jktLFkku% fLFkfr] foLrkj] vkd`fr ,oa HkkSfrd Lo:i
- jktLFkku {ks=kQy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k jkT;
gSA jktLFkku dk {ks=kQy 3]42]239 oxZ fdeh- gS tks
lEiw.kZ ns'k ds {ks=kQy dk 10-41izfr'kr gSA jktLFkku Hkkjr
dk lcls cM+k jkT; gSA
- jktLFkku jkT; dk vkdkj fo"kedks.kh; prqHkqZt ds leku gS
- jktLFkku Hkkjr ds mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA
- jktLFkku ds {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls o`gr~ ftys&
1 tSlyesj & 38401 oxZ fdeh-
2 ckM+esj & 28387 oxZ fdeh-
3 chdkusj & 27244 oxZ fdeh-
4 tks/iqj & 22850 oxZ fdeh-
- jktLFkku dk {ks=kQy dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVk ftyk /kSyiqj
(3034 oxZ fdeh-) gSA tcfd jkT; dk nwljk lcls NksVk
ftyk ^ nkSlk* (3432 oxZ fdeh-) gS
fLFkfr ,oa foLrkj
0
- fLFkfr & jktLFkku Hkkjr ds mÙkjh if'peh Hkkx esa 23 3
0 0
mÙkjh v{kka'k ls 30 12 mÙkjh v{kka'k rFkk 69 30 iwohZ
0
ns'kkUrj ls 78 17 iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds eè; fLFkr gSA
- jktLFkku jkT; dk vf/dka'k Hkkx ddZ js[kk ds mÙkj esa
fLFkr gSA
- ddZ js[kk jkT; ds Mwaxjiqj ftys dh nf{k.kh lhek ls gksrh
gqbZ ck¡lokM+k ftys ds yxHkx eè; ls xqtjrh gSA ck¡lokM+k
ddZ js[kk ds lokZf/d utnhd 'kgj gSA
- ddZ js[kk ds mÙkj es gksus ds dkj.k tyok;q dh n`f"V ls
jkT; dk vf/dka'k Hkkx miks".k ;k 'khrks".k dfVca/ eas
fLFkrA
- foLrkj& jktLFkku jkT; dh mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd dh yEckbZ
826 fdeh- gS tks mÙkj esa xaxkuxj ftys ds dks.kk xkao ls
nf{k.k esa ckalokM+k ftys ds cksjdq.M xkao dh lhek rd
gSA
- jkT; dh iwoZ ls if'pe rd pkSM+kbZ 869 fdeh- gS ftldk
foLrkj if'pe esa tSlyesj ftys ds dVjk xkao (le) ls
iwoZ esa /kSyiqj ftys ds flykuk xkao (jktk[ksM+k)rd gSA
jktLFkku dh lhek,¡
- jktLFkku dh mÙkjh vkSj mÙkjh&iwohZ iatkc rFkk gfj;k.kk ls]
iwohZ lhek mÙkjizns'k ,oa eè;izns'k ls nf{k.kh iwohZ lhek
eè;izns'k ls rFkk nf{k.kh vkSj nf{k.kh&if'peh lhek Øe'k%
eè; izns'k rFkk xqtjkr ls la;qDr :i ls yxrh gSA
- jktLFkku dh if'peh lhek ikfdLrku ls yxh gqbZ gSA
- jkT; dh dqy LFky lhek 5920 fdeh- gSA ftlesa ls 1070
fdeh- varjkZ"Vªh; lhek (jsMfDyQ) ikfdLrku ls yxrh gSA
jktLFkku dh varjkZT;h; lhek 4850 fdeh- gS
- xaxkuxj chdkusj] tSlyesj] ckM+esj ftys ikfdLrku dh
lhek dks Li'kZ djrh gSA
- ikfdLrku ls yxus okyh lkoZf/d yEch lhek tSlyesj
dh gS vkSj lcls NksVh lhek chdkusj dh gSA
ikfdLrku dh lhek dks Li'kZ djus okys ftyksa dk vojksgh
fuekZ.k I.A.S
Øe&
tSlyesj & 464 fdeh-
ckM+esj & 228 fdeh-
Jhxaxkuxj & 210 fdeh-
chdkusj & 168 fdeh-
- ikfdLrku ds cgkoyiqj] (iatkc izkar) ehjiqj] [kSjiqj ftys
(fla/ izkar) tks jktLFkku dh lhek dks Li'kZ djrs gSA
- jsMfDyiQ js[kk (varjkZ"Vªh; lhek js[kk) mÙkj esa Jhxaxkuxj
ftys ds fgUnqey dksV ls izkjEHk gksdj nf{k.k esa ckM+esj
ftys ds 'kkgx<+ (ck[kklj xkao) esa lekIr gksrh gSA
- varjkZT;h; lhekvksa esa jktLFkku dh lokZf/d yEch
varjkZT;h; lhek eè; izns'k (1600 fdeh-) ls yxrh gSA
rFkk de varjkZT;h; lhek iatkc (89 fdeh-) jkT; ls
yxrh gSA
- Jh xaxkuxj & iatkc ds lkFk lokZf/d lhekA
- guqekux<+ & iatkc ds lkFk U;wure lhekA
- guqekux<+ & gfj;k.kk ds lkFk lokZf/d lhekA
- t;iqj & gfj;k.kk ds lkFk U;wure lhekA
- Hkjriqj & mÙkjizns'k ds lkFk lokZf/d lhekA
- /kSyiqj & mÙkjizns'k ds lkFk U;wure lhekA
- >kykokM+ & eè;izns'k ds lkFk lokZf/d lhekA
- HkhyokM+k & eè; izns'k ds lkFk U;wure lhek
- mn;iqj & xqtjkr ds lkFk lokZf/d lhekA
- ckM+esj & xqtjkr ds lkFk U;wure lhekA
- >kykokM+ & lokZf/d vUrjkZT;h; lhek js[kk
okyk jkT;
- ckM+esj & U;wure vUrjkZT;h; lhek js[kk okyk
ftyk
- ikfdLrku ds lcls utnhd jktLFkku dk lhekorhZ ftyk
eq[;ky; Jhxaxkuxj gS tcfd lhekorhZ ftyksa esa lcls nwj
ftyk eq[;ky; chdkusj gSA
vU; jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa ls yxus okys jktLFkku ds ftys &
- iatkc ls jktLFkku ds nks ftys yxs gq, gS&
xaxkuxj] guqekux<+A
- gfj;k.kk dh lhek ls yxs gq, ftys lkr gS&
guqekux<+] pw:] >a>quaw] lhdj] t;iqj] vyoj] Hkjriqj A
- mÙkj izns'k dh lhek ls nks ftys yxs gq, gS&
Hkjriqj] /kSyiqjA
- Ekè; izns'k dh lhek ls nl ftys yxs gq, gS&
/kSyiqj] djkSyh] lokbZek/ksiqj] dksVk] ckjk¡] >kykokM+]
fpÙkkSM+x<+] HkhyokM+k] ck¡lokM+k o izrkix<+A
- xqtjkr dh lhek ls N% ftys yxs gq, gS&
ck¡lokM+k] Mqaxjiqj mn;iqj] fljksgh] tkykSj o ckM+esjA
- jktLFkku ds vkB ftys ,sls gS ftudh lhek fdlh Hkh jkT;
;k vU; ns'k ls ugha feyrh gS& ikyh] tks/iqj] ukxkSj]
nkSlk] Vksad] cq¡nh] vtesj] o jktleanA (lw=k%& ikcw tksjk
vVks nkSuk)
1
- ikyh ftys dh lhek lokZf/d ftyksa (8) vtesj] ckM+esj
tkykSj] tks/iqj] ukxkSj] jktlaen] fljksgh o mn;iqj ls
feyrh gSA (lw=k& tksjk ck mlh v tkuk)
jktLFkku ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; o varjkZT;h; lhek ds ftys
jkT; ftys ftyksa ds uke
iatkc 2 eqDrlj] QftYdk (FM )
gfj;k.kk 8 fljlk] Qrsgiqj] fglkj] fHkokuh]
egsUnzx<+] jsokM+h] xqMxk¡o] esokr
lw=k%& flj iQrs fg egsUnz Hkokuh
js[kk xqM esok
mÙkj izns'k 2 vkxjk] eFkqjk (vke)
Ekè; izns'k 10 >kcqvk] jryke] eanlkSj] uhpe]
'kktkiqj jktx<+] xquk] f'koiqjh]
';ksiqj] eqjSuk
lw=k%& ';kseq f'kxq jkuh 'kke j>k
Xkqtjkr 6 dPN] cukldkaBk] lkcjdkaBk]
vjkoyh] eghlkxj] nkgksn
lw=k%& vde nk lkc
jktLFkku ds laHkkx o ftys
- 1 uoEcj 1956 dks jktLFkku esa 5 laHkkx FksA
- lu 1962 esa jktLFkku ds eq[;ea=kh eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k us
laHkkxh; O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k FkkA
- 26 tuojh] 1987 esa jktLFkku ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh Jh
gjnso tks'kh us iqu% laHkkxh; O;oLFkk izkjEHk dh vkSj ml
le; NBs laHkkx ds :i esa vtesj dks ntkZ fn;k x;kA
- 4 twu 2005 dks jktLFkku dh eq[;ea=kh olqa/jk jkts us 7
osa laHkkx ds :i esa Hkjriqj laHkkx dk xBu fd;kA
- orZeku esa jkT; esa 7 laHkkx vkSj 33 ftys gSA
jktLFkku ds HkkSfrd HkwHkkx
- osxuj fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj izkxSfrgkfld dky (b;kslhu o
IykLVkslhu dky) esa fo'o nks Hkw[k.Mksa 1-vaxkjk yS.M o
2- xkSM+okuk yS.M esa foHkDr Fkk ftuds eè; VsfFkl lkxj
foLr`r FkkA jktLFkku fo'o ds çkphure Hkw&[k.Mksa dk
vo'ks"k gSA
- jktLFkku ds mÙkjh if'peh e:LFkyh; izns'k o iwohZ eSnku
VsfFkl egklkxj ds vo'ks"k ekus tkrs gSA tks dkykUrj esa
ufn;ksa }kjk ykbZ xbZ ryNV ds }kjk ikV fn;s x;s FksA
- jkT; ds vjkoyh ioZrh; ,oa nf{k.kh&iwohZ iBkjh Hkkx
xkSM+okuk yS.M ds vo'ks"k ekus tkrs gSA
- jktLFkku dks pkj HkkSfrd foHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&
1- mÙkj if'peh e:LFkyh; izns'k
2- eè;orhZ vjkoyh ioZrh; izns'k
3- iwohZ eSnku
4- nf{k.kh iwohZ iBkjh eSnku
fuekZ.k I.A.S
laHkkxksa dk oxhZdj.k
1- t;Ikqj laHkkx & t;iqj] lhdj] >qa>qu¡]vyoj] nkSlkA
& t;iqj laHkkx esa 5 ftys gSA
& tula[;k o tula[;k ?kuRo dh
n`f"V ls lcls cM+k laHkkx t;iqj gS
2- dksVk laHkkx & dksVk]cw¡nh] >kykokM+] ck¡jkA
& tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVkA
3- vtesj laHkkx & vtesj] HkhyokM+k] Vksad] o ukxkSjA
& ;g jkT; dk eè;orhZ laHkkx gSA
4- Hkjriqj laHkkx & Hkjriqj]/kSyiqj] djkSyh] lokbZek/kSiqj
ftys 'kkfey gS rFkk {ks=kQy dh n`f"V
ls lcls NksVk laHkkx gSA
5- chdkusj laHkkx & chdkusj] Jhxaxkuxj]pw: o guqekux<+A
6- mn;iqj laaHkkx & mn;iqj] ck¡lokM+k] fpÙkkSM+x<+] Mqaxjiqj]
jktlean] izrkix<+A
7- tks/iqj laHkkx &tks/iqj]ckM+esj] fljksgh] tSlyesj] ikyh]
tkykSjA {ks=kQy dh n`f"V ls lcls
cM+k laHkkx gSA
jktLFkku ds ftyksa dh fLFkfr
- 1 uoEcj] 1956 dks vFkkZr~ jktLFkku ds iw.kZ ,dhdj.k ds
le; jktLFkku esa 26 ftys Fks orZeku esa jktLFkku esa 33
ftys gSA izrkix<+ dks 26 tuojh] 2008 dks 33ok¡ ftyk
cuk;k x;k gSA
- /kSyiqj jktLFkku dk 27ok¡ ftyk 15 vizy S ] 1982 dks
cukA
- 10 viSzy]1991 dks 28ok¡ ftyk nkSlk] 29ok¡ ftyk ck¡jk
,oa 30ok¡ ftyk jktlean cukA
- 12 tqykbZ] 1994 dks guqekux<+ jkT; dk 31ok¡ ftyk
cukA
- 19 tqykbZ] 1997 dks djkSyh jkT; dk 32ok¡ ftyk cuk;k
x;kA
- jkT; esa orZeku esa 7 uxj&fuxe&t;Ikqj] tks/iqj] dksVk]
vtesj] chdkusj] mn;iqj] HkjriqjA
- 30 tqykbZ] 2008 dks vtesj uxj fuxe dk rFkk vxLr]
2008 esa chdkusj uxj fuxe dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA
2
 1& mÙkj if'peh e:LFkyh; izns'k
- jktLFkku esa vjkoyh ioZrekyk ds if'peh dk {ks=k 'kq"d
,oa v¼Z'kq"d e:LFkyh; izns'k gS ftls Fkkj e:LFky ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
- jktLFkku esa Fkkj e:LFky] dk yxHkx 62 izfr'kr Hkkx
vkrk gS blds varxZr ckM+esj] tSlyesj] chdkusj] tks/iqj]
ikyh] tkykSj] ukxkSj] lhdj] pw:] >qa>qu¡] guqekux<+ o
xaxkuxj vkfn ftys vkrs gSA
- Fkkj dk e:LFkyh; VsfFkl lkxj dk vo'ks"k ekuk tkrk gSA
- jktLFkku ds dqy {ks=kQy dk mÙkjif'peh e:LFkyh;
izns'k 61-11 izfr'kr gSA
- bl izns'k esa jkT; dh 40 izfr'kr tual[;k fuokl djrh
gSA
- ns'k ds 142 MstVZ CykWdksa esa ls jktLFkku esa 85 MstVZ
CykWd gSA
- lkekU; <ky iwoZ ls if'pe rFkk mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vkSj
gSA
- jsrhys 'kq"d eSnku ,oa v¼Z'kq"d eSnku dks foHkkftr djus
okyh js[kk 25 lseh- o"kkZ js[kk gSA ftlds vk/kj ij nks
Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSa&
1- if'pe fo'kky e:LFky ;k jsrhyk 'kq"d eSnku
2- jktLFkku ckaxj (ckaxM) ;k v¼Z 'kq"d eSnku
1- if'pe fo'kky e:LFky ;k jsrhyk 'kq"d eSnku
& o"kkZ dk okf"kZd] vkSlr 20cmA
& {ks=k&ckMesj] tSlyesj] xaxkuxj] pw:A
& de o"kkZ ds dkj.k& ;g çns'k ^^'kq"d ckywdk eSnku**
Hkh dgykrk gSA
& bl eSnku dks nks Hkkxksa eas ckaVk tkrk gS&
A. ckywdk Lrwi ;qDr e:LFkyh; çns'k
B. ckyqdk Lrwi eqDr {ks=k
A. ckywdk Lrwi ;qDr e:LFkyh; çns'k
& ckyw ds VhysA
& ;s {ks=k ok;q vijnu ,oa fu{ksi.k dk ifj.kke gSA
;gk¡ fuEu ckyqdk Lrwiksa dk ckgqY; gS&
i. ioukuqorhZ ckyqdk Lrwi& tSlyesj] tks/iqj] ckMeasj esa bu
ij ouLifr ikbZ tkrh gSA
ii. cj[kku ;k v¼Z pUnzkdkj ckyqdk Lrwi&pw:] tSlyesj]
lhdj] yq.kdj.klj] lwjrx<] ckM+esj] tks/iqj vkfnA ;s
xfr'khy] ja/z;qDr] o uohu ckyq;qDr gksrs gSA
iii. vuqçLFk ckyqdk Lrwi&chdkusj] n- xaxkuxj] guqekux<+]
pw:] lwjrx<+] >qa>quw] ;s iou dh fn'kk esa ledks.k ij
curs gSA
iv. iSjktksfyd ckyqdk Lrwi&lHkh e:LFkyh ftyksa es fo|eku]
fuekZ.k&ouLifr ,oa lery eSnkuh Hkkx ds chp mRiknu
ls vkÑfr&gs;jfiuuqekA
v. rkjkckyqdk Lrwi&eksgux<] iksdj.k (tSlyesj)] lwjrx<+
(xaxkuxj)] fuekZ.k& vfu;roknh ,oa laf'y"V iouksa ds
{ks=k esaA
vi. usVodZ ckyqdk Lrwi& guqekux<+ ls fglkj rdA
B. ckyqdk Lrwi eqDr {ks=k
& iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkrA
& bls tSlyesj&ckM+esj dk pV~Vkuh {ks=k Hkh dgrs gSA
fuekZ.k I.A.S
& Vf'kZ;jh o IyhLVkslhu dky dh ijrnkj pV~Vkukas dk
ckgqY;A
& VsfFkl ds vo'ks"k okys pV~Vkuh lewgA
& pwuk iRFkj dh pV~Vkus eq[;A
& bueas ouLifr vo'ks"k o thok'e ik;s tkrs gSA mnkgj.k&
tSlyesj ds jk"Vªh; e:m|ku eas fLFkr vkdy oqM
iQkWfly ikdZA
& blh çns'k dh volknh 'kSyksa es Hkwfexr ty dk Hkkjh
Hk.Mkj ykBh lhjht {ks=k blh HkwxHkhZ; ty iV~Vh dk
mnkgj.k gSA
& Vf'kZ;jhdkyhu pV~Vkuksa es xSl&[kfut rsy ds O;kid
Hk.Mkj ckMesj (xqMkekykuh] ck;rq) eas ,oa tSlyesj eas rsy
o xSl ds O;kid Hk.MkjA
2- jktLFkku ckaxj (ckaxM) ;k v¼Z 'kq"d eSnku
& v¼Z'kq"d eSnku egku 'kq"d jsrhys çns'k ds iwoZ es o
vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ds if'pe es ywuh unh ds ty çokg
{ks=k esa vofLFkrA
& ;g vkarfjd çokg {ks=k gSA
& bldk mÙkjh Hkkx ?kX?kj dk eSnku] mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx 'ks[kkokVh
dk vkarfjd ty çokg {ks=k o nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkx ywuh unh
csflu rFkk eè;orhZ Hkkx ^^ukxkSjh mPp Hkwfe** gSA
& if'peh e:LFkyh; izns'k dks eq[;r% pkj Hkkxksa ckaVk x;k
gS&
(i) ?kX?kj dk eSnku
fuekZ.k&?kX?kj] oSfnd ljLorh] lryt ,oa pkSrkax ufn;ksa
dh tyks<+ feV~Vh lsA
& ?kX?kj unh ds ?kkV dks ^^ukyh** dgrs gSA
& foLrkj& guqekux<+] xaxkuxjA
& orZeku& e`r unh uke ls fo[;krA
& o"kkZ ½rq esa ck<+ vkus ij guqekux< tyeXuA
& HkVusj ds ikl jsfxLrku es foyqIrA
(ii) ywuh csflu ;k xksMokj izns'k
& ywuh o lgk;d ufn;ksa dk viokg çns'kA
& blesa tks/iqj] tkykSj] Ikkyh ,oa fljksgh 'kkfeyA
& bl {ks=k esa tkykSj& flokuk igkfM+;k fLFkr tks xzsukbV
ds fy, çfl¼ gSA
& ekyk.kh igkfM+;k o pwuk iRFkj dh pV~Vkus Hkh fLFkrA
& ckyksrjk ds ckn ywuh unh dk Ikkuh ued;qDr pV~Vkuksa]
ued d.kkas ,oa e:LFkyh; çns'k ds viokg ra=k ds
dkj.k [kkjk gks tkrk gSA
& ;gka tloar lkxj@fifp;kd cka/] ljnkjlean] gsekokl
cka/] ,oa u;kxkao vkfn cka/A
(iii) ukxkSjh mPp Hkwfe çns'k
& CkkaxM dk eè;orhZ Hkkx] tgka ued ;qDr >hys]
varçZokg] tyØe] çkphu pV~Vkus ,oa Åapk&uhpk
/jkry ekStwnA
& ogk MhM+okuk] dqpkeu] lkaHkj] fMxkuk >hysaA
& ;gka ekbdkf'k"V uedhu pV~Vkusa] ftuls dsf'kdkRo ds
dkj.k ued lrg ij vkrk jgrk gSA
(iv) 'ks[kkokVh vkarfjd çokg {ks=k
& pw:] lhdj] >qa>quw o ukxkSj dk dqN HkkxA
& cj[kku Lrwiksa dk ckgqY;A
& ufn;ka& dkaryh esFkk] :iux<+] [kkjh bR;kfnA
3
fuekZ.k dSIlwy ✍
- e:LFkyhdj.k dk izeq[k dkj.k ekuoh; fØ;k,a o
vfu;af=kr i'kq pkj.k gSA
- vkdy oqM QkWflYl ikdZ tSlyesj esa gSA
- ckVkMw dk dqvk (ckM+esj) jsfxLrku rsy o fyXukbV ds
fo'kky Hk.Mkj ekStwn gSA
- ju ^VkV* % e:LFky esa uhps Hkkxksa esa cuh vLFkkbZ >hysaA
- pUnu uydwi & tSlyesj ds iwoZ esa fLFkr ehBs ikuh ds
dkj.k bls Fkkj dk ?kM+k dgk tkrk gSA
- xq<+kekykuh & ;gk¡ izkIr rsy ds Hk.Mkj fo'o esa lcls
de xgjkbZ izkIr rsy ds Hk.Mkj gSA
- gEeknk & pVVkuh e:LFkyksa dks gEeknk dgk tkrk gS
- jSx& fefJr e:LFky dks dgrs gSA
- bxZ& jsrhys e:LFky dks dgrs gSA
- cj[kku& v¼ZpUnzdkj jsrhys /ksjksa dks dgrs gSA
- vuqizLFk ckyqdk Lrwi & iouksa ds ledks.k esa cuus okys
ckyqdk Lrqiksa dks dgrs gSA
- vuqnSè;Z ckyqdk Lrwi& iouksa dh fn'kk esa cuus okys
ckyqdk Lrqiksa dks dgrs gSA
2& eè;orhZ vjkorh ioZrh; izns'k
- vjkoyh izkphure ioZr Js.kh gS tks jkT; esa mÙkj&iwoZ ls
nf{k.k&if'pe rd QSyh gqbZ gSA
- xkSaMokukyS.M dk vo'ks"k] mRifÙk&çh&dSfEcz;u dky esaA
- nf{k.k Hkkx esa iBkj] mÙkjh ,oa iwohZ Hkkx esa eSnku ,oa
if'peh Hkkx esa e:LFky] çkjEHk esa Åaps ioZr] vkt
vo'ks"kA
- çkphudky uohu ofyr ioZr@vesfjdh vIysf'k;u ds
lekuA
- mÙkj&if'pe esa fla/q csflu vkSj iwoZ esa xaxk csflu ds eè;
(egku ty foHkktd (dsLV ykbu) ds :i esa)A
- mÙkj esa fnYyh ls izkjEHk gksdj xqtjkr esa ikyuiqj rd
yxHkx 692 fdeh- dh yEckbZ esa foLr`r gSA
- ;g Js.kh jktLFkku esa mÙkj&iwoZ esa [ksrM+h ls nf{k.k&if'pe
esa [ksMczâkk(xqtjkr) rd yXkHkx 550 fdeh- dh yEckbZ esa
gSA
- jkT; ds 13 ftyksa& fljksgh] mn;iqj] jktlean] vtesj
t;iqj] nkSlk] vyoj] >qa>qu¡ lhdj vkSj MWqxjiqj esa bldk
foLrkj gSA
- ;g ioZr Js.kh fo'o dh izkphure ofyr ioZrh; J`a[kyk (iii) nf{k.k vjkoyh (esokM+ dk pV~Vkuh ioZrh;
gSA
- vjkoyh ioZrekyk jktLFkku esa xksaMokuk Hkw[k.M dk ,d
Hkkx gSA
- vjkoyh ioZr ,d izeq[k ty foHkktd (¡ter Divide) gS
ftlds nksuksa vkSj iwoZ ,oa if'pe esa ufn;ka cgrh gSA
- lkses'oj vkSj gkFkhxqM+k njkZ ls tks/iqj vkSj mn;Ikqj ds eè;
vkus okys ekxZ (jsyekxZ) gSA
- vcqy Qty us vjkoyh dh ioZr Js.kh;ksa dks Å¡V dh
xnZu dgdj lEcksf/r fd;k FkkA
vjkoyh izns'k dks fuEukfdr pkj izeq[k Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr - fljksgh ftys esa xq:f'k[kj ioZr (1722 eh-) jkT; dk
fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
(i) mÙkjh iwohZ vjkoyh izns'k
(ii) eè; vjkoyh
(iii) nf{k.k vjkoyh
(iv) vkcw ioZr [k.M
fuekZ.k I.A.S
(i) mÙkjh iwohZ vjkoyh izns'k %&
- t;iqj] nkSlk] rFkk vyoj esa bl {ks=k dk foLrkj gSA
- buesa 'ks[kkoVh dh igkfM+;k¡] rksjkokVh dh igkfM+;k¡ rFkk
t;qij vkSj vyoj dh igkfM+;kW lfEefyr gSA
- bl Hkkx esa izeq[k pksfV;kW j?kqukFkx<+ lhdj esa] HkSjkp
vyoj esa o ckckbZ t;iqj esa gSaA
- bl Hkkx dh lcls Å¡ph ioZr pksVh j?kqukFkx<+ (lhdj)
gSA
(ii) eè; vjkoyh izns'k%&
- bl izns'k ds vUrxZr vtesj] t;iqj ftys rFkk Vksad ftys
ds nf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr vjkoyh Js.kh dh igkfM+;ka
'kkfey gSA
- bl {ks=k ds mPPk izns'k if'pe esa fc[kjs dVdksa ds lkFk
lkaHkj csflu }kjk] mÙkj esa vyoj igkfM+;ksa ds }kjk iwoZ esa
djkSyh mPPk Hkwfe ds }kjk rFkk nf{k.k esa cukl eSnku }kjk
lhfer gSA
- if'pe esa lfiZykdkj ioZr Js.kh;k¡ ukxigkM+h dgykrh gSA
- C;koj (vtesj) rglhy esa cj] Ikk[kfj;k] f'koiqjk ?kkV]
lwjk?kkV uked njZs fLFkr gSA
- bl izns'k dks iqu% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
gS%
(a) 'ks[kkokVh fuEu igkfM+;ka %
- bl izns'k dk Hkw&n`'; ckyw igkfM+;ka vkSj fuEu xrksaZ ls
ifjyf{kr gSA
- ;g vkarfjd izokg {ks=k gSA
- lakHkj >hy ls izkjaHk gksus okyh lcls yach Js.kh >qa>quwa
ftys esa flguk rd tkrh gSA
- vU; NksVh&NksVh igkfM+;ka bl izns'k esa fofHkUu ukeksa ls
tkuh tkrh gS tSls iqjkuk ?kkV] ukgjx<+] vkM+k Mwaxj]
jkgsM+h] rksjkokVh vkfnA
(b) esjokM+ igkfM+;ka %
- esjokM+ igkfM+;ka ekjokM+ ds eSnku dks esokM+ ds mPPk
iBkj ls vyx djus okyh ioZr Js.kh gS tks vtesj
'kgj ds lehiorhZ Hkkxksa esa igkfM+;ksa ds lekukUrj
vuqØe esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
- bl mPpre f'k[kj vtesj uxj ds fudV leqnrz y ls
yxHkx 870 ehVj Å¡pk gS tks rkjkx<+ ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA
çns'k ,oa HkksjV dk iBkj)%&
- tjxk (mn;iqj) bl Hkkx dh lcls Å¡ph ioZr pksVh gSA
mn;iq j ] Mw¡xjiqj] fpÙkkSMx<+] çrkix<+ ,oa fljksgh dk iwohZ
Hkkx vkSj jktlaen ftys blesa lfEefyr gSA
- Hkkdj& iwohZ fljksgh esa rhoz <ky o ÅcM+& [kkcM+ txg
dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^Hkkdj* dgrs gSA
- fxjok& mn;iq j csflu dks ?ksjs gq, r'rjhuqek igkM+h J`a[kyk
dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa fxjok dgrs gSA
(iv) vkcw ioZr [k.M%&
loksZPp f'k[kj gSA
- lUrksa dk f'k[kj& duZy VkWM us xq:f'k[kj dks lUrksa dk
f'k[kj dgkW gSA
- blea s DokVZ~tkbV uhl f'k"V o xzsukbV pV~Vkusa ikbZ tkrh gSA
- lcls Å¡ph pksVh xq:f'k[kj (1727 eh-) fgeky; ls
uhyfxjh ds eè; lcls Åaph pksVhA
4
- vkcw {ks=k ds if'pe esa tloUriqjk ioZrh; {ks=k esa eq[;r%
Mksjk ioZr (869 ehVj) foLr`r gSA tloariqjk ioZr {ks=k ds
if'pe esa jkuhckM+k mPp izns'k o`{k foghu vuko`r izns'k
gSA
- flokuk xzsukbV ioZr {ks=k ds uke ls iz[;kr ioZrh; {ks=k esa
eq[;r% xksykdkj igkfM+;ka gS] bUgsa NIiu dh igkfM+;ka ,oa
ukdksM+k ioZr ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
- blh izdkj tokbZ unh ?kkVh ds nf{k.k esa foLr`r tkyksj
ioZr {ks=k ds jkstk Hkk[kj (730 ehVj)] bljkuk Hkk[kj
(839 ehVj) ,oa >kjksyk igkM+ (588 ehVj) izeq[k gSA
3&iwohZ eSnku
- jktLFkku ds iwohZ eSnkuh izns'k esa Hkjriqj] vyoj ds Hkkx]
/kSyiqj lokbZ ek/ksiqj] t;iqj] Vksad] HkhyokM+k ds eSnkuh
Hkkx lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa rks nwljh vksj nf{k.k esa fLFkr
eè; ekgh dk {ks=k Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
- ;g eSnku laiw.kZ jkT; ds 23-3» Hkw&Hkkx dks ?ksjs gq;s gSA
if'peh lhek vjkoyh ds iwohZ fdukjksa }kjk mn;iqj ds
mÙkj rd vkSj blls vkxs mÙkj esa 50 lseh- dh leo"kkZ
js[kk }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA eSnku dh nf{k.k&iwohZ lhek
foUè;u iBkj }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA
- bl eSnku ds varxZr pEcy csflu] ekgh csflu (NIiu
csflu) vkSj cukl csflu vkrs gSaA
- ;gk¡ o"kkZ dk okf"kZd vkSlr 60 ls 100 lseh- rd jgrk gSA
jkT; dh yxHkx 39 izfr'kr tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA
iwohZ eSnku ds pkj izeq[k miHkkx
(v) pEcy csflu
- ;g {ks=k Mkax ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
- dksVk] cwanh] >kykokM+] lokbZ ek/ksiqj] djkSyh] /kSyiqj ftys
blds varxZr vkrs gSA
- pEcy csflu {ks=k esa eq[;r% mR[kkr LFkykd`fr (Badland
Topography) QSyh gS] rFkk ;gk¡ uohu dkaih; teko
Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
- Mkax ÅcM+&[kkcM+ vuqitkÅ Hkwfe gS tgkW nL;q 'kj.k Ikkrs
gS A
- [kknj&5 ls 30 ehVj xgjs [kM~Ms okyh Hkwfe LFkkuh; Hkk"kk
esa [kknj ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
(c) cukl csflu
- ;g dkai feVVh ls cuk mitkÅ {ks=k gS ;g eSnku cukl
rFkk mldh lgk;d ufn;kasa }kjk flafpr gSA bl eSnku dks
nf{k.k esa esokM+ dk eSnku rFkk mÙkj esa ekyiqjka djkSyh dk
eSnku dgrs gSaA
- esokM+ eSnku] cukl unh rFkk bldh lgk;d ufn;ka tSls
[kkjh] lksMjk] ekslh vkSj eksjy tks ck;sa fdukjs ij cgrh gSa
vkSj csM+p] cktkf;u vkSj xksyok tks nkfgus fdukjs ij
feyrh gS] ls flafpr gSaA ;g mn;iqj ds iwohZ Hkkxksa]
if'peh fpÙkkSM+x<+] HkhyokM+k] Vksad] t;iqj] if'peh
lokbZek/ksiqj vkSj vyoj ds nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esa foLr`r gSaA
(l) NIiu eSnku (eè; ekgh csflu)
- ;g {ks=k ekgh unh dk izokg {ks=k gSA
- OkkxM+ & bldk nf{k.k ls vf/d xgjk o foPNsfnr {ks=k
^okxM+ dk eSnku* dgykrk gSA
- NIiu dk eSnku & izrkix<+ rFkk ck¡lokM+k ds eè; 56
xzkeksa dk lewg NIiu dk eSnku dgykrk gSA
fuekZ.k I.A.S
- dkaBy dk eSnku & izrkix<+ dk lEiw.kZ {ks=k dkaBy dk
eSnku dgykrk gSA
- ekgh cflu <ky if'pe esa xqtjkr jkT; dh vkSj rFkk
pEcy
(n) ck.kxaxk csflu
- iwohZ eSnkuh Hkkx ds mÙkjh csflu dk cka.kxaxk csflu dgrs
gSaA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy ✍
& NIiu dk eSnku& (HkkVh eSnku)] ckalokM+k] çrkix<+]
Mw¡xjiqj] ds eè;orhZ Hkkx esa foLr`rA
& bl {ks=k dk <ky&iwoZ fn'kk eas] lHkh ufn;k¡ iwoZ dh vksj
cgdj caxky dh [kkM+h fxjrh gSA
& nf{k.k {ks=k dk <yku if'peh esa vr% dsoy ;gh unh
[kEHkkr dh [kkM+h eas fxjrh gSA
& chgM+ o dnjk,a eq[; fo'ks"krkA
& nf{k.k if'pe lhek ij foUè;u iBkj o gkMkSrh dk iBkjA
& if'pe Hkkx nsox<+ ds vklikl ihMeakV dk eSnkuA
& iwohZ eSnku dk og {ks=k tks uohu tyks<+ feV~Vh ls fufeZr
o çfro"kZ ufn;kas dk Ikkuh ogka rd igqaprk gS mls [kknj
dgrs gSA
4& nf{k.kh iwohZ iBkj (gkM+kSrh iBkj)
- jktLFkku es ;g iBkj esokM+ eSnku ds nf{k.k&iwoZ esa pacy
unh ds lgkjs iwohZ Hkkx esa foLr`r gS vkSj jktLFkku ds 9-
6» Hkw&Hkkx dks ?ksjs gq;s gS rFkk 11 izfr'kr tual[;k
fuokl djrh gSA
& ;g mÙkj if'pe eas vjkoyh ds egku lhek Hkza'k }kjk
lhekafdr gS vkSj jktLFkku dh lhek ds ikj rc rd iQSyk
gqvk gS tc rd cqansy&[k.M ds iw.kZ fodflr dxkj
fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA
& ekyok iBkj dk gh Hkkx] bls ^^gkM+kSrh dk iBkj**@ ykok
dk iBkj Hkh dgrs gSA ;g vkxs tkdj ekyok ds iBkj esa
fey tkrk gSA
& <ky nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksjA ;g iBkjh Hkkx vjkoyh vkSj
foaè;kpy ioZr ds chp laØkfUr çns'k gSA
- bldk foLrkj >kykokM+] dksVk] ckjka] vkSj cwanh ftyksa esa gSA
- bl izns'k esa ykok fefJr 'kSy ,oa foUè; 'kSyksa dk
lfEeJ.k gSA
- bl {ks=k esa vusd ioZr Js.kh;k¡ gS ftlesa ls cwanh dh
igkfM+;k rFkk eqdqUnjk dh igkfM+;k¡ izfl¼ gSA
- bl {ks=k dh vkslr Å¡pkbZ 500 ehVj gS eqdqUnjk vkSj cwanh
dh igkfM+;k v¼Z pUnzkdkj :i ls foLr`r gSA
- gkM+kSrh iBkj eq[;r% dksVk o cqanh ftyksa esa QSyk gqvk gSA
gkM+kSrh iBkj eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gqvk gS&
(i) foUè; dxkj Hkwfe & ;g dxkj Hkwfe {ks=k cM+s&cM+s
cyqvk iRFkjksa ls fufeZr gSA ;g pEcy cukl ufn;ksa
ds eè; djkSyh /kSyiqj ftys dk Hkw&Hkkx gSA
mÙkj&if'peh esa pEcy ds ck;sa fdukjs ij rhoz <ky
okys dxkj gSA
(ii) nDdu ykok iBkj & ;g HkkSfrd bdkbZ Åijeky
(mPp iBkj ;k iFkjhyk) ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
;g {ks=k ikoZrh] dkyhfla/ pEcy o vU; ufn;ksa
}kjk flafpr gSA pEcy vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa us
dksVk esa ,d f=kdks.kh; dkaih; csflu dk fuekZ.k
fd;k gSA
5
miHkkx - vjkoyh dh vU; pksfV;k¡& xq:f'k[kj] lsj (1597 eh-)]
& mfM+;k ;k BfM;k dk iBkj& fljksgh ftys esa fLFkr ;g nsyokM+k (1442 eh-)] tjxk (1431 eh-) vpyx<+
jktLFkku dk lcls Å¡pk iBkjA (1380 eh-) dqEHkyx<+ (1274 eh)] j?kqukFkx<+ (1155
& vkcw dk iBkj& fljksgh ftys esa ekWÅV vkcw ioZr ds eh-)
fudV] jktLFkku dk nwljk Å¡pk iBkjA
& HkksjkV dk iBkj& dqEHkyx<+ (jktlean) ,oa xksaxqUnk - ns'kgjks& tjxk o jkxk igkfM+;ksa ds chp dk iBkjh {ks=kA
(mn;iqj) ds eè; fLFkr iBkj] bls esokM+ dk iBkj Hkh ihMekaV eSnku& nsox<+ ds lehi vjkoyh Js.kh dk futZu
dgrs gSA igkM+h {ks=kA
& eslk dk iBkj& fpÙkkSM+ ftys es fLFkr blh iBkj dh - Åijeky& fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds HkSljksM+x<+ ls HkhyokM+k ds
fp=kdwV dh igkM+h ij çkphudky esa fp=kkxan ekS;Z ds }kjk fctksfy;k rd dk iBkjh HkkxA
fpÙkkSM+ nqxZ dk fuekZ.k gqvkA - [ksjkM rFkk eky [ksjkM+& HkhyokM+k ftys dh tgktiqj
& mijeky dk iBkj& HkaSljksMx<+ ,oa fctksfy;k ds eè; rFkk Vk¡d dk vf/dka'k Hkkx tks cukl csflu esa fLFkr gSA
fLFkrA foLrkj&fpÙkkSM+x<+] HkhyokM+k] cwanh] dksVk] >kykokM+
bR;kfn ftyksa es gSA yklfM+;k iBkj& t;leUn mn;iqj ls vkxs iwoZ dh vkSj
& eqdqUnokM+k dh igkfM;k¡& dksVk o >kyjkikVu >kykokM+ foPNsn o dVk& QVk iBkj yklfM+;k dk iBkj dgykrk gS
ds chp fLFkr bl Hkw&Hkkx dk <ky nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh - dwcM+ iVVh& vtesj&ukxkSj esa ÝyksjkbM+ ;qDr ikuh okyk
vksjA {ks=kA
& fxjok& mn;iqj {ks=k es r'rjhuqek vkÑfr okys igkM+ksa dh - ?kw?kjk ?kkVh & vtesj esa fLFkr izfl¼ vjkoyh ioZrekyk
es[kyk dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa fxjok dgrs gSA dh ?kkVh gS ftlesa jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx dk
fuekZ.k dSIlwy ✍ dk;kZy; fLFkr gSA
- exjk& mn;Ikqj ds mÙkj&if'peh ioZrh; Hkkx esa fLFkr jktLFkku dh loksZPp pksfV;k¡
igkM+h {ks=k dk exjk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
- j?kqukFkx<+ ioZr lhdj esa fLFkr gSA pksVh Å¡pkbZ lacaf/r ftyk
- [kM+ & [ksrh esa ik;s tkus okys ?kkl dk ,d izdkj gSA xq:f'k[kj 1722 eh- fljksgh
- [kM+hu & tSlyesj ftys ds mÙkj fn'kk esa cM+h la[;k esa lsj 1597 eh- fljksgh
fLFkr I;kyk >hysa tks fd izk;% fuEu dxkjksa ls f?kjh jgrh
fnyokM+k 1442 eh- mn;iqj
gSA
- chtkl.k dk igkM+ & ;g ekaMyx<+ dLcs ds ikl fLFkr tjxk 1431 eh- mn;iqj
gSA (HkhyokM+k)A vpyx<+ 1380 eh- fljksgh
- ju& ckyqdk Lrqiksa ds chp dh fuEu Hkwfe esa ty Hkj tkus - vjkoyh ioZrekyk ds if'pe esa 12 rFkk iwoZ esa 21 ftys
ls fufeZr vLFkkbZ >hysa o nynyh Hkwfe ju dgykrh gSA gSA
duksM+ >kdjh] cjelj] iksdj.k] (tSlyesj)] cki - vjkoyh ioZrekyk ds ekulwu ds lekukUrj gksus ds dkj.k
(tkS/iqj) rFkk Fkksc (ckM+esj) esa fLFkr izeq[k ju gSA jktLFkku esa vfu;fer o"kkZ gksrh gSA
- ckoM+h & ,sls lh<+hnkj dq,a ftuesa lh<+h;ksa dh lgk;rk ls - HkksjkV dk iBkj & xksxqUnk o dqEHkyx<+ ds eè; fLFkr
lgt gh ikuh dh lrg rd mrjk tk ldrk gSA vjkoyh ioZr J`a[kyk dk HkkxA
- /ksjs&jsr ds cM+s&cM+s Vhys ftudh vkd`fr ygjnkj gksrh gS - mÙkjh {ks=k esa vjkoyh Ja`[kyk QkbykbV vkSj DokVZ~t ls
- ykBh lhjht {ks=k& mi;ksxh lso.k ?kkl dh pkSM+h iV~Vh tks fufeZr gSA
tSlyesj esa iksdj.k ls eksgux<+ rd ikfdLrkuh lhek ds - vjkoyh ds <+kyksa ij eq[;r% eDdk dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA
lgkjs foLr`r gSA ;g {ks=k Hkw&xHkhZ; ty iV~Vh ds fy, - vjkoyh ioZrekyk dh vkSlr Å¡pkbZ leqUnz ry ls 930
izfl} gSA eh- gSA
- /fj;u& tSlyesj ftys ds Hkw&Hkkx tgk¡ vkcknh yxHkx - vjkoyh ioZrekyk mÙkj&if'pe esa flU/q csflu vkSj iwoZ esa
xaxk csflu ds eè; ty foHkktd js[kk dk dk;Z djrh gSA
ux.; gSA LFkkukarfjr ckydqk Lriksa dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa
- uky& eè;orhZ vjkoyh ioZrh; Js.kh esa fLFkr njsZ o
^/fj;u* uke ls iqdkjrs gSA
igkM+h ekxZA
- y?kq e:LFkyh;& Fkkj dk e:LFky dk iwohZ Hkkx tks fd - lhdj ftys dh igkfM+;ksa dk LFkkuh; uke eky[ksr dh
dPN ls chdkusj rd QSy gqvk gSA igkfM+;k¡ dgrs gSaA
- f=kdqV igkM+h & bl ioZr ij tSlyesj dk fdyk - g"kZ dh igkfM+;ka ftu ij th.k ekrk dk izfl¼ eafnj fLFkr
vofLFkr gSA gS lhdj ftys esa gSaA
- fpfM+;kVwd igkM+h & bl igkM+h ij tks/iqj dks esgjkux<+ - ywuh csflu es eè;orhZ ?kkVh dks ekyk.kh ioZr J`a[kyk
nqxZ fLFkr gSA dgrs gSA ;g tkykSj o ckyksrjk ds eè; fLFkr gSA
- rkjkx<+ igkM+h & vtesj esa fLFkr eè; vjkoyh dh lcls - vjkoyh ioZr J`a[kyk dks jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa vkM+k okyk
Å¡aph pksVh (870 eh)A ‘Ada- Wla’ dgk¡ tkrk gSA
fuekZ.k I.A.S 6