4) Hypothetico- Deductive method

There is a seven step in hypothetico deductive method :

1) Identify problem area
2) Define problem statement
3) Develop Hypothesis
4) Determine measures
5) Data collection
6) Data analysis
7) Interpretation of data
Example ( Effect of mobile phone usage on academic
performance)
1) Problem area
Usage of mobile phone increase day by day . It effect not
only health but also our academic performance . Now a days
mostly students use irregular mobile and spend most of their
time in social media and games. They cannot give proper time
to their studies and result is that they cannot get good marks
in exams .
2) Problem statement
Effect of mobile phone usage on academic performance.
3) Develop Hypothesis
HA: There is a positive relationship between mobile phone
and academic performance .
4) Determine measures
To find out the effects of mobile phone usage on academic
performance we chose research strategy that is Experiments.

5) Data collection
 After determine measure we collect data through
questionnaires . chose some universities where we go and fill
these questionnaires.
6) Data analysis
After Data collection we analysis our data and find the
reliability and validity of data.
7) Interpretation of Data
After analysis last step is interpretation of data . It based on
our hypothesis. Evaluate hypothesis hand make conclusion.

8. What is the purpose of a critical literature review?

ANS The purpose of literature review is to gain or understanding of the

existing research and debates relevant to a particular topics or area of
study . It helps to develop research investigative tools & to improve
research methodologies . It also provide the knowledge about the
problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic.

18. How does participant observation differ from structured

observation?
ANS in participant observation the observer is the part of the
phenomenon or group which observe and he act as bot observer and
participant. Structure observation is planned observation of phenomena
and to fallow certain pattern rule and design for the purpose of what ,
how and when to observe. The structure observation can be easily
replicated by other researcher by using the same observation schedule .
This means it is easy to test the reliability on the other hand participant
observation is less reliable . Therefore it is different from participant
observation.
19. What are the differences between causal and correlational
studies?

ANS The correlation is the relationship between two sets off variable
used to describe and predict information and it is simply a relationship
between two variable whereas Causation is implying that A and B have
a cause and effect relationship with one another means if any change in
the value of one variable will cause a change in the value of another
variable.

20. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments?

Ans Field experiment is conducted in the real world or a natural

setting . It tends to observe , analyze and describe what exist rather then
manipulate a factor understudy . on the other hand lab experiment are
preferred as the environment and variables can be controlled and
accurate measurement are possible however this may lead to the lack of
external validity. Lab experiment also offer higher internal validity
which makes lab experiment superior to field experiment.

21. Define the terms control and manipulation?

Ans The manipulated variable is the independent variable in an

experiment . It is called manipulated because it’s the one you can change
. The controlled variable is the once you keep constant .

22. What is internal validity and what are the threats it stands
exposed to?

Ans Internal validity is the extent to which you can be confident that
cause and effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained
by other factor.

The major threat to internal validity are the effect of history,

maturation , testing , instrumentation , selection , statistical , regression
and mortality.
23. Explain the concept of “trade‐off between internal validity and external
validity.”

Ans if we want high internal validity we should be willing to settle for lower
external validity . To ensure both type of validity researcher usually try first to test
the causal relationship in a tightly controlled artificial and lab setting and once the
relationship has been established then try to test the causal relationship in field
experiment.

25. What is meant by operational definition, when is it necessary, and why is it

necessary?

Ans An operational definition is when applied to data collection is a clear concise

detailed definition of measures . The need for operational definition is
fundamental when collecting all types of data . It is particularly important when a
decision is being made about whether something is correct or incorrect.