

the identical amount of salt 40 grams of salt and also has increased the amount of LUX

that the LED produces. The river water has produced 2310 of LUX. The

third is tap water, tap water with a similar amount of salt 40 grams has also increased by

2023 LUX. The last one is the distilled water with 40 grams of salt on it, and it also

increased the amount of LUX produces is 3,064 LUX.

Table 1.4 Water with 60 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1. Spring water 60 2,865 18V

2. River water 60 2,558 18V

3. Tap water 60 2,084 18V

4. Distilled water 60 3,226 18V

In table 4.1, as you can see, the amount of LUX that the LED produces is

continuously increasing. And if you observe it,

25
the researcher added 20 grams of salt which now equals 60 grams of salt in

the water. Currently, the spring water is currently producing up to 2,865 lux with 60

grams of salt. The river water is producing about 2,558 LUX with

60 grams of salt also. The tap water is producing about 2,084 LUX with a similar amount

of salt. The last one distilled water produces 3,226 LUX with 60 grams of salt also on it. 

Table 1.5 water with 80 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 80 3,007 18V

2.River water 80 2,697 18V
3.Tap water 80 2,118 18V
4.Distilled water 80 3,364 18V
In table 5.1, the amount of LUX that the LED produces is continuously

increasing. Simultaneously, the researcher added some more grams of salt (20

grams) which now equal to 80 grams of salt that is in the water. In table 5.1

the amount of LUX on every water has constantly increased also. To be precise, spring

water produces 3,007 LUX with 80 grams of salt. River water Produces up to

2697 LUX with also 80 grams of salt. Tap water produces 2118 with

80 grams of salt. Distilled water produces 3364 with 80 grams of salt. To abbreviate

the topic, the researcher added some more 20 grams of salt in the water which equal now

to 80 grams of salt in every water. As the grams of salt have risen, all water has also

increased the amount of LUX produces. 

Table 1.6 Water with 100 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 100 3,358 18V
2. River water 100 2,888 18V

26
3. Tap water 100 2,506 18V

4.Distilled water 100 3,473 18V

Table 6.1 is the last table about the result of the experiment. At this table, you

can see that the amount of LUX that the LED produces is still continuously

increasing. The reason for that which the researcher believes is that, more salt on

the water more conductivity of electricity. The particular reason for

the circumstance is the researcher added 20 grams of salt on every water which now

equals 100 grams of salt in every water. To abbreviate the topic,

all water has increased the amount of LUX the way the grams of salt has raised

also. For instance, if we recall table 1.1 the amount of LUX that the LED produces using

spring water as a conductor of electricity without salt. It solely produces 151 LUX, not

the same as table 6.1 the last table which contains 100 grams of salt. On this table, the

LED light produces 3,358 LUX manipulating the spring water as

a conductor of electricity with 100 grams of salt. To be more precise on every result of

the water; the first is the spring, which produces up to 3,358 LUX. Second is the river

water, it produces 2,888 LUX. The last one is the distilled water, and it produces up to

3,473 LUX with 100 grams of salt. To abbreviate all the topics, all LUX from table 1.1 to

6.1 increased the way the grams of salt have risen also. The lux is the SI-

derived unit of illuminance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equivalent to one

lumen per square meter. In a photometer, this is utilized as a measure of the intensity, as

perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. Invented by the

United States customary units to measure how bright the light is. This is supported by a

study done by laqua (2016) that salt contains NaCl and KCl, which form electrolytes

when dissolved in water, most of which become ions. The relationship between density

27
and conductivity is nearly linear. Adding an ionic solid, or salt, to distilled water

produces a solution that conducts electricity. When an ionic solid such as table salt, NaCl,

is added to water, it dissociates — breaks apart into oppositely-charged ions — into Na+

and Cl-. Salts are strong electrolytes — they dissociate completely. Increasing the amount

of salt in a solution increases the conductivity of the solution.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

28
 This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the

study. It focused on the effects of adding salt to the water, as determined by the

researchers' study.

Summary of Findings

The findings are based on the data gathered by

the researchers and each finding is described in each sentence. The researcher’s finding is 

as it follows:

Based on the results presented in

the tables, the researchers included the characteristics of a variety of waters to

be used to explain by each of them to be classified. The researchers next examined the

water by adding salt to it to determine the capacity or the light provided by the

researchers by using an app called Light Sensor to determine the LUX to assuredly find

out the lights produced with an 18V battery.

Most of the experiment is focused on the salt and water only. According to

the results, the water with the most light produced is distilled water,

which has a maximum of 3,473 LUX per 100 grams of salt and minimum of

198 LUX w/o salt. The researchers discovered that distilled water had Ionic compound do

dissociate into ions hence making the solution very conductive more electricity than the

other three types of water. The spring water comes next, with a maximum of

3,358 LUX per 100 grams of salt and minimum of

151 LUX w/o salt. River water enters third, with a maximum of

2,888 LUX per 100 grams of salt and minimum of

170 LUX w/o salt. Finally, Tap water emits light at a maximum of

29
2,506 LUX per 100 grams of salt and minimum of

189 LUX w/o salt. In contrast, based on the results, tap water is the weakest conductor

of electricity if salt is present from the water.

Conclusions

Based on the analysis by the researchers the following conclusions will be drawn:

1. The procedure of the experiment researchers includes the preparation of the

materials. To begin with, the researcher removed the end cover of the wire for

the copper will be observed and enclosed it up with foil. At

that point in time they connected the wire to the two 9V batteries and the other

end is straight to the LED light. After that the researchers prepared a

liter of water and put the negative and positive foils submerged in

the water. They put 20 grams, 40 grams, 60 grams, 80 grams, and

100 grams of salt to each type of water and the observations are written in

the observation sheet.

2. Base on what the researchers observed, the light produced by the bulb depends on

how easily electricity can flow in the water because each type of water produce

different LUX with the same voltage.

3. The conductivity of each type of water increases when salt is added to the water.

Recommendations

30
 On the findings and conclusions, the researchers hereby recommend the

following:

1. To conduct further experiments on a type of water that the researchers had not

previously investigated.

2. To conduct further study on the minerals found within salt that can conduct more

electricity.

3. To conduct further study on the use of salt water as a conductor of electricity as a

substitute for a wire.

31
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Balter Ph.D., A. 2018, April 17. Making Electricity from Saltwater. Sciencing.Com.

Retrieved: January 20, 2021 from https://sciencing.com/making-electricity-

salt-water-4883969.html

Bergeron, L. 2011, August 28. Stanford researchers use river water and salty ocean

water to generate electricity. News.Standford.Edu. Retrieved: April 9, 2021

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/march/saline-rechargeable-battery-

032811.html#:~:text=Stanford%20researchers%20have%20developed

%20a,river%20flows%20into%20the%20ocean.

Byrne, R. H. (2020, November 5). Seawater. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved:

May 15, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater

Carlson, D. W. (2010). Saltwater Circuit. Https://Www.Teachengineering.Org/.

Retrieved: February 18, 2021 from

https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_desal_lesson01_activ

ity1

Clark, D. 2019, August 1. Rust and Saltwater Used to Generate Electricity.

Aiche.Org. Retrieved: April 17, 2021 from

https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2019/08/rust-and-saltwater-used-generate-

electricity

32
Electric Experiments Roobert33. (2012, October 9). Energy Saltwater [Video].

YouTube. Retrieved: February 27, 2021 from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMdS65_E_X4

Electric Experiments Roobert33. (2015, July 13). Energy Saltwater 2 [Video].

YouTube. Retrieve: February 27, 2021 from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J5R9X8QrJA

Hills, J. M. (2020, March 23). Salt. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved: May 15,

2021 from https://www.britannica.com/science/salt

Internet Public Library. (n.d.). Salt Water Electrolysis Essay. Https://Www.Ipl.Org/.

Retrieved January 17, 2021, from https://www.ipl.org/essay/Literary-

Summary-Electrolysis-Of-Salt-Water-PKXPAJB74ACFR

Keim, R. (2016). Understanding Illuminance: What’s in a Lux? Understanding

Illuminance: What’s in a Lux? Published. Retrieved: May 13, 2021 from

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/understanding-

illuminance-whats-in-a-lux/

laqua. (n.d.). Ions in Water and Conductivity. Horiba.Com. Retrieved: April 15, 2021,

from https://www.horiba.com/sg/application/material-property-

characterization/water-analysis/water-quality-electrochemistry-

instrumentation/the-story-of-ph-and-water-quality/the-basis-of-

conductivity/ions-in-water-and-conductivity/

lenntech. (n.d.). Water Conductivity. Lenntech.Com. Retrieved: April 5, 2021, from

https://Lenntech.com/Applications/ultrapure/conductivity/water-

Conductivity.htm

33
Moliany, Ph. D. (2016, November 24). Salt Water as Alternative to Electricity.

Retrieved: February 17, 2021 from https://Graduateway.Com/.

https://graduateway.com/salt-water-as-alternative-to-electricity-research-

paper/

Prasad, S. 2011, November 21. Producing Electricity from Saltwater. Amrita.Edu.

Retrieved: February 27, 2021, from

https://www.amrita.edu/news/producing-electricity-saltwater

Ricafort, J. (n.d.). A Study on the Effectiveness of Salty. Academia.Edu. Retrieved:

February 27, 2021, from

https://www.academia.edu/35613256/A_STUDY_ON_THE_EFFECTIVE

NESS_OF_SALT_ON_THE_CONDUCTIVITY_OF

TeachEngineering. (2018, August 22). Saltwater Circuit [Video]. YouTube.

Retrieved: February 18, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=D4YWp6mhh_E

theysay. (n.d.). Salt Water Energy. Termpaperwarehouse.Com. Retrieved: April 12,

2021 from https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Salt-Water-

Energy/431877

toppr. (2015). Acids, Bases and Salts. Https://Www.Toppr.Com/. Retrieved: February

25, 2021 from https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/equilibrium/acids-

bases-and-salts/

UCS. 2010, September 30. How it Works: Water for Electricity. Ucsusa.Org.

Retrieved: April 12, 2021 from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/how-it-

works-water-electricity

34
Utomo, S. B. 2019. "The Role of Mineral Sea Water Bonding Process with Graphite-

Aluminum Electrodes as Electric Generator", The Scientific World

Journal, vol. 2019, Article ID 7028316, 12 pages, 2019. Retrieved: April 8,

2021, from https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7028316

UVM. (n.d.). Conductivity and Water Quality. State.Ky.Us. Retrieved: April 9, 2021

from http://www.state.ky.us/nrepc/water/ramp/rmcond.htm

35
 Appendix B

Observation

Distilled Without 20g 40g 60g 80g 100g

Water salt
LUX

Spring Without 20g 40g 60g 80g 100g

Water salt
LUX 151 2167 2441 2865 3007 3358

River Without 20g 40g 60g 80g 100g

Water salt
LUX 170 1820 2310 2558 2697 2888

Tap Water Without 20g 40g 60g 80g 100g

salt
LUX 189 1935 2023 2084 2118 2506

Appendix C

Materials (Pictures)

36
 Appendix D

Observation (Pictures)

37
 Appendix E

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram

Conceptual Framework

38
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Solution

Amount of Solute (salt) Amount of light produced

Amount of Solvent (water)

Appendix F

Figure 2: Map of the location of the study

39
 Appendix G

Table 1.1 Water Without salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

5. Spring water Without salt 151 18V

40
6. River water Without salt 170 18V

7. Tap water Without salt 189 18V

8. Distilled Water Without salt 198 18V

Appendix H

Table 1.2 Water with 20 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 20 2167 18V
3. River water 20 1,820 18V

3. Tap water 20 1,935 18V

4. Distilled water 20 2,881 18V

41
 Appendix I

Table 1.3 Water with 40 grams of salt

Water Grams of Salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring Water 40 2,441 18V
4. River water 40 2,310 18V

3.Tap water 40 2,023 18V

4.Distilled water 40 3,064 18V

42
 Appendix J

Table 1.4 Water with 60 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

5. Spring water 60 2,865 18V

6. River water 60 2,558 18V

7. Tap water 60 2,084 18V

8. Distilled water 60 3,226 18V

43
 Appendix K

Table 1.5 water with 80 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 80 3,007 18V

2.River water 80 2,697 18V
3.Tap water 80 2,118 18V
4.Distilled water 80 3,364 18V

44
 Appendix L

Table 1.6 Water with 100 grams of salt

Water Grams of salt LUX The battery Volt

1.Spring water 100 3,358 18V
2. River water 100 2,888 18V
5. Tap water 100 2,506 18V

4.Distilled water 100 3,473 18V

45
 Appendix M

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: Joshua M. Rojas

Date of Birth: December 12, 2002

Sex: Male

Place of Birth: Tubod, Lanao Del Norte

Parents: Jerry C. Rojas

Wennie M. Rojas

Status: Single

Religion: United Church of Christ in the Philippines

Citizenship: Filipino

46
Home Address: Poblacion, Tubod, Lanao Del Norte

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Tubod Central Elementary School

Secondary: Mercy Junior College

Track and Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand (STEM)

CURRICULUM VITAE

  

Personal Data 

Name: Siti Sheena K. Mediana 

Date of Birth: January 03, 2002 

Sex: female 

Place of Birth: Cotabato City  

Parents: Roberto L. Mediana Jr 

    Minda K. Mediana  

Status: Single  

Religion: Islam 

Citizenship: Filipino 

Home Address: Purok 1-A Pigcarangan Tubod lanao del Norte 

Educational Attainment 

Elementary: Tubod Central Elementary School 

Secondary: Mercy Junior College

Track and Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand (STEM) 

47
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: Kyla Mae M. Jumarito

Data of Birth: September 14, 2002

Sex: Female

Parents: Mr. Al Michael T. Jumarito

Mrs. Myrna M. Jumarito

Place of Birth: Provincial Hospital, Baroy, Lanao del Norte

Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Citizenship: Filipino

Home Address: P-6, Manga, Kolambugan, Lanao del Norte

48
Educational Attainment

Elementary: Mercy Junior College

Secondary: Mercy Junior College

Track and Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand (STEM)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: Karl Jun C. Obial

Date of Birth: March 10, 2003

Sex: Male

Place of Birth: Marilaw Mecauwayan bulacan

Parents: Eleuterio Obial Jr

Jonalyn C. Obial

Status: Single

Religion: Catholic

Citizenship: Filipino

Home Address: Bag-ong Dawis Baroy Lanao Del Norte

49
Educational Attainment

Elementary: Mercy Junior College

Secondary: Mercy Junior College

Track and Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand (STEM)

50