6002x FinalReview S2012 Clean PDF

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
6.002 – Circuits & Electronics

Fall 2008
Final Exam
December 15th, 2008
Name:________________________________________________________________________
Instructor: Lee Lee Lang Cooke Cooke

Time: 11 12 1 2 3
x There are 20 pages in this exam, including this page. Please check that you have them all.
x Please write your name in the space provided above, and circle the name of your recitation
instructor along with the time of your recitation.
x IMPORTANT: The problems in this exam vary in difficulty. If you find yourself
spending a long time on a question, consider moving on to later problems in the exam, and
then working on the challenging problems after you have finished all of the easier ones.
x Do your work for each question within the boundaries of that question, or on the back of
the preceding page.
x Remember to include the sign and units for all numerical answers.
x This is a closed-book exam, but you may use a calculator and 3 double-sided sheets of
notes.
x You have 3 hours to complete this exam. Good luck!
Problem 1 Problem 7
Problem 2 Problem 8
Problem 3 Problem 9
Problem 4 Problem 10
Problem 5
TOTAL
Problem 6
1
Problem 1 (8 points)
Consider the NOR gate and a set of voltage thresholds corresponding to a static discipline shown
below. Assume that both MOSFETs have the same RON and VT.
VS = 5 V
VIL = 1 V
VIH = 4 V
RL = 10 kȍ
VOL = 0.5 V
Z
VOH = 4.6 V
A B
(a) (4 points) What is the range of values for VT that allows the NOR gate to satisfy the given
static discipline?
(b) (4 points) What is the range of values for RON that allows the NOR gate to satisfy the given
static discipline?
2
Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit shown below at the A-A’ terminals.
R
A
+
vin –
gmvin
A’
3
With nanofabrication techniques, it is possible to build tiny vacuum tubes. While not as small as
MOSFETs, vacuum tubes are far more resistant to damages caused by cosmic rays, so they could
play an important role in future space electronics.
Figure 3(i) shows the circuit symbol of a nanofabricated vacuum tube with three electrodes,
called a triode. Figures 3(ii) and 3(iii) show the I-V characteristics of a triode. Figure 3(ii)
shows the plate current (iP) vs. the plate-to-cathode voltage (vPC), while Figure 3(iii) shows the
plate current (iP) vs. the grid-to-cathode voltage (vGC).
P (plate)
iP
+
G (grid)
vPC
+
–
vGC
– C (cathode)
Figure 3(i): A triode
16
Figure 3(ii): Plot of iP vs. vPC
4
1
Figure 3(iii): Plot of iP vs. vGC
(a) (4 points) The triode is connected in an amplifier circuit as shown below in Figure 3(iv).
Determine the DC input voltage VI such that the DC output voltage VO = 8 V. (Space is
provided for your work on the next page.)
16 V
400 kȍ
+
iP
P
vO
G
–
vi +
– C
+
VI –
Figure 3(iv): Amplifier circuit using a triode
5
(b) (4 points) The triode has the small-signal circuit model shown below in Figure 3(v). Find
numerical values (with units) for the small-signal parameters gm and ro at the operating
point given by VI = –1 V and VO = 4 V. Note that this operating point is different from the
one given in Part (a).
ip
wi P G P
gm { + +
wvGC
1
§ wi · vgc gmvgc ro vpc
ro { ¨¨ P ¸¸
© wv PC ¹
–
C C
Figure 3(v): Small-signal circuit model for the triode
6
(c) (3 points) In the amplifier circuit shown in Figure 3(iv), the operating point is changed
again so that the triode has gm= 30 PA/V and ro= 200 k:. Compute the small-signal gain
vo
a .
vi
(d) (3 points) Find the Thevenin resistance seen from the output port of the amplifier circuit in
Figure 3(iv) based on the small-signal model. Assume that the small-signal parameters of
the triode are given by gm= 30 PA/V and ro= 200 k:. A numerical answer with units is
required.
7
In the circuit below, the only capacitor of interest is the 10 µF load capacitor connected to the
output terminals.
10 V
2 kȍ
1 kȍ D +
+
G 10 µF 4 kȍ vO
vI S
–
–
It is known that the input voltage vI is the sum of two parts, a constant VI and a small signal
component vi:
vI = VI + vi
It is also known that the constant part of the total output voltage is VO = 4 V. The MOSFET
transistor has parameters VT = 2 V and K = 50 mA/V 2.
(a) (4 points) Calculate the constant value of the MOSFET drain current ID.
8
(b) (3 points) Draw and label with numerical values the small-signal equivalent circuit for the
amplifier with the capacitive and resistive load shown in the figure above.
(c) (4 points) After the circuit has been in equilibrium with VO = 4 V for a long time, the input
makes a small-signal step increase of 0.01 V, i.e. vi t 0.01u t . Calculate the time
constant Ĳ for the small-signal change in output voltage vo(t).
9
(d) (3 points) For the same small-signal step input from Part 4(c), write the equation for the
small-signal output response vo(t) for t > 0, assuming the bias value of vI is changed so that
the MOSFET has gm = 10 mA/V.
10
An RL circuit is driven by a sinusoidal input as shown below.
iL
+
vI = Vcos(Ȧt) L
–
(a) (4 points) The steady-state current through the inductor can be expressed as
i L A cosZt I Amps . Determine the values of A and I in terms of V, R, L, and Ȧ.
(b) (4 points) Determine the instantaneous power dissipated by the circuit for the given input
in terms of V, R, L, t, and Ȧ.
11
For the circuit shown below, find an expression for the value of L that will balance the bridge to
make v1 v2 0 , for an input voltage v IN V cosZt . Express your answer in terms of one or
more of the circuit parameters V, R, C, and Ȧ.
L R
vIN = Vcos(Ȧt) +
v1 v2
–
R C
12
There are four circuits shown in Figure 7(i) below. In Figure 7(ii), there are four time response
curves that represent the output voltage response, vO(t), for a unit step input, vI(t) = u(t), to a
circuit. There are also four frequency response curves in Figure 7(ii) that represent sinusoidal-
steady-state transfer function responses, H vO v I . Assume that all initial conditions for the
capacitors and inductors are zero for t < 0.
(a) For each of the four circuits in Figure 7(i), identify one of the eight possible responses
(either time domain or frequency domain) that could apply to that circuit, and write the
response number underneath the circuit. You need only find one match for each circuit.
(b) For each circuit and matching response that you picked, determine the value (in terms of
relevant circuit components) for the corresponding time constant, time period, cutoff
frequency, or resonant frequency that is relevant to that response (i.e. Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h in
Figure 7(ii)). Write this value in the space indicated below each circuit.
Circuit 1: Circuit 2:
L
R
+ +
R
+ +
vI L vO vI vO
– –
– C
–
Response Number: ___________ Response Number: ___________
Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________
Circuit 3: Circuit 4:
R
R
+ +
L
+ +
vI –
R C vO vI vO
–
– R
–
Response Number: ___________ Response Number: ___________
Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________
Figure 7(i): Circuits to match with responses
13
Response 1: Response 2:
Ȧb
Ta
Ȧd
Tc
Te
Ȧf
Ȧh
Tg
Figure 7(ii): Time and frequency responses
14
For a series RLC circuit, the magnitude plot of the vR frequency response across the resistor R is
shown below. Now suppose the circuit is driven by a unit step at time t = 0 given by vI(t) = u(t).
Sketch the time domain response of vR(t) using the axes provided on the next page, and label the
sketch with numerical values for the initial value, final value, and if there is ringing, the time
period of the ringing. Assume that the initial conditions for the capacitor and inductor are zero
for t < 0.
+ vR –
R L
vI + C
–
15
vR
0 t
16
This problem concerns the op-amp filter shown below; note the definitions of the sinusoidal-
steady-state input and output voltages, vIN and vOUT, respectively. Networks N1 and N2 are two-
terminal single-port networks that contain only resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Assume that
the op-amp is ideal.
N2
N1 –
+
+ + vOUT = Voutcos(Ȧt+ĭ)
vIN = Vincos(Ȧt)
– –
(a) (5 points) Let N1 have the frequency-dependent impedance Z1(Ȧ) = R1(Ȧ) + j X1(Ȧ), where
R1 and X1 are the real/resistive and imaginary/reactive parts of Z1, respectively. Similarly,
let N2 have the frequency-dependent impedance Z2(Ȧ) = R2(Ȧ) + j X2(Ȧ). For this general
case, find Vout and ĭ as functions of Vin, R1, X1, R2, and X2.
17
(b) (5 points) Suppose that N1 is a resistor of value R, and N2 contains a resistor of value RX
and a capacitor of value CX. Further, assume that the magnitude of the filter’s transfer
V Z Zc
function is of the form out G , where G 1 is a given gain, and Ȧc is the
Vin Z Z 2 Z c2
cutoff frequency. In this case, determine the topology of the network N2, and the values of
the components within N2 in terms of G, R, and Ȧc.
18
This problem concerns the circuit shown below. In analyzing the circuit, assume that the op-amp
K
is ideal, and that the MOSFET behaves according to i DS vGS VT 2 .
2
VS
G
S
R
–
+
vIN + + vOUT
–
–
(a) (4 points) For what range of the input voltage vIN will the MOSFET operate in its
saturation region? Remember that the op-amp is ideal and does not saturate.
19
(b) (4 points) Assuming that the MOSFET operates in its saturation region, determine vOUT as
a function of one or more of vIN, R, K, VT, and VS.
(c) (4 points) Now let the MOSFET have a gate-to-source capacitance of CGS as shown in the
figure below. In this case, construct a differential equation that relates vOUT to vIN. Assume
the MOSFET operates in its saturation region. You need not solve the differential equation.
VS
G
S CGS
R
–
+
+ vOUT
vIN +
–
–
20
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
6.002 – Circuits and Electronics

Fall 2005
Final Exam
December 20, 2005
YOUR NAME: ___________________________________________________________
Recitation Instructor / TA: __________________________________________________
General Instructions:
1. Please verify that there are 22 pages in your exam booklet.
2. Please do all of your work in the spaces provided in this examination booklet. In
particular, try to do your work for each question within the boundaries of the
question, or on the back side of the page preceding the question. Extra pages are
also available at the end of the booklet. Place the answer to each question within
the appropriate answer box.
3. You may use three double-sided pages of notes and a calculator while taking this
exam.
For examiner’s use only:
Problem Points Score Grader
1 8
2 12
3 20
4 20
5 20
6 20
Total 100
fa05_final v6.doc
6.002 Circuits and Electronics
Fall 2005 Final Exam Name:______________________________________
PROBLEM 1 (8 points)
This problem considers the following NMOS digital logic circuit. The circuit has four
inputs A, B, C, and D and one output X.
If a high voltage represents a “1” and a low voltage represents a “0”, write the output X as
a Boolean function of A, B, C, and D in the answer box at the bottom of this page. The
truth table may be used as a guide to finding the function, but is not a requirement.
A B C D X
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
X=
Page 2 of 22

This problem concerns the following circuit:
(A) Assume that the network is operating in the sinusoidal steady state. Determine the
response vout t to the input voltage v in t V SI cosZt . Note that vout will take
the form VSO Z cosZt M Z .
(answer box located on the following page)
Page 3 of 22
vout _______________________________________________
(B) If the input of this network is vin and the output of the network is vout , circle only
one of the following terms that best describes the filtering function performed by
the network.
Low Pass
High Pass
Band Pass
Band Stop
None of the Above
Page 4 of 22

Consider the following circuit:
There is no stored energy for t 0

L 10 3 H
C 10 7 F
The excitation vi t is an impulse at t 0 of area O volt seconds .

vi t O G t
(A) What are the values of i t , vo t , and vc t at t 0 ?

i 0 ________________________________

vo 0 _______________________________

vc 0 _______________________________
(B) What are the values of i t , vo t , and vc t as t o f ?
i t o f _____________________________
vo t o f ____________________________
vc t o f ____________________________
Page 5 of 22
For the remaining parts of Problem 3, now assume that

1 1 L
R Z0
10 10 C
(C) Find the natural frequencies of this circuit (i.e. find the roots of the characteristic
equation). Give numerical answers.
s1 = ____________________________________
s2 = ____________________________________
Page 6 of 22
(D) Sketch the approximate waveform for i t . Clearly label the important features of
your sketch with numerical values. Assume that R Z 0 10 .
i t
Page 7 of 22

The following circuits are driven by a sinusoidal source vi t in the steady state. On the
following pages, there are six sketches of magnitudes on log-log graphs (labeled A-F)
and six sketches of phase on linear-log graphs (labeled G-L) for possible transfer
functions H jZ vˆo vˆi . For each circuit, circle the letters of the magnitude and phase
plots which could represent the behavior of that circuit. Each circuit matches only one
magnitude and one phase plot. Magnitude and phase plots may be reused.
Magnitude: A B C D E F
Phase: G H I J K L
Phase: G H I J K L
Phase: G H I J K L
Phase: G H I J K L
Page 8 of 22
(This page left blank for work – Problem 4 magnitude and phase plots on following page)
Page 9 of 22
Transfer function magnitude plots for Problem 4.

Note: The horizontal axes in these sketches indicate zero on the log scale. You are
looking for the correct approximate shape of the plot; do not worry about the frequency
scale along the horizontal axes. The vertical scales may differ among sketches.
Page 10 of 22
Transfer function phase plots for Problem 4.

Note: The horizontal axes in these sketches indicate zero phase angles. You are looking
for the correct approximate shape of the plot; do not worry about the frequency scale
along the horizontal axes. The vertical scale may differ among sketches. Recall that one
may shift phase angles by multiples of 360q without changing the result.
Page 11 of 22

The circuit symbol for the exponentially acting transistor, or
EXPAT for short, is drawn to the right. The voltage v KT between
the Knob, K, and the Thingamijig, T, is the input voltage and it
controls the current iW between the Whatchamacallit, W, and the
Thingamajig, T. The equations relating the input current, i K , and
the output current, iW , to the input and output voltages, v KT and
vWT , respectively are the following:
for v KT 0, vWT t 0
iK
I M 1 e v KT VM
for v KT t 0 , and iW ®
0

vWT

¯GM v KT 1 e for v KT t 0, vWT t 0
VM
These relationships are drawn below for v KT t 0 , and vWT d 3 V for an EXPAT for which
I M 0.1 mA , VM 0.5 V , and GM 4 mS . The asymptotic values of the curves at large
voltages are indicated, and a one volt increment has been used when plotting the family
of iW curves.
0.3 12
vKT = 3V
i W [mAmps]
i K [mAmps]
0.2 8
vKT = 2V
0.1 4
vKT = 1V
0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
vKT [Volts] vWT [Volts]
Page 12 of 22
(A) In general the small signal linear equivalent circuit for a three-terminal transistor
like the EXPAT has four elements and can be represented by the following circuit.
Find expressions for the four small-signal elements g i , g r , g m , and g o for a bias
point VKT , VWT , where VKT ! 0 and VWT ! 0 . g i , g r , g m , and g o all have units
of conductance. Be sure to indicate the differential relationship you are using to
determine each element, as well as the element’s value expressed in terms of the
device and bias point parameters.
(answer box located on the following page)
Page 13 of 22
gi = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V
gr = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V
gm = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V
go = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V
Page 14 of 22
For the remaining parts of Problem 5, consider the common-Thingamajig amplifier

shown below.
(B) In the space below, sketch the small signal linear equivalent circuit for this
amplifier for a bias point VKT , VWT , where VKT ! 0 and VWT ! 0 . For this part,
assume that the model of part (A) has known parameters, in which g i , g m , and g o
are finite and non-zero, and g r 0 . (Note: This is not necessarily correct for your
answers in part (A)).
Page 15 of 22
(C) Find an expression for the small signal voltage gain, Av vout vin , of this amplifier
for a bias point VKT , VWT , where VKT ! 0 and VWT ! 0 . Express your answer in
terms of RI , g i , g r , g m , g o , and RW .
Av = _______________________________________________________
Page 16 of 22
(This page left blank for work – exam continues on the following page)
Page 17 of 22

Consider the following circuit for parts (A) and (B). You may treat the op-amps in the
circuit as ideal ( i 0 , i 0 , and op-amp gain is infinite).
(A) Find an expression for v X in terms of v IN .
v X = ______________________________________________________
Page 18 of 22
(B) Find the input impedance at the port indicated by Z IN . Also, provide a brief
description of what the circuit does.
ZIN = ______________________________________________________
Circuit Function:_____________________________________________
Page 19 of 22
For the remainder of Problem 6, consider the circuit

below. For simplicity, we will consider a
simplified model of the diodes shown to the right in iD
which the diode is either “off” ( v D VF , i D 0 ),
or “on” ( v D VF , i D ! 0 ), where VF 0.6 V . You Diode
may treat the op-amp as ideal ( i 0 , i 0 , and “on”
op-amp gain is infinite).
vD
VF
Diode “off”
(C) In the answer box below, circle the appropriate diode states for the two cases:
vin 0 and vin ! 0 .
for vIN < 0 D1 OFF D1 ON D1 OFF D1 ON

(circle one combination) D2 OFF D2 OFF D2 ON D2 ON
for vIN > 0 D1 OFF D1 ON D1 OFF D1 ON

(circle one combination) D2 OFF D2 OFF D2 ON D2 ON
Page 20 of 22
(D) Find and plot the input vs. output transfer relation for the circuit. Clearly label your
graph.
vout
vin
Page 21 of 22
(blank page for extra work)
Page 22 of 22
1

6.002 – Electronic Circuits

Fall 2003
Final Exam
Please write your name on each page of the exam in the space provided, and circle the name of your
recitation instructor and the time of your recitation at the bottom of this page.
Please verify that there are 24 pages in your exam.
There are 8 major questions in this exam. Remember, if you find that you are spending too much time
on a specific problem, move on to other questions and return to this one later.
To the extent possible, do your work for each question within the boundaries of the question, or on the
back side of the page preceding the question. Extra pages are also available at the end of your exam.
You may use three double-sided pages of notes and a calculator while taking this exam.
Final grades in 6.002 will not be given out by phone or by e-mail. Rather, they should be available
through WEBSIS by December 22. You may review and take back your final exam at the beginning
of IAP in January 2004 from Room NE43-624.
Good luck!
Problem Points Score Grader

1 20
2 10
3 11
4 10
5 12
6 10
7 15
8 12
Total 100
Name:
Instructor: Perreault Antoniadis Chaniotakis Umans Kolodziejski

Time: 10 11 11 11 12 12 1 2 3
Name: 2
Problem 1 – 20 points
This problem contains four independent subproblems.

(A) Write a boolean expression that describes the function of each of the circuits below. Assume that
, , for the NFETs, for the PFETs, and for
all the MOSFETs. Determine whether each circuit satisfies a static discipline with the following voltage
thresholds: . (6 points)
VS
VS
RL
OUT1
A
A
OUT2 B
C
B
EN
Satisfies static discipline: YES NO Satisfies static discipline: YES NO

Name: 3
(B) Consider the function specified in the truth table below.
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Write a logic expression corresponding to . (3 points)
Implement the logic function
using only 2-input logic gates. (Note that is not necessarily the same function as ). Your implementation
may assume that and are available as inputs. (3 points)
Name: 4
(C) Indicate whether each of the filters shown below is a low pass filter (LPF), a high pass filter (HPF), a
band pass filter (BPF), or a band stop filter (BSF – A band stop filter passes low and high frequencies, but
attenuates frequencies in between). Enter your answers in the boxes below each filter. (4 points)
+ +
vI + vI +
- vO - vO
- -
+
vI +
+
-
vO vI + vO
-
-
-
Name: 5
(D) A nonlinear device has the characteristics shown below.

iN
iN
+
N vN 0 0.6V vN (v)
-1.5V
It is connected in an op-amp circuit as indicated below. Sketch the form of the voltage and the
current for the input shown below, assuming that the op-amp is ideal. Indicate clearly the maximum
and minimum values in your sketches. (4 points)
N
Ω iO
vI
- 1
+ +
vI
+ vO π
- 0 2π 3π 4π ωt
-
-1
vO
0 π 2π 3π 4π ωt
iO
0 π 2π 3π 4π ωt
Name: 6
Yikes Inc. has manufactured for an important customer several million identical resistive voltage divider
devices, each containing a pair of resistors and . Unfortunately, the design engineers used a rather
long wire to connect the resistor , which results in the presence of a non-zero inductance in series with
the resistance as illustrated in the equivalent circuit for the device shown on the left.
R1
R1
A B
A B
R2 +
R2 +
L2
vA L2 vB
- -
C
C
The figure on the right illustrates normal use of the voltage divider device. Terminal is taken as a
common ground. The input voltage is applied across the A and C terminals, and the output is taken
across the and terminals.
(A) Suppose that an input of the form
is applied to the circuit. Determine , the frequency response of the circuit. (Remember, for an
input of the form , the sinusoidal steady state output will take the form , where is the complex
amplitude). Further determine the magnitude of for a DC signal ( ), and for approaching
infinity. (4 points)
for for
Name: 7
(B) Yikes’ customer learns of the frequency dependent behavior of the voltage divider and threatens to
cancel their order. Yikes hires Induct-R-Us, a think-tank of ex-6.002 gurus, to figure out a way to fix their
problem without having to re-manufacture the devices. Induct-R-Us quickly finds a solution, and suggests
that the frequency dependence of the voltage divider can be cancelled by adding an inductor of value at
the terminal in series with , as illustrated in the augmented circuit below.
LX R1
A
A’ B
+ R2 +
+
vA’ vA L2 vB
- - -
C
Determine the voltage for DC applied across the terminals, in terms of one or more of
, , , and , the parameters of the augmented voltage divider. Next, determine the value of that
makes , the frequency response of the augmented voltage divider, independent of frequency.
(6 points)
for DC
Name: 8
This problem involves op-amp circuits. Assume that the op-amps are ideal throughout the problem.
(A) Determine as a function of and in the op-amp circuit below. (3 points)
2R
R
vI -
vO
vX +
RL
R 2R
(B) Determine as a function of in the op-amp circuit below. (4 points)
2R
vA -
vB
+
Name: 9
(C) Find the differential equation relating to in the network below. (You may use the results of
Parts (A) and (B)). (4 points)
2R
R
vI -
vO
+
R
2R
2R
-
vX +
Differential equation:
Name: 10
This problem deals with the two-stage amplifier circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFETs, and
, operate in saturation throughout this problem, and are characterized by the equation
where
15V
2K 90K 20K
+ +
M1 M2
+
vO1 C 10K vO2
vIN + vI2
-
- - -
(A) Determine the value of when DC. (3 points)

Name: 11
(B) Determine the value of , given that DC. Circle your answer. (2 points)
(1) 1.1V (2) 1.2V (3) 1.5V (4) 1.6V (5) 1.8V
(C) Suppose that an input of the form shown below is applied to the circuit.
volts
Notice that the input comprises a 3V DC component and a small-signal AC component . Draw an
incremental model for circuit. Clearly label the nodes with small-signal voltages , , , and the
output . Substitute numerical values wherever possible. (5 points)
Name: 12
An op-amp circuit incorporating a resistor and a nonlinear device called the diode is shown below. Assume
the op-amp is ideal. For the operating range of interest we will model the i-v characteristic of the diode as:
where, and are known constants.
R iD
vI
+ -
vD
-
vO
+
(A) Find the relationship between the output voltage and the input voltage for this circuit. Assume
the diode acts as modeled above, and the input voltage is greater than zero. (4 points)
Name: 13
(B) Assume that the input voltage is composed of a large positive DC term plus a small AC term .
In other words,
The output voltage can be correspondingly represented as
Draw the small-signal circuit model for the op-amp circuit containing the resistor and diode. Label all
element values in terms of , , , and . (Remember that the small-signal circuit equivalent of an
ideal op-amp is the op-amp itself). (5 points)
(C) Find , the small-signal gain of the circuit as a function of , , , and . (3 points)
Name: 14
A 6.002 student, Fae Kwon, is looking to build a capacitor charging circuit. Fae first wires up the resistive
charger shown below, and operates it as follows: the capacitor is initially discharged and the switch is open.
At , Fae closes the ideal switch . She re-opens it as soon as the charging current reaches zero
again.
R
S
+ iC
V
- +
C vC
-
(Circuit A)
(A) For the resistive charger in Circuit A, make a sketch of starting at . Your sketch should clearly
indicate the initial value, the final value, and the time constant. What is the final voltage on the capacitor?
How much energy is stored on the capacitor after the switch is re-opened, and how much energy is dissipated
in the charging process (between the time the switch is closed, to the time the switch is re-opened)? (4 points)
Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.
Energy dissipated when charging

Name: 15
(B) Unhappy with the amount of energy dissipated in Circuit A, Fae replaces the resistor with an inductor as
shown below in Circuit B, and operates it just like the resistive charger: the capacitor is initially discharged.
At , she closes the ideal switch . She re-opens it as soon as the charging current reaches zero
again. (More precisely, the switch in Circuit B is opened at the first zero crossing after .)
L
S
+ iC
V
- +
C vC
-
(Circuit B)
For the inductive charger in Circuit B, make sketches of and . The sketches should clearly indicate
initial, final and maximum values, and the time at which each of these occurs. What is the final voltage on
the capacitor? How much energy is stored on the capacitor after the switch is re-opened, and how much
energy is dissipated in the charging process (between the time the switch is closed, to the time the switch is
re-opened)? (6 points)
Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.
Energy dissipated when charging

Name: 16
The following circuit containing two MOSFETs ( and ) acts as an inverting amplifier with inputs
and , and output . Both MOSFETs are identical, i.e., and . Assume
that the supply voltage . This problem will explore the large signal response of the circuit.
VS
RL
+
D
G
M2
S
vO2
v2 + D +
G
- M1
S
vO1
+
v1 - -
-
(A) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, which of the following expressions equals , the
gate to source voltage of . Circle the right answer. (2 points)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(B) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, determine as a function of and . (5 points)
Name: 17
(C) Assuming that both transistors are in saturation, determine as a function of . (4 points)
(D) Assume that is in saturation for this question. For a given value of , what is the range of values
of so that operates in its saturation region. (4 points)
Name: 18
Minnie Delay recently designed a circuit for a light in her dorm room which turns the light brighter gradually
when switched ON, and dims it gradually when switched OFF. Not to be outdone, her friend, Tom Driver,
decides to design a circuit that can make a light flicker briefly when turned ON or OFF. Tom decides to
create a prototype of the following circuit in the 6.002 lab to see if his idea will work.
VS
L
i
C + A bulb A
v AB R
B B
R ON
switch S
Tom picks a bulb which can be modeled as a resistance of value , and a switch which can be
modeled in its ON state as a resistor of value . Tom looks in the supply room for big inductors
and capacitors and picks elements with the following values: and . Tom then
builds the circuit and connects a DC supply with .
(A) When the switch is in the ON state, what is the steady state value of the voltage across the bulb, , in
Tom’s circuit? (2 points)
Steady state value of

Name: 19
(B) After leaving the switch in the ON state for a long time, Tom turns the switch OFF. To his dismay, the
bulb does not flicker, rather it dims monotonically much like Minnie’s circuit. Tom comes to you and asks
for your help in figuring out why his circuit does not flicker. Using the properties of second order circuits,
explain the cause to Tom in one or two sentences. (3 points)
(C) Tom then asks you whether the following element values will cause the bulb to flicker:
and , keeping all other values unchanged. (Note, the math is simpler if you use
). Assume, as before, that the switch is turned OFF at after being in the ON state
for a long time. Determine the values of , , , , and for the circuit, and sketch the form of
for . Your sketch should clearly indicate initial value, final value, and the approximate times at which
zero crossings occur. (7 points)
(The next page has space to fill in your answers)

Name: 20
v AB
0 t
(End)
6.002 – Electronic Circuits

Fall 2000
Final Exam
• Please write your name in the space provided below, and circle the name of your recitation
instructor and the time of your recitation.
• Please verify that there are 19 pages in your exam.
• To the extent possible, do all of your work on the pages contained within this exam. In
particular, try to do your work for each question within the boundaries of the question, or on
the back side of the page preceding the question.
• You may use three double-sided pages of notes while taking this exam.
• Final grades in 6.002 will not be given out by phone or by e-mail. Rather, they should be
available through WEBSIS by December 22. You may review and take back your final exam
at the beginning of IAP in January 2001 from Room NE43-624.
• Good luck!
Problem Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Name:
Instructor: Senturia Wilson Parker Hagelstein Sussman

Time: 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 2 3
1
Problem 1 – 15 Points
The Op-Amp circuit shown below is very similar to the standard non-inverting Op Amp except
that RL is some external resistor, and we are interested in showing that the current through RL
is nearly constant, regardless of the value of RL , that is, the circuit acts like a current source for
driving RL .
+ A iL
-
+ RL
vI
-
A’
R2
(A) Using the Op-Amp model shown below, derive an expression for iL in terms of vI , A, R2 and
RL . Show that this expression for iL becomes independent of RL as A approaches infinity.
v+ v+ +
+
v + A( v + v) vO
+ v
vO
2
(B) To verify the “current source” action more directly, use the Op-Amp model from Part A to
find the Thévenin equivalent resistance looking to the left of terminals AA! .
3
This problem
! involves
" the circuit shown below. You are given that R = 1Ω, C = 1µF , and
K=2 1 Amps .
Volt2
2R R
iD
+ +
V A + va +
- 2R vC vD
C
v a is “small”
iD
Characteristics of nonlinear device:
i D = 0 when v D ≤ 0
2
i D = K v D when v D > 0 vD
(A) Find the operating point voltage VD and the operating point current ID in the circuit shown
above. Assume for this part that VA = 12V .
4
(B) Now assume that VA is changed such that a new operating point ID0 and VD0 is obtained,
where VD0 = 1V . (Note that this operating point may differ from your answer in Part A.)
Draw the small-signal circuit, substituting numeric values where possible. Label the small-signal
capacitor voltage vc and the small-signal device voltage vd . (Recall, the small signal model for a
capacitor is the capacitor itself.)
5
A nonlinear device with voltage vd and current id has a characteristic given by
id = Ieαvd
where vd > 0 and id > 0.
+ vd -
id
For all parts of this problem assume that the operational amplifiers are ideal, that they are operating
in the active region and that the nonlinear device is operating with positive values of vd and id .
(A) For the nonlinear element connected as shown below, find an expression relating vout to vin .
id + vd -
R
v in - v out
+
7
(B) For the nonlinear element connected as shown below, find an expression relating vout to vin .
R
vd + id
v in - v out
+
(C) For the operational amplifier circuit shown below, find an expression relating vout to vin1 , vin2 ,
and vin3 .
R
R
v in1
R v out
v in2 +
R
v in3
8
(D) Find an expression for vout as a function of va and vb for the circuit shown below. Hint: Use
the results of the previous parts of this problem.
id
+ vd
R
vA
R
id + vd R
R id
vd +
R
R v out
1 + +
+ R +
id + v
d
R
vB
9
Anna Logue, a UROP student working for Professor S., has just found a rather strange piece of
circuitry in the trash just outside the office of Prof. A. The circuit has three exposed terminals
and it has exactly one resistor, one inductor, and one capacitor, but she cannot see how they are
connected, because the connections are protected by epoxy. She can read the capacitor label: it
says that the capacitor has a capacitance of 1µF (Observation O1). However, the other labels are
not readable.
Being a naturally curious MIT student, Anna takes the circuit to the 6.002 lab to see what can be
determined about this strange device by experiment. Anna labels the terminals with the letters
“x”, “y”, and “z” with a marker pen. She then takes several measurements. First, Anna measures
the resistances between the terminals of the mystery circuit with an Ohmmeter, and makes the
following observations:
x − y: infinity (Observation O2)
y − z: infinity (Observation O3)
z − x: 40 Ω (Observation O4)
Next, Anna uses a signal generator, which may be modeled as a voltage source, to apply a 1
Volt, 100 Hz, square-wave signal from the x terminal to the y terminal. She uses her oscilloscope
to display the voltage from z to y superimposed on the square wave, at the same scale as the
square wave, as shown in the figure below (Observation O5). As you can see, she observes that the
waveform from z to y follows the square wave, but there is ringing with a cycle time of about 1 ms.
+2
+1
-1
-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
10
(A) Circle the circuit below which best reflects the contents of the mysterious circuit. Assume that
the inductor and capacitor are ideal. Justify your choice with a two or three sentence explanation.
x z x z x z
(1) (2) (3)

y y
y
x z x z x z
(4) (5) (6)

y
y
y
(B) What is the inductance (approximately) of the inductor that is in the circuit? What is the
resistance of the resistor?
11
(C) Assume that Anna uses the signal generator to apply the same 1 Volt, 100 Hz, square-wave
signal from the x terminal to the y terminal. For the circuit you chose in Part A, sketch the form
of the time-domain graph of the voltage from the terminal labeled x to the terminal labeled z.
Clearly indicate the values just before and just after each transition of the input.
0 t
-1
-2
-3
-4
12
For the network shown below, determine an expression for the indicated variables for t > 0 and
provide clearly labeled sketches of your result. Assume that the Op-Amps are ideal and that they
are operating in the active region. Further assume that the initial current through the inductor is
zero, and that the initial voltage across the capacitor is also zero.
10mH
0.001µF
vi 10K
5K
2 10K
vi + +
+ v1 +
+ v0
1 2 3 t (µsec)
v1 v0
t (µsec) t (µsec)
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
v 1= t>0 v 0= t>0
13
Looking to recover from a disastrous product introduction, the marketing team of Yikes Inc. has
changed the company name to Yehaa Inc. Furthermore, they hire several MIT undergraduates with
a 6.002 background in the hopes they will turn the company around. One of the engineers discovers
a new three-terminal device which can be manufactured at a lower cost than the MOSFET. This
device has the characteristics shown below:
i DS (mA) v CS ≥ V T
D +
i DS
(1V, 1--- mA ) V T = 3V
iC = 0
v DS 8
C
+
v CS < V T
1
(1V, -----
v CS - mA )
48 v DS (volts)
S
(0V, 0mA )
As depicted in the figure, when vCS ≥ VT , the vDS versus iDS relationship is a straight line passing
through the points (0V, 0mA) and (1V, 18 mA).
When vCS < VT , the vDS versus iDS relationship is a straight line passing through the points
1
(0V, 0mA) and (1V, 48 mA).
The current into node C of the device is always zero. In a rare display of insight, the marketing
group names this device the LOSFET.
Based on their experience with MOSFETs, the Yehaa Inc. engineers use the LOSFET to build the
inverter circuit shown below.
V S = 5V
12K
+
D
vO
+ C S
vI
14
(A) Sketch vI versus vO for the inverter.
v0
5
vI
0
1 2 3 4 5
(B) Yehaa’s sales team discovers that networking equipment company Disco Inc. buys huge quan-
tities of MOSFET inverters. Disco’s systems operate under a static discipline with the following
voltage thresholds:
VIL = 2.5V , VIH = 3.5V , VOL = 2.2V , and VOH = 3.9V .
Determine whether Yehaa’s inverters satisfy this static discipline. Justify your answer.
15
(C) In a given situation, a Yehaa inverter drives a capacitive load with capacitance C = 1pF as
shown in the figure below. Assume that the input to the inverter is at 5V and that the output is at
some voltage VLOW . Suppose that the input switches instantaneously to 0V. Find the time taken
by the output of the inverter to rise to VOH following the 5V to 0V transition at the input. Express
your answer in terms of VLOW and VOH .
V S = 5V
12K
+
D
C vO
+ C S
vI
16
Consider the amplifier circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFET operates in saturation so
that
K
iDS = (vGS − VT )2
2
VS VS
R1 RL
D +
+ G S v DS
v GS R2
(A) A small-signal model for the MOSFET in the amplifier circuit is shown below. Given that
VS = 10V , VT = 1V , and K = 1mA/V 2 , determine a constraint on the values of R1 and R2 such
that gm = 4mA/V .
D
G
+ i ds = g m v gs
v gs
17
(B) Draw the small-signal circuit model for the circuit shown below. Assume that the MOSFET
operates in its saturation region and is biased such that the value of gm in its small-signal circuit
model is gm0 . Clearly label the small-signal voltages vi and vo .
VS VS
RL
R1
CO
CI vo
vi + R2 RO
18
(C) Now assume that the amplifier from Part B is driven by a small-amplitude input of the form
vi = Vi ejωt . Further assume that
RL = RO = R
R1 = R2 = 2R
CI = CO = C
Determine the complex small-signal gain of the amplifier H(jω) = VVoi in terms of C, R, gm0 , and ω.
What is the magnitude of the small-signal gain of the amplifier as ω approaches infinity.
19

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

6.002 – Circuits & Electronics

Instructor: Lee Lee Lang Cooke Cooke

x You have 3 hours to complete this exam. Good luck!

Figure 3(i): A triode

Figure 3(ii): Plot of iP vs. vPC

Figure 3(iii): Plot of iP vs. vGC

Figure 3(iv): Amplifier circuit using a triode

Figure 3(v): Small-signal circuit model for the triode

Response Number: ___________ Response Number: ___________

Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________

Response Number: ___________ Response Number: ___________

Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:___________

Figure 7(i): Circuits to match with responses

Figure 7(ii): Time and frequency responses

6.002 – Circuits and Electronics

December 20, 2005

YOUR NAME: ___________________________________________________________

Recitation Instructor / TA: __________________________________________________

For examiner’s use only:

Problem Points Score Grader

PROBLEM 2 (12 points)

(answer box located on the following page)

PROBLEM 3 (20 points)

There is no stored energy for t  0

The excitation vi t is an impulse at t 0 of area O volt  seconds .

(B) What are the values of i t , vo t , and vc t as t o f ?

For the remaining parts of Problem 3, now assume that

PROBLEM 4 (20 points)

Transfer function magnitude plots for Problem 4.

Transfer function phase plots for Problem 4.

PROBLEM 5 (20 points)

(answer box located on the following page)

gi = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V

gr = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V

gm = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V

go = _____________________________________ for VKT > 0 V and VWT > 0 V

For the remaining parts of Problem 5, consider the common-Thingamajig amplifier

PROBLEM 6 (20 points)

(A) Find an expression for v X in terms of v IN .

For the remainder of Problem 6, consider the circuit

for vIN < 0 D1 OFF D1 ON D1 OFF D1 ON

for vIN > 0 D1 OFF D1 ON D1 OFF D1 ON

(blank page for extra work)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

6.002 – Electronic Circuits

Please verify that there are 24 pages in your exam.

Problem Points Score Grader

Instructor: Perreault Antoniadis Chaniotakis Umans Kolodziejski

This problem contains four independent subproblems.

Satisfies static discipline: YES NO Satisfies static discipline: YES NO

(B) Consider the function specified in the truth table below.

Write a logic expression corresponding to . (3 points)

Implement the logic function

(D) A nonlinear device has the characteristics shown below.

(B) Determine as a function of in the op-amp circuit below. (4 points)

(A) Determine the value of when DC. (3 points)

where, and are known constants.

The output voltage can be correspondingly represented as

Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.

Energy dissipated when charging

Final voltage on cap. Final energy on cap.

Response Number: _ Response Number: _

Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:_ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:_

Response Number: _ Response Number: _

Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:_ Ta,c,e,g or Ȧb,d,f,h:_

There is no stored energy for t 0

The excitation vi t is an impulse at t 0 of area O volt seconds .