C H A P T E R 1

Limits and Their Properties

Section 1.1 A Preview of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically . . . . . . . 305

Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Section 1.5 Infinite Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

C H A P T E R 1
Limits and Their Properties
Section 1.1 A Preview of Calculus
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. Calculus: velocity is not constant 4. Precalculus: rate of change  slope  0.08

Distance  20 ftsec15 seconds  300 feet

6. Precalculus: Area   2 8. Precalculus: Volume   326  54

2

 2

5 5 5
10. (a) Area  5     10.417
2 3 4
1
Area  5 
2
5
 5
 
5
 
5 5 5
 
5
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
 9.145 
(b) You could improve the approximation by using more rectangles.

Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

2. x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1

f x 0.2564 0.2506 0.2501 0.2499 0.2494 0.2439

x2
lim
x→2 x2  4
 0.25  Actual limit is 14 .

4. x  3.1  3.01  3.001  2.999  2.99  2.9

f x 0.2485 0.2498 0.2500 0.2500 0.2502 0.2516

1  x  2
lim
x→3 x3
 0.25  Actual limit is  14 .

6. x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4.001 4.01 4.1

f x 0.0408 0.0401 0.0400 0.0400 0.0399 0.0392

xx  1
 45
lim
x→4 x4
 0.04  Actual limit is 251 .

8. x  0.1  0.01  0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f x 0.0500 0.0050 0.0005  0.0005  0.0050  0.0500

cos x  1
lim  0.0000 (Actual limit is 0.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)
x→0 x

305
306 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

10. lim x2  2  3 12. lim f x  lim x2  2  3

x→1 x→1 x→1

1
14. lim does not exist since the 16. lim sec x  1 18. lim sinx  0
x→3 x3 x→0 x→1
function increases and decreases
without bound as x approaches 3.

20. Ct  0.35  0.12 t  1

(a) 1

0 5
0

(b)
t 3 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4
Ct 0.59 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71

lim Ct  0.71

t→3.5

(c)
t 3 2.5 2.9 3 3.1 3.5 4

Ct 0.47 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.71 0.71 0.71

lim Ct does not exist. The values of C jump from 0.59 to 0.71 at t  3.
t→3.5

22. You need to find  such that 0 < x  2 <  implies 

24. lim 4 
x
2 
2

x→4
f x  3  x2  1  3  x2  4 < 0.2. That is,
0.2
4  0.2
< x2  4
< x2
< 0.2
4  0.2
 4
x
2 
 2 < 0.01

<
3.8 < x2 < 4.2 x
2 < 0.01
3.8 < x < 4.2 2
3.8  2 < x2
So take   4.2  2  0.0494.
< 4.2  2

1
 x  4 < 0.01
2

Then 0 < x  2 <  implies

0 < x  4 < 0.02  
Hence, if 0 < x  4 <   0.02, you have
 4.2  2 < x  2 < 4.2  2
3.8  2 < x  2 < 4.2  2.

1
 x  4 < 0.01
2

Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you obtain
x
2
f x  3  x2  4 <   0.2. 2
< 0.01

 
4
x
2
 2 < 0.01

f x  L < 0.01

 Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically 307

26. lim x2  4  29 28. lim 2x  5  1

x→5 x→3

x  4  29 < 0.01
2
Given  > 0:
x2  25 < 0.01 2x  5  1 < 
x  5x  5 < 0.01 2x  6 < 
0.01 2 x  3 < 
x  5 < x  5

If we assume 4 < x < 6, then   0.0111  0.0009. x  3 <
2


0.01 Hence, let   2.

Hence, if 0 < x  5 <   11
, you have


Hence, if 0 < x  3 <   , you have
2
0.01 1
x5 < 11
<
x5
0.01

x  3 < 2
x  5 x  5 < 0.01
x2  25 < 0.01 2x  6 < 
x2  4  29 < 0.01 2x  5  1 < 
f x  L < 0.01 f x  L < 

30. lim  3 x  9  3 1  9  3 32. lim 1  1

2 2 29
x→1 x→2
Given  > 0: Given  > 0: 1  1 < 

 2
3x  9  29
3 < 0 < 

2
3x  2
3 < Hence, any  > 0 will work.
2
3 x  1 <  Hence, for any  > 0, you have

x  1 < 32  1  1 < 

Hence, let   32. f x  L < 
3

Hence, if 0 < x  1 <   2, you have
x  1 < 32
2
3x  2
3 < 

 2
3x  9  29
3 < 

f x  L < 

34. lim x  4  2
36. lim x  3  0

x→4 x→3
Given  > 0: x  2 <  Given  > 0:

x  2
  x  2 <  x  2
x  3  0 < 

x  4 <   x  2 x  3 < 

Assuming 1 < x < 9, you can choose   3. Then, Hence, let   .

0 < x  4 <   3 ⇒ x  4 <  x  2
Hence for 0 < x  3 <   , you have

⇒ x  2 < . x  3 < 
x  3  0 < 
f x  L < 
308 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

x3 4
38. lim x2  3x  0 40. f x 
x→3 x2  4x  3
Given  > 0: −3 5
1
lim f x 
x2  3x  0 <  x→3 2

xx  3 <  −4

 The domain is all x  1, 3. The graphing utility does not

x  3 < x show the hole at  3, 12 .
If we assume 4 < x < 2, then   4.


Hence for 0 < x  3 <   , you have
4
1 1
x  3 < 4 < x 
xx  3 < 
x  3x  0 < 
2

f x  L < 

x3
42. f x  3 44. (a) No. The fact that f 2  4 has no bearing on the exis-
x2  9
tence of the limit of f x as x approaches 2.
1 (b) No. The fact that lim f x  4 has no bearing on the
lim f x  −9 3
x→3 6 value of f at 2.
x→2

−3

The domain is all x  ± 3. The graphing utility does not

show the hole at  3, 16 .

46. Let px be the atmospheric pressure in a plane at 48. 0.002

(1.999, 0.001)
altitude x (in feet).
(2.001, 0.001)
lim px  14.7 lbin2
x→0

1.998 2.002
0

Using the zoom and trace feature,   0.001. That is, for

0 < x  2 < 0.001, x2  4
x2
 4 < 0.001.

50. True 52. False; let

x10, 4x, x4

2
f x  .
x4
lim f x  lim x2  4x  0 and f 4  10  0
x→4 x→4

x2  x  12 n 4  0.1
n f 4  0.1
n n 4  0.1
n f 4  0.1
n
54. lim 7
x→4 x4
1 4.1 7.1 1 3.9 6.9
2 4.01 7.01 2 3.99 6.99
3 4.001 7.001 3 3.999 6.999
4 4.0001 7.0001 4 3.9999 6.9999
 Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 309


56. f x  mx  b, m  0. Let  > 0 be given. Take   . 58. lim gx  L, L > 0. Let   2L. There exists  > 0
1
 
m xc

   
such that 0 < x  0 <  implies gx  L <   2L.
1


If 0 < x  c <      m
, then
That is,

mx  c <   12L < gx  L < 12L

mx  mc <  gx

1 3
2L < < 2L

mx  b  mc  b <  Hence for x in the interval c  , c  , x  c,

gx > 2L > 0.
1
which shows that lim mx  b  mc  b.
x→c

Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically

2. 10 (a) lim gx  2.4 4. 10 (a) lim f t  0

x→4 t→4

(b) lim gx  4 (b) lim f t  5

x→0 −5 10 t→1
0 10

−5 − 10

12 x  3 
f t  t t  4 
gx 
x9

6. lim x3  23  8 8. lim 3x  2  33  2  7

x→2 x→3

10. lim x2  1   12  1  0 12. lim 3x3  2x2  4  313  212  4  5
x→1 x→1

2 2 2x  3 23  3 3
14. lim   2 16. lim  
x→3 x  2 3  2 x→3 x5 35 8

x  1 3  1
18. lim   2 20. lim 
3
x  4 
3
442
x→3 x4 34 x→4

22. lim 2x  13  20  13  1 24. (a) lim f x  3  7  4
x→0 x→3
(b) lim gx  42  16
x→4
(c) lim g f x  g4  16
x→3

26. (a) lim f x  242  34  1  21 28. lim tan x  tan   0
x→4 x→ 
(b) lim gx  
3 21  6  3
x→21
(c) lim g f x  g21  3
x→4

x 
30. lim sin  sin  1 32. lim cos 3x  cos 3  1
x→1 2 2 x→ 

5 1
6x
 sec 76  23
3
34. lim cos x  cos  36. lim sec
x→53 3 2 x→7
310 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

38. (a) lim 4f x  4 lim f x  4

x→c x→c 32
 6 40. (a) lim 
3
x→c
f x  
3 lim f x  27  3
3
x→c

f x x→c f x 27 3

lim
(b) lim  f x  gx  lim f x  lim gx 
3 1
 2 (b) lim   
x→c 18 lim 18 18 2
x→c x→c x→c 2 2 x→c

(c) lim  f x  lim f x2  272  729

32
12
 43
2
(c) lim  f xgx   lim f x lim gx  x→c x→c
x→c x→c x→c

lim f x 32

f x x→c (d) lim  f x23  lim f x23  2723  9
(d) lim   3 x→c x→c
x→c gx lim gx 12
x→c

x2  3x 1 x
42. f x  x  3 and hx  agree except at x  0. 44. gx  and f x  2 agree except at x  0.
x x1 x x

(a) lim hx  lim f x  5 (a) lim f x does not exist.
x→2 x→2 x→1

(b) lim hx  lim f x  3 (b) lim f x  1

x→0 x→0 x→0

2x2  x  3 x3  1
46. f x  and gx  2x  3 agree except at 48. f x  and gx  x2  x  1 agree except at
x1 x1
x  1. x  1.
lim f x  lim gx  5 lim f x  lim gx  3
x→1 x→1 x→1 x→1

4 7

−8 4

−4 4

−8 −1

2x  x  2 x2  5x  4 x  4x  1
50. lim  lim 52. lim  lim
x→2 x2  4 x→2 x  2x  2 x→4 x2  2x  8 x→4 x  4x  2
1 1 x  1 3 1
 lim   lim  
x→2 x2 4 x→4 x  2 6 2

2  x  2 2  x  2 2  x  2
54. lim  lim
x→0 x x→0 x 2  x  2

2x2 1 1 2
 lim  lim  
x→0  2  x  2 x x→0 2  x  2 22 4

x  1  2 x  1  2 x  1  2 x3 1 1
56. lim
x3
 lim
x3
 lim  lim 
x  3x  1  2 x→3 x  1  2 4
x→3 x→3 x  1  2 x→3

1 1 4  x  4

x4 4 4x  4 1 1
58. lim  lim  lim 
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 4x  4 16

x 
x2  x2 x2  2x
x  
x2  x2
x2x 
x
60. lim  lim  lim  lim 2x 
x  2x

x→0
x
x→0
x
x→0
x
x→0
 Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 311

x 
x3  x3 x3  3x2
x  3x
x2  
x3  x3
62. lim  lim

x→0
x
x→0
x

x3x2  3x
x  
x2
 lim  lim 3x2  3x
x  
x2  3x2

x→0
x
x→0

4  x 1
64. f x 
x  16
0 20

x 15.9 15.99 15.999 16 16.001 16.01 16.1

f x  .1252  .125  .125 ?  .125  .125  .1248 −1

4  x  4  x It appears that the limit is 0.125.

Analytically, lim  lim
x→16 x  16 x→16  x  4 x  4

1 1
 lim  .
x→16 x  4 8

x5  32 100
66. lim  80
x→2 x  2

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2.0 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1 −4 3

f x 72.39 79.20 79.92 79.99 ? 80.01 80.08 80.80 88.41 −25

x5  32 x  2x4  2x3  4x2  8x  16

Analytically, lim  lim
x→2 x  2 x→2 x2

 lim x4  2x3  4x2  8x  16  80.

x→2

(Hint: Use long division to factor x5  32.)

31  cos x 1  cos x cos  tan  sin 

68. lim
x→0 x
 lim 3
x→0 x
  30  0 70. lim
 →0 
 lim
 →0 
1

tan2 x sin2 x
 cos2 x
sin x sin x
72. lim  lim 2  lim 74. lim  sec   1   
x→0 x x→0 x cos x x→0 x →

 10  0

1  tan x cos x  sin x

76. lim  lim
x→ 4 sin x  cos x x→4 sin x cos x  cos2 x
 sin x  cos x
 lim
x→ 4 cos xsin x  cos x

1
 lim
x→ 4 cos x

 lim sec x
x→ 4

  2

78. lim
x→0
sin 2x
 lim 2
sin 3x x→0 
sin 2x
2x
13
sin3x3x
 21 13
1  32
312 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

80. f h  1  cos 2h 4

h  0.1  0.01  0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −5 5

f h 1.98 1.9998 2 ? 2 1.9998 1.98

−4

Analytically, lim 1  cos 2h  1  cos0  1  1  2. The limit appear to equal 2.

h→0

sin x 2
82. f x 
3 x

−3 3

x  0.1  0.01  0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f x 0.215 0.0464 0.01 ? 0.01 0.0464 0.215 −2

The limit appear to equal 0.

Analytically, lim
sin x
x→0 3
x x→0
x
3 2 sin x
 lim 
x

 01  0.

f x  h  f x x  h  x x  h  x x  h  x
84. lim  lim  lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h x  h  x

xhx 1 1
 lim  lim 
h→0 h x  h  x h→0 x  h  x 2x

f x  h  f x x  h2  4x  h  x2  4x x2  2xh  h2  4x  4h  x2  4x

86. lim  lim  lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
h2x  h  4
 lim  lim 2x  h  4  2x  4
h→0 h h→0

 
88. lim b  x  a  ≤ lim f x ≤ lim b  x  a 
x→a x→a x→a
  90. f x  x sin x 
6
b ≤ lim f x ≤ b
x→a

Therefore, lim f x  b.

x→a
− 2 2

−2


lim x sin x  0
x→0

1

92. f x  x cos x 94. hx  x cos
x
6
0.5

− 2 2
− 0.5 0.5

−6
− 0.5


lim x cos x  0

x→0
1
lim x cos 0
x→0 x
 Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 313

x2  1
96. f x  and gx  x  1 agree at all points 98. If a function f is squeezed between two functions h and g,
x1
hx ≤ f x ≤ gx, and h and g have the same limit L as
except x  1.
x → c, then lim f x exists and equals L.
x→c

sin2 x
100. f x  x, gx  sin2 x, hx 
x
2 When you are “close to” 0 the magnitude of g is “smaller”
g
than the magnitude of f and the magnitude of g is
approaching zero “faster” than the magnitude of f.

−3 3
h Thus, g  f 0 when x is “close to” 0
f
−2

102. st  16t2  1000  0 when t  1000

16

5 10
2
seconds


5 210
 st

s
0  16t2  1000
lim  lim
t→5102 510 t→5102 510
t t
2 2

510

t  5 210

125 
16 t2  16 t 
2 2
 lim  lim
 t  5 10

t→5102 510  t t→5102 

2 2

 lim
t→5102
16 t  510
2

 8010 ftsec 253 ftsec

104. 4.9t2  150  0 when t  150

4.9

1500
49
5.53 seconds.

The velocity at time t  a is

sa  st 4.9a2  150  4.9t2  150 4.9a  ta  t
lim  lim  lim
t→a at t→a at t→a at
 lim 4.9a  t  2a4.9  9.8a msec.
t→a

Hence, if a  150049, the velocity is 9.8150049 54.2 msec.

106. Suppose, on the contrary, that lim gx exists. Then, since lim f x exists, so would lim  f x  gx, which is a
x→c x→c x→c
contradiction. Hence, lim gx does not exist.
x→c

108. Given f x  x n, n is a positive integer, then

lim x n  lim x x n1  lim xlim x n1
x→c x→c x→c x→c

 c lim x x n2  clim xlim x n2

x→c x→c x→c

 cclim  x x n3   . . .  c n.
x→c

110. Given lim f x  0:

x→c


For every  > 0, there exists  > 0 such that f x  0 <  whenever 0 < x  c < .   

Now f x  0  f x         
f x  0 <  for x  c < . Therefore, lim f x  0.
x→c
 
314 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

   
112. (a) If lim f x  0, then lim  f x   0.
x→c x→c

  f x ≤ f x ≤  f x

lim   f x ≤ lim f x ≤ lim  f x
x→c x→c x→c

0 ≤ lim f x ≤ 0
x→c

Therefore, lim f x  0.

x→c

(b) Given lim f x  L:

x→c

  
For every  > 0, there exists  > 0 such that f x  L <  whenever 0 < x  c < . 
       
Since f x  L ≤ f x  L <  for x  c < , then lim f x  L .
x→c
  

114. True. lim x3  03  0

x→0
116. False. Let f x  3x xx  11 ,c1

Then lim f x  1 but f 1  1.

x→1

1  cos x 1  cos x 1  cos x

118. False. Let f x  2 x2 and gx  x2. Then f x < gx
1
120. lim
x→0 x
 lim
x→0 x
1  cos x
for all x  0. But lim f x  lim gx  0.
x→0 x→0
1  cos2 x sin2 x
 lim  lim
x→0 x1  cos x x →0 x1  cos x

sin x sin x
 lim
x→0 x
1  cos x

  lim 1 sincosx x
sin x
 lim
x→0 x x→0

 10  0

sec x  1
122. f x 
x2
1
(c) lim f x 
(a) The domain of f is all x  0, 2  n. x→0 2
(b) 2 sec x  1 sec x  1 sec x  1 sec2 x  1
(d)
x2

x2
sec x  1  x2sec x  1
− 3 3
tan2 x 1 sin2 x 1

2 2
 
x2sec x  1 cos2 x x2 sec x  1
−2
sec x  1
The domain is not obvious. The hole at x  0 is not
Hence, lim
x→0 x2  lim
x→0
1 sin2 x 1

cos2 x x2 sec x  1

apparent.
 11 12
 21.
124. The calculator was set in degree mode, instead of radian mode.
 Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 315

Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits

2. (a) lim f x  2 4. (a) lim f x  2 6. (a) lim f x  0

x→2 x→2 x→1

(b) lim f x  2 (b) lim f x  2 (b) lim f x  2

x→2 x→2 x→1

(c) lim f x  2 (c) lim f x  2 (c) lim f x does not exist.
x→2 x→2 x→1

The function is continuous at The function is NOT continuous at The function is NOT continuous at
x  2. x  2. x  1.

2x 1 1 x  2 x  2 x  2
8. lim  lim   10. lim
x4
 lim
x4

x→2 x2  4 x→2 x  2 4 x→4 x→4 x  2

x4
 lim
x→4 x  4 x  2
1 1
 lim 
x→4 x  2 4

12. lim x  2  lim

x2
1
x→2 x2 x→2 x2

x  x2  x  x  x2  x x2  2xx  x2  x  x  x2  x

14. lim   lim 
x→0 x x→0 x
2xx  x2  x
 lim 
x→0 x

 lim  2x  x  1
x→0

 2x  0  1  2x  1

16. lim f x  lim x2  4x  2  2 18. lim f x  lim 1  x  0

x→2 x→2 x→1 x→1

lim f x  lim  x2  4x  6  2

x→2 x→2

lim f x  2
x→2

20. lim sec x does not exist since 22. lim 2x  x  22  2  2
x→ 2 x→2

lim sec x and lim sec x do not exist.

x→ 2 x→ 2

24. lim 1  
x→1

2x  1  1  2 26. f x 
x2  1
x1
has a discontinuity at x  1 since f 1 is not defined.

x, x < 1
28. f x  2, x  1 has discontinuity at x  1 since f 1  2  lim f x  1.
x→1
2x  1, x > 1

30. f t  3  9  t2 is continuous on 3, 3. 32. g2 is not defined. g is continuous on 1, 2.
316 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

1 x
34. f x  is continuous for all real x. 36. f x  cos is continuous for all real x.
x2  1 2

x
38. f x  has nonremovable discontinuities at x  1 and x  1 since lim f x and lim f x do not exist.
x2  1 x→1 x→1

x3
40. f x  has a nonremovable discontinuity at x  3 since lim f x does not exist, and has a removable discontinuity
x2  9 x→3
at x  3 since

1 1
lim f x  lim  .
x→3 x→3 x3 6

42. f x 
x1
44. f x  x  3
x  2x  1 x3
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x  3 since lim f x
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x  2 since does not exist.
x→3

lim f x does not exist, and has a removable discontinu-

x→2
ity at x  1 since

1 1
lim f x  lim  .
x→1 x→1 x2 3

46. f x  2x

x,
 3,
2
x < 1
x ≥ 1

has a possible discontinuity at x  1.

1. f 1  12  1

lim f x  lim 2x  3  1

2. x→1 x→1

lim f x  lim x2  1

x→1 x→1
 lim f x  1
x→1

3. f 1  lim f x

x→1

f is continuous at x  1, therefore, f is continuous for all real x.

48. f x  2x,

x  4x  1,
2
x ≤ 2
x > 2
has a possible discontinuity at x  2.

1. f 2  22  4

lim f x  lim 2x  4

2. x→2 x→2
lim f x  lim  x2  4x  1  3
x→2 x→2
 lim f x does not exist.
x→2

Therefore, f has a nonremovable discontinuity at x  2.

csc x , x  3 ≤ 2 csc x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
50. f x  2,
6
x  3 > 2
 2,
6
x < 1 or x > 5
has possible discontinuities at x  1, x  5.

 5
1. f 1  csc 2 f 5  csc 2
6 6

2. lim f x  2 lim f x  2

x→1 x→5

3. f 1  lim f x f 5  lim f x

x→1 x→5

f is continuous at x  1 and x  5, therefore, f is continuous for all real x.

 Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 317

x 54. f x  3  x has nonremovable discontinuities at each

52. f x  tan has nonremovable discontinuities at each
2 integer k.
2k  1, k is an integer.

4 sin x
56. lim f x  0 20 58. lim g(x  lim 4
x→0 x→0 x→0 x
lim fx  0
x→0 lim gx  lim a  2x  a
x→0 x→0
−8
f is not continuous at x  4 8

Let a  4.
−10

x2  a2
60. lim gx  lim
x→a x→a x  a

 lim x  a  2a
x→a

Find a such that 2a  8 ⇒ a  4.

1
62. f gx 
x  1

Nonremovable discontinuity at x  1. Continuous for all x > 1.

Because f g is not defined for x < 1, it is better to say that f g is discontinuous from the right at x  1.

1
64. f gx  sin x2 66. hx 
x  1x  2
Continuous for all real x
Nonremovable discontinuity at x  1 and x  2.
2

−3 4

−2

cos x  1 , x < 0
5x, x
3

68. f x 
x ≥ 0
−7 2
f 0  50  0

cos x  1
lim f x  lim 0 −3
x→0 x→0 x

lim f x  lim 5x  0

x→0 x→0

Therefore, lim f x  0  f 0 and f is continuous on the entire real line. (x  0 was the only possible discontinuity.)
x→0

x1
70. f x  xx  3 72. f x 
x
Continuous on 3,

Continuous on 0,

318 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

x3  8
74. f x  76. f x  x3  3x  2 is continuous on 0, 1.
x2
f 0  2 and f 1  2
14

By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f x  0 for at least

one value of c between 0 and 1.

−4 4
0

The graph appears to be continuous on the interval

4, 4. Since f 2 is not defined, we know that f has
a discontinuity at x  2. This discontinuity is removable
so it does not show up on the graph.

4 x
78. f x   tan is continuous on 1, 3. 80. f x  x3  3x  2
x 8
f x is continuous on 0, 1.
 4 3
f 1  4  tan < 0 and f 3    tan > 0.
8 3 8 f 0  2 and f 1  2
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f 1  0 for at least By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f x  0 for at least
one value of c between 1 and 3. one value of c between 0 and 1. Using a graphing utility,
we find that x  0.5961.

82. h  1    3 tan  84. f x  x2  6x  8

h is continuous on 0, 1. f is continuous on 0, 3.
h0  1 > 0 and h1  2.67 < 0. f 0  8 and f 3  1
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, h  0 for at least 1 < 0 < 8
one value  between 0 and 1. Using a graphing utility, we
The Intermediate Value Theorem applies.
find that   0.4503.
x2  6x  8  0
x  2x  4  0
x  2 or x  4
c  2 (x  4 is not in the interval.)
Thus, f 2  0.

x2  x
86. f x  The Intermediate Value Theorem applies.
x1
x2  x
f is continuous on 2 , 4. The nonremovable discontinuity,
5
6
x  1, lies outside the interval. x1

x2  x  6x  6
f 
5
2

35
6
and f 4 
20
3 x2  5x  6  0
35 20 x  2x  3  0
< 6 <
6 3
x  2 or x  3
c  3 (x  2 is not in the interval.)
Thus, f 3  6.
 Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 319

88. A discontinuity at x  c is removable if you can define

1, if x ≥ 2
(or redefine) the function at x  c in such a way that the
0, if 2 < x < 2
new function is continuous at x  c. Answers will vary. (c) f x 
1, if x  2
(a) f x  x  2 0, if x < 2
x2
sinx  2
y

(b) f x 
x2 3

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2

−3

90. If f and g are continuous for all real x, then so is f  g (Theorem 1.11, part 2). However, fg might not be continuous if gx  0.
For example, let f x  x and gx  x2  1. Then f and g are continuous for all real x, but fg is not continuous at x  ± 1.

You can also write C as

1.04, 0 < t ≤ 2
92. C  1.04  0.36t  1,
1.04, 0 < t ≤ 2
t > 2, t is not an integer
1.04  0.36t  2, C .
t > 2, t is an integer 1.04  0.362  t, t > 2
Nonremovable discontinuity at each integer greater than 2. C

t
1 2 3 4

94. Let st be the position function for the run up to the campsite. s0  0 (t  0 corresponds to 8:00 A.M., s20  k (distance
to campsite)). Let rt be the position function for the run back down the mountain: r0  k, r10  0. Let f t  st  rt.
When t  0 (8:00 A.M.), f 0  s0  r0  0  k < 0.
When t  10 (8:10 A.M.), f 10  s10  r10 > 0.
Since f 0 < 0 and f 10 > 0, then there must be a value t in the interval 0, 10 such that f t  0. If f t  0, then
st  rt  0, which gives us st  rt. Therefore, at some time t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, the position functions for the
run up and the run down are equal.

96. Suppose there exists x1 in a, b such that f x1 > 0 and there exists x2 in a, b such that f x2 < 0. Then by the Intermediate
Value Theorem, f x must equal zero for some value of x in x1, x2 (or x2, x1 if x2 < x1). Thus, f would have a zero in a, b,
which is a contradiction. Therefore, f x > 0 for all x in a, b or f x < 0 for all x in a, b.

98. If x  0, then f 0  0 and lim f x  0. Hence, f is 100. True

x→0
continuous at x  0.
1. f c  L is defined.
If x  0, then lim f t  0 for x rational, whereas
t→x 2. lim f x  L exists.
lim f t  lim kt  kx  0 for x irrational. Hence, f is not
x→c
t →x t →x
continuous for all x  0. 3. f c  lim f x
x→c

All of the conditions for continuity are met.

320 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

102. False; a rational function can be written as PxQx 104. (a) S

where P and Q are polynomials of degree m and n, 60

respectively. It can have, at most, n discontinuities. 50
40

30
20

10
t
5 10 15 20 25 30

(b) There appears to be a limiting speed and a possible

cause is air resistance.

106. Let y be a real number. If y  0, then x  0. If y > 0, then let 0 < x0 < 2 such that M  tan x0 > y (this is possible
since the tangent function increases without bound on 0, 2). By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f x  tan x is
continuous on 0, x0 and 0 < y < M, which implies that there exists x between 0 and x0 such that tan x  y. The argument
is similar if y < 0.

108. 1. f c is defined.

2. lim f x  lim f c   x  f c exists.
x→c x→0
Let x  c   x. As x → c,  x → 0
3. lim f x  f c.
x→c
Therefore, f is continuous at x  c.

110. Define f x  f2x  f1x. Since f1 and f2 are continuous on a, b, so is f.
f a  f2a  f1a > 0 and f b  f2b  f1b < 0.
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c in a, b such that f c  0.
f c  f2c  f1c  0 ⇒ f1c  f2c

Section 1.5 Infinite Limits

1 x
x2 
2. lim  4. lim sec 
x→2 x→2 4
1
lim   x
x→2 x  2 lim sec  
x→2 4

x
6. f x 
x2  9

x 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 2.999 2.99 2.9 2.5

f x 1.077 5.082 50.08 500.1 499.9 49.92 4.915 0.9091

lim f x   
x→3

lim f x  
x→3
 Section 1.5 Infinite Limits 321

x
8. f x  sec
6

x 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 2.999 2.99 2.9 2.5

f x 3.864 19.11 191.0 1910 1910 191.0 19.11 3.864

lim f x   
x→3

lim f x  
x→3

4 2x 2x
 lim 2 
x  23 
10. lim  12. lim
x→0 x 1  x
2 x→0 x 1  x
x→2

4 Therefore, x  0 is a vertical asymptote.

lim  
x→2 x  23 2x
x21  x 
lim 
x→1
Therefore, x  2 is a vertical asymptote.
2x
lim  
x→1 x21  x
Therefore, x  1 is a vertical asymptote.

14. No vertical asymptote since the denominator is never zero. 16. lim hs    and lim  hs  .
s→5 s→5
Therefore, s  5 is a vertical asymptote.
lim hs    and lim hs  .
s→5 s→5
Therefore, s  5 is a vertical asymptote.

1 12x3  x2  4x 1 xx2  2x  8
18. f x  sec x  has vertical asymptotes at 20. gx  
cos x 3x2  6x  24 6 x2  2x  8
2n  1 1
x , n any integer.  x,
2 6
x  2, 4
No vertical asymptotes. The graph has holes at x  2
and x  4.

4x2  x  6 4x  3x  2 4

22. f x    , x  3, 2
x x3  2x2  9x  18 xx  2x2  9 xx  3
Vertical asymptotes at x  0 and x  3. The graph has holes at x  3 and x  2.

x2  4 x  2x  2 tt  2 t
24. hx   26. ht   ,t2
x3  2x2  x  2 x  2x2  1 t  2t  2t 2  4 t  2t 2  4
has no vertical asymptote since Vertical asymptote at t  2. The graph has a hole at
t  2.
x2 4
lim hx  lim  .
x→2 x→2 x2  1 5
322 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties

tan sin x2  6x  7
28. g    has vertical asymptotes at 30. lim  lim x  7  8
cos x→1 x1 x→1

2n  1  2
   n, n any integer. −3 3
2 2

There is no vertical asymptote at  0 since

tan
lim  1. −12
→0
Removable discontinuity at x  1

sinx  1 2x
32. lim 1 2
34. lim  
x→1 x1 x→1 1x
Removable discontinuity at −3 3
x  1

−2

x2 1 6x2  x  1 3x  1 5
36. lim  38. lim  lim 
x→4 x2  16 2 x→12 
4x2  4x  3 x→12 2x  3 8

x2 1
40. lim
x→3 x2

9
42. lim x2 
x→0  1
x
 
2 x  2
 lim x  2tan x  0
cos x 
44. lim  46. lim
x→ 2 x→0 cot x x→0

x3  1
48. lim x2 tan  x   and lim x2 tan  x   . 50. f x 
x→ 12 
x→ 12
x2 x1
Therefore, lim x2 tan  x does not exist.
x→ 12 lim f x  lim x  1  0
x→1 x→1

−8 8

−4

x
52. f x  sec 54. The line x  c is a vertical asymptote if the graph of f
6
approaches ±  as x approaches c.
lim f x   
x→3

−9 9

−6

1 k
56. No. For example, f x  has no 58. P 
x2  1 V
vertical asymptote.
k
lim  k   (In this case we know that k > 0.)
V→0 V
 Section 1.5 Infinite Limits 323

 200 m0
60. (a) r  50 sec2  ftsec 62. m 
6 3 1  v2c2

(b) r  50 sec2  200 ftsec m0
3 lim m  lim 
v→c v→c 1  v2c2
(c) lim 50 sec2   
→ 2

Total distance
64. (a) Average speed  (b) x 30 40 50 60
Total time
2d y 150 66.667 50 42.857
50 
dx  dy
25x
x  25 
2xy (c) lim 
50  x→25
yx
As x gets close to 25 mph, y becomes larger and larger.
50y  50x  2xy
50x  2xy  50y
50x  2yx  25
25x
y
x  25

Domain: x > 25

1 1 1 1
66. (a) A  bh  r2  1010 tan   102 (b)
2 2 2 2
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

 50 tan  50 f   0.47 4.21 18.0 68.6 630.1

Domain: 0, 2 
(c) 100 (d) lim A  
→ 2

0 1.5
0

68. False; for instance, let 70. True

x2  1
f x  .
x1

The graph of f has a hole at 1, 2, not a vertical

asymptote.

1 1 gx
72. Let f x  and gx  4, and c  0. 74. Given lim f x  , let g x  1. then lim 0
x2 x x →c x →c fx
by Theorem 1.15.
1 1
lim 2   and lim 4  , but
x→0 x x→0 x

x1  x1   lim x x 1     0.
2
lim 2 4 4
x→0 x→0