Sec 4 To Be Printed

 "Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state
terrorism as practiced by the French government during the 1793–1794 Reign of terror. The French
word terrorisme in turn derives from the Latin verb terreō meaning "I frighten".  Although
"terrorism" originally referred to acts committed by a government, currently it usually refers to the
killing of innocent people for political purposes in such a way as to createa media spectacle.
Terrorism  In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report described terrorism as
any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the
purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to
do or abstain from doing any act.”
Terrorism  Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to

induce terror and psychic fear (sometimes indiscriminate) through the violent victimization and
destruction of noncombatant targets (sometimes iconic symbols). Such acts are meant to send a
message from an illicitclandestineorganization.  The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in
order to achieve maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence
the targeted audience(s) in order to reach short- and midterm political goalsand/ordesired long-
term end states.
Types of Terrorism  Terrorism is classified into six categories: i. Civil disorder – A form of collective
violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. ii. Political
terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community,
orsubstantial segment of it, for political purposes. iii. Limited political terrorism – Genuine political
terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of
terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a
concerted campaign to capturecontrol of the state. iv. Official or state terrorism – "referring to
nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such
proportions". It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts
carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
Types of Terrorism v. Data-terrorism – "The unjust storage or use of private information for
economic, political or personal gains". Commonly seen in governments and countries like the United
States, Canada and Australia. Large corporations such as Facebook are also guilty of using user data
without confirming explicit user knowledge and consent to do so when joining. vi. Passive terrorism -
(passive + terrorism) is an, inert or quiescent behavior towards terrorism; an inaction, non- reaction,
non-participation, non-involvement in countering terrorism. Passive terrorism describes a behavior
of general public or government which silently allows the spread or promotion of terrorism by
turning a blind eye or tolerating terrorism. Passive terrorism prevails when there is no deliberate
effort or decision to either counter it or raise voice against it.
Perpetrators  The perpetrators of acts of terrorism can be individuals, groups, or states. According
to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts
outside the framework of a stateof war.  However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is
carried out by small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the
most deadly operations in recent times, such as the September 11 attacks, the London underground
bombing, and the 2002 Bali bombing were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of
close friends, family members and other strong social networks.  These groups benefited from the
free flow of information and efficient telecommunications to succeed where others had failed.
Non-State Groups
 Groups not part of the state apparatus of in opposition to
the state are most commonly referred to as a "terrorist" in
the media.
Sunday, January 6, 2019 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 491
State Sponsors
 A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a
terroristgroup.
 Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of
state-sponsored terrorism vary widely.
 When states provide funding for groups considered by some
to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.
Sunday, January 6, 2019 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 492
State Terrorism
 State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by
governmental agents or forces.
 This involves the use of state resources employed by a state's
foreign policies, such as using its military to directly
perform actsof terrorism.
Tactics  Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common when direct conventional
warfare will not be effective because forcesvarygreatly in power.  The context in which terrorist
tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political conflict. The type of conflictvaries widely;
historical examples include: i. Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state or become part
of adifferentstate ii. Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups iii. Imposition of a
particular form of government iv. Economic deprivation of a population v. Opposition to a domestic
government oroccupying army vi. Religious fanaticism
Tactics  Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity, usuallyusing
explosivesorpoison.  There is concern about terrorist attacks employing weapons of
massdestruction.  Terrorist groups usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train
participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime.
Responses  Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the
political spectrum and reassessments of fundamental values.  Specific typesof responses include: i.
Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers ii. Target hardening,
such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers iii. Preemptiveor reactive militaryaction iv. Increased
intelligence and surveillance activities v. Preemptive humanitarian activities vi. More permissive
interrogation and detention policies
Anti-Terrorism and Counter Terrorism  Anti-Terrorism: i. Defensive measures taken to reduce
vulnerability to terroristacts ii. The practice of using intelligence, political, social, psychological,
criminal, analysis to predict where an attack is likely to happen and then using that anticipation to
apply measure to harden against the possibility of the terrorism attack. Basically an effort to reduce
the likelihood of the attack by making a target to difficult to attack. iii. Defensive measures used to
reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include limited responseand
containment by local military forces.
Anti-Terrorism and Counter Terrorism  Counter-Terrorism: i. Offensive measures taken to prevent,

deter, and respond to terrorism ii. The same practices of “Anti-Terrorism” but instead of hardening
in anticipation of the attack, the possible terrorist (or actors) are targeted for capture to gain further
intelligence and to remove them from the equation. Or it can be the targeting for killing the terrorist
(oractors) to eliminate the threat they posed. iii. Basically an effort to stop an attack by going after
the attackers or removing theirability to attack. iv. Operations that include the offensive measures
taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism.
Solutions  Counter-terrorism strategy based on nine ‘Cs’: i. Comprehensiveness: A comprehensive,

multifaceted strategy is needed that encompasses law enforcement, political, social, cultural,
financial and diplomatic measures. ii. Consensus at the global level is required on a strategy
incorporating both short-and long-terms iii. Causes and conditions that breed, encourage and
contribute to terrorism must be objectively identified and addressed. iv. Confusion about the
definition of terrorism and mixing every Muslim with terror is discouraging. v. Capabilities must be
improved and national capacities strengthened across he spectrum to pursue terrorists and prevent
terrorist activities.
Solutions  Counter-terrorismstrategy based on nine ‘Cs’: vi. Cooperative rather than coercive
national and international strategies should be pursued so that the reaction to counter- terrorism
measuresdoes notcompound the problem. vii. Civil liberties and principles of good governance must
be upheld in the fight against terror, because real security can only be achieved through respect for
human rights. viii.Civilization and cultural: dialogue and understanding including engaging at the
battle for the hearts and minds, must become an integral part of global consensus-building to evolve
a joint strategy. Such a dialogue must be premised on the understanding that the root cause of
friction between civilization are not primarily religious differences, but mainly issues of power,
competing political and economic interests, policies and misunderstandings. ix. Conference at the
summit level must be called to craft and coordinatean approach based on these elements
Solutions  The Eight Principles: i. Destroy or at least strenuously control weapons of mass
destruction, track and control the saleand flow of otherweapons. ii. Reconsider national policies
thatcreateenmityabroad. iii. Use global human security, in addition to national interest, in evaluating
prospective policies. iv. Think through the consequences of actions before they are implemented. v.
Improve sensitivity to cultural differences in politicians and the population vi. Carefully evaluate
military actions and sanctions since they carry great risks vii. Use information as a tool to block
funds, identify terrorists. viii. Use the media to change mindsets toward ethical and global norms.
Radicalism  The word "radical" is popularly used to designate individuals, parties, and movements
that wish to alter drastically any existing practice, institution, or social system.  In politics, radicals
are often seen as individuals and/or parties reflecting "leftist" views.  This meaning originated
during the French Revolution (1787–1789), where those most opposed to the king sat in the
National Assembly at the far left, and those most committed to the king at the far right.  It is
therefore common to designate points on the political spectrum, reading from left to right, as
radical, liberal, conservative, and reactionary.
Radicalism  The term political radicalism (or simply, in political science, radicalism) denotes political
principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value
systems in fundamental ways.  Derived from the Latin radix (root), the denotation of radical has
changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum—yet
retains the “change at the root” connotation fundamental to revolutionary societal change. 
Historically, radicalism has referred exclusively to the "radical left", under the single category of far-
left politics, rarely incorporating far-right politics though these may have revolutionary elements; the
prominent exception is in the United States where some consider radicalism to include both political
extremes of the radical left and the "radical right".  In traditional labels of the spectrum of political
thought, the opposite of radical on the "right" of the political spectrum is termed reactionary.
War on Terror  The phrase "War on Terror" has been used to specifically refer to the ongoing
military campaign led by the U.S., UK and their allies against organizations and regimes identified by
them as terrorist, and excludes other independent counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such
as those by Russia and India. The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the Waron
Terror.  On the morning of 11 September 2001, a total of 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers perished in
the attacks, making it the worst terrorist attack to ever take place on U.S. soil (and the worst act of
international terrorism to take place on U.S. soil) and also the deadliest foreign attack on U.S. soil
since the Japanese carried out a surprise air raid on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941.
War on Terror  The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made
law on September 14, 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those
responsible forthe attackson September 11, 2001.  It authorized the President to use all necessary
and appropriate forces against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned,
authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or
harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international
terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
War on Terror  The George W. Bush administration defined the following objectives of the Waron
Terror: i. Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu Musab al- Zarqawi and demolish
theirorganizations ii. Identify, locate and demolish terrorists along with their organizations iii. Deny
sponsorship, supportand sanctuary to terrorists iv. End the statesponsorshipof terrorism v. Establish
and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism vi.
Strengthen and sustain the international effort to combat terrorism i. Work with willing and able
states ii. Enable weak states iii. Persuade reluctant states iv. Compel unwilling states Sunday, January
6, 2019 506 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
War on Terror xi. Interdictand disorder material support for terrorists xii. Abolish
terroristsanctuariesand havens xiii. Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit
xiv. Partner with the international community to strengthen weak statesand prevent
(re)emergenceof terrorism xv. Win the warof ideals xvi. Defend U.S. citizensand interestsat homeand
abroad xvii. Integrate the National Strategy for Homeland Security xviii.Attain domain awareness xix.
Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical, physical, and
information-based infrastructuresat home and abroad xx. Implement measures to protect U.S.
citizensabroad xxi. Ensurean integrated incident managementcapability
Sunday, January 6, 2019

War on Terror  Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics,
and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a
misnomer.  The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics
charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long- standing policy /
military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights.  It is argued that the term
war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and
that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.
War on Terror  Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a
tactic; calling it a "waron terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation
insurgentsand international Mujahideen.  With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its
associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist
threats against the West.  There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media induced hysteria, and that
differences in foreign and security policy havedamaged America's image in mostof the world
Media, Crime and the Criminal Justice System  Crime and justice issues have been a stable fixture of
mass media portrayal of every society.  From the 1920s onward, crime appeared very frequently in
tabloid journalism, especially in the context of photographicaccountsof crime scenes.  Since
television became popularized in the world in the 1940s and 1950s, crime has been featured
extensively on television programming, including both entertainment and news programming.
Effects of Media Coverage of Crime i. Research throughout the world has shown that increase in
crime is generally overrepresented in media coverage, compared to actual crime rates in society. ii.
Reporting on crime usually follows a certain pattern. Violent crime has gone up while real violent
crime rates havedropped. iii. On the other hand, white collar crime like fraud is not reported on very
often. iv. In addition more unusual crimes have the greater chance to get picked up by the media.
Effects of Media Coverage of Crime  Distorting the View of the Public  Several studies have
discovered that the vast majority of the public depends on the media for information about crime,
and that they form their opinion about crime according to what they see or read in the media.  The
public’s perception generally is that violent crime is increasing more rapidly than white collar crime.
Effects of Media Coverage of Crime  Sensationalism
 There is a general perception that media creates the hype
thereby resulting more sensationalism in the public.
 This sensationalism adversely affects the overall public peace
and renders to chaos and fuss in the society.
Sunday, January 6, 2019 513 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Effects of Media Coverage of Crime  “Breaking News” phenomenon
 Media is in the race of highlighting the breaking news.
 This reckless tendency has also resulted in airing the wrong
information at times.
 Media, in pursuit of winning this race, often airs only one
version of the story thereby distorting the overall picture.

Law Enforcement
 Law enforcement broadly refers to any system by which some members of society act in an
organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people
who violate the rules and norms governing that society.  Although the term may encompass
entities such as courts and prisons, it is most frequently applied to those who directly engage in
patrols or surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and those who investigate crimes
and apprehend offenders, a task typically carried out by the police or another law enforcement
agency.  Furthermore, although law enforcement may be most concerned with the prevention and
punishment of crimes, organizations exist to discourage a wide variety of non-criminal violations of
rules and norms, effected through the imposition of less severe consequences.
Law Enforcement in Pakistan
 The law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and
other threats to public safety as well as protecting the infrastructure and maintaining order in the
country.  At the federal jurisdiction, there are number of law enforcement agencies including the
FIA, IB, ANF, NACTA, Frontier Corps and the Motorway Police.  The each four province have their
own police services such as: Punjab Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, Sindh Police, Balochistan
Police. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police services have county units such as the Frontier Constabulary.
Crime Prevention
 Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically
to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. 
Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure,
culture, or the physical environment in order to reducecrime.  The diversity of approaches include
neighborhood watch, community policing, urban or physical design, and comprehensiveor multi-
disciplinaryefforts.
Crime Prevention
 Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure,

culture, or the physical environment in order to reducecrime.  The diversity of approaches include
neighborhood watch, community policing, urban or physical design, and comprehensiveor multi-
disciplinaryefforts.  These strategies may seek to engage residents, community and faith-based
organizations, and local government agencies in addressing the factors that contribute to the
community’scrime, delinquency, and disorder.
Crime Prevention
 Situational crime prevention:  Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing

measures that:
i. are directed at highly specific forms of crime,
ii. involve the management, design or manipulation of the
immediate environment in as systematic and permanent way as
possible,
iii. make crime more difficult and risky, or less rewarding and
excusableas judged by a wide rangeof offenders.
Crime Prevention
 Social Crime Prevention:  Social Crime Prevention focuses on the social and economic conditions
that contribute to violent and criminal behavior. Emphasis is on vulnerable groups: physical
challenged, women, children, and the aged.  Some of the programs include victim empowerment
by providing well managed crisis care centers at police station.  Raising awareness on substance
abuse is another issue by partnering with other departments and forming Local Drug Action
Committees.
Intelligence-led Policing  Intelligence-led policing (ILP) is a policing model built around the
assessmentand managementof risk.  Intelligence officers serve as guides to operations, rather than
operations guiding intelligence.  Although intelligence-led policing builds on earlier paradigms, such
as community policing, problem-oriented policing, and the partnership model of policing, it
originated as a rejection of the "reactive" focus on crime of community policing, with calls for police
to spend more time employing informants and surveillance to combat recidivistoffenders. 
Recently, intelligence-led policing has undergone a 'revisionist' expansion to allow incorporation of
reassurance and neighborhood policing
Intelligence-led Policing  ILP is often viewed as a management tool instead of a crime reduction
strategy. Jerry Ratcliffe claims ten benefits of the use of intelligence led policing: i. Supportive and
informed command structure ii. Intelligence-led policing is the heart of an organization‐wide
approach iii. Integrated crime and criminal analysis iv. Focus on prolific and seriousoffenders v.
Analytical and executive training available vi. Both strategicand tactical tasking meetings take place
vii. Much routine investigation is screened out viii. Data are sufficiently complete, reliable and
available to support quality products that influencedecision‐making ix. Managementstructures exist
to action intelligence products x. Appropriate use of prevention, disruption and enforcement
Community Policing
Community Policing
 Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is a strategy of policing that focuses on

police building ties and working closelywith members of the communities.  Community policing is a
philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of
partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that
give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fearof crime.
Community Policing
 Community policing is a policy that requires police to inherit a proactive approach to address
public safety concerns. This type of policing has been utilized in various cities forabout the last 150
years.  The first form of community oriented policing is credited to the London Metro Police
Department around 1830, as regular patrol areas were assigned to officers, now commonly known
as “beats” .  Community oriented policing was a cornerstone of the Clinton Administration and
gained its funding from the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.
Community Policing
 Community policing is a professional management organization that is structure for the support in
the community to create proactive problem solving to address the immediate conditions that give
rise to the public safety issues such as crime, social disorderand fearof crime.  Community policing
has partnerships between law enforcement agency and other organizations like government
agencies, community members, nonprofit service providers, private businessesand the media. 
Government agencies includes probation and parole, public works departments, neighboring law
enforcement agencies, health and human services, child support services, ordinance enforcement,
and schools.
Community Policing
 Community members can include partnerships with neighborhood association that has meetings,
town hall meetings and storefronts decentralized in the community. Nonprofit organizations
includes advocacy of groups like service clubs, support groups, issue groups and community
developmentcorporations.  These groups work with individuals that have the same interest in the
community. Private Businesses have a bigger impacton the community from the health perspective.
 Private Businesses often identify problems that provide the resources which can include security
technology for the community. The media represents a powerful pattern by which it can
communicatewith the community.
Community Policing
 The media represents a powerful pattern by which it can communicatewith thecommunity.  The
community policing uses the media to assist with publicizing concerns and solutions that will impact
the community.  The media can have an impact on the fear of crime, crime problems and
perceptions of the police in the community. Community policing recognizes that police can’t solve
every public safety problem alone so interactive partnerships are involved.  The policing uses the
public for developing problem solving solutions.
Community Policing
 Many common elements in community-oriented policing include: i. Relying on community-based

crime prevention by utilizing civilian education, neighborhood watch, and a variety of other
techniques, as opposed to relying solely on police patrols. ii. Re-structuralizing of patrol from an
emergency response based system to emphasizing proactive techniques such as foot patrol. iii.
Increased officer accountability to civilians they are supposed to serve. iv. Decentralizing the police
authority, allowing more discretion amongst lower-ranking officers, and more initiativeexpected
from them
Private Public Partnership
 A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is

funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector
companies. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP.  PPP involves a contract between a
public sector authority and a private party, in which the private party provides a public service or
project and assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the project.
 There are usually two fundamental drivers for PPPs. i. Firstly, PPPs are claimed to enable the public
sector to harness the expertise and efficiencies that the private sector can bring to the delivery of
certain facilities and services traditionally procured and delivered by the public sector. ii. Secondly, a
PPP is structured so that the public sector body seeking to make a capital investment does not incur
any borrowing. Rather, the PPP borrowing is incurred by the private sectorvehicle implementing the
project.
 On PPP projects where the cost of using the service is intended to be borne exclusively by the end
user, the PPP is, from the public sector's perspective, an "off-balance sheet" method of financing the
delivery of new or refurbished publicsectorassets.  On PPP projects where the public sector intends
to compensate the private sector through availability payments once the facility is established or
renewed, the financing is, from the public sector's perspective, "on-balance sheet"; however, the
public sector will regularly benefit from significantly deferred cash flows.
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  General Situationof Women in Pakistan  The
constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan gives equal rights to both women and men. However, in
practice women are rarely equal to their male counterparts. According to the Human Development
Report 2007/2008 the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) rank of Pakistan among 93 countries
registered with UN is 82.  The GEM quantitatively measures the empowerment of women on a
country basis. This indicator includes the measure of inequality in control over earned economic
resources, participation in political decision-making and economic decision-making.
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  General Situationof Women in Pakistan  According
to the Global Gender Gap (GGG) report, the planet's ten-worst offenders are: Yemen, Chad,
Pakistan, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Benin, Morocco, Turkey, Egypt and Oman. Of the ten, nineare Muslim-
majoritystates.  At the other end of the spectrum, the planet's best countries for women to live in
are: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Philippines, Germany, Denmark, Ireland and
Spain. Not even one of the top-ten isa Muslim-majority state.  GGG collected data from a total of
128 countries to develop a comprehensive, scientific index. The GGG Index is based on four different
sub-indices -- namely, economic participation, educational attainment, political empowerment and
health -- while each of the sub-indices has half a dozen components.
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  General Situationof Women in Pakistan  For
women, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan comes out as one the worst of countries to live in; there are
only two other countries worse off than is Pakistan -- Yemen and Chad. Under economic
participation, Pakistan is ranked 126 out of 128. Educational attainment, 123 out of 128. Health, 121
out of 128. Political empowerment, 43 out of 128. Surprisingly, Pakistani women are worse off this
year than they were last year.  Contrary to commonly held belief, the Holy Quran is particularly
solicitous about women's wellbeing and development. However, women have been the targets of
the most serious human rights violation in Muslim societies. The contradiction that exists between
women related practices and Islamic ideals is problematic Sunday, January 6, 2019 535 Criminology
by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  General Situation of Women in Pakistan  Police
must be trained to eliminate gender biases in their responses to cases of violence againstwomen. 
They should receive basic legal training to enable them to distinguish between crimes of zina
(adultery or fornication) and zina bil jabr (rape), comprehend the criminal nature of spousal and
other family violence, and understand the parameters and elements of criminal assault. In particular
the police should be trained to realize that domestic or family violence is not to be excused,
tolerated, orcondoned underanycircumstances.  In addition, the police should be trained in
investigative methodology applicable to cases of domestic and sexual violence, including effective
and respectful interviewing procedures for victims of these crimes and methods for protecting
victims and witnesses from harassment by defendants (including physical violence, threats, and
bribes to withdraw complaints). Sunday, January 6, 2019 536 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo,
PSP
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  Honour crimes are a multifaceted issue and change
according to time, place, culture and in the ways they are executed and articulated. Due to this
complex and elastic nature they are widely misunderstood and hard to define. Sociologists and
human and women’s rights workers have defined honourcrimes in differentways.  Crimes of
honour are actions that remove a collective stain and dishonour, both gendered and locally defined,
through the use of emotional, social and physical coercion over a person whose actual or imputed
actions have brought that dishonour
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  Similarly, when it comes to the execution of honour
crimes it is not always men who play the key role. Since girls and women have to follow the norms
that are instructed to them, in many cases mothers, sisters or other women of the family act as key
players ensuring the honour code is followed, and can also be party to decisions to kill or punish
women, including their own daughters, if that code is not obeyed.  Honour-related crimes,
especially honour killings, mostly occur in Muslim countries, which is why it is commonly believed
that Islam sanctions honour crimes. However, neither the Quran nor the sayings of the Holy Prophet
permit killing someone in the name of honour or encourage doing so. On the contrary, these two
basic sources of Islam require their followers to uphold discipline in their lives and not to act as
judges themselves, but instead to bring such cases to the courts and government authorities
foradjudication.
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  Pakistani women comprise 49.19 percent of the
total population of the country according to a World Bank report published in 2014.  Over the
years, Pakistani women have made remarkable achievements in all spheres of life and managed to
establish a distinct identity of their own. However, despite this progress they are also among the
segments of society most affected by traditional social norms and practices that expose them to
neglect, exploitationand abuse.  This denial has also subjected them to a deficit of the most basic
human rights – the liberty to make decisions about their own lives, the right to healthcare and basic
education, and most importantly the right to protection against different formsof violence. Sunday,
January 6, 2019 539 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  Tribal and feudal segmentation and a fusion of
patriarchal values with religious beliefs have reduced women to a status where they are nothing
short of a chattel, and it comes as no surprise that in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender
Gap report for 2014, Pakistan was ranked 133 out of 135 countries.  In addition, Pakistan is ranked
among the most dangerous and unsafe countries for women. A survey conducted by Thomson
Reuters in 2011 ranked Pakistan as the “third most dangerous country” for women in the world after
Afghanistan and the Democratic Republicof Congo.
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  Among the most prominent forms of violence
against women in Pakistan are murder, honour killing, abduction, kidnapping, domestic violence,
suicide, rape and gang rape, sexual assault, stove burning and acid-throwing. Cases of vani, swara,
custodial violence, torture, trafficking, child marriages, incest, threats of violence, sexual harassment
or attempted murder are also included under the “miscellaneous” category.  Honour killings are the
most awful and the most shameful of all manifestations of violence against women in Pakistan.
Despite a number of laws and campaigns to raise public awareness about the practice, the rate of
reported honour killings in Pakistan has actually increased in recent years.  This type of killing is
termed siyahkari in Balochistan, karo kari in Sindh, tor tora in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and kala kali in
Punjab Sunday, January 6, 2019 541 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan  In Pakistan the three main motives for honour
crimes identified by researchers are “illicit relationships, contamination by associationand immoral
character” .  In recent times, other trends have also surfaced. Killings or crimes in the name of
honour are carried out to settle personal, property or water feuds. Men do not hesitate to kill
women from their families in order to kill a man from an opposing faction.  Seizure of women’s
share in the property is another common motive behind thesecrimes.
Crime and Urbanization
 Crime and urbanization is the common topics in the present world. Urbanization create many
process to occur crime. In the other hand crime creates many problems in city life. In sociological
perspective crime and urbanization arecorrelated.  Crime is an activity which is against the law and
the fact that the linkage between Criminal activities and the socio-economic development of the
society is undeniable. Moreover, the relationship between crime and evolution of mankind may also
be considered a historical one as Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed first crime when he
murdered his brother Able becauseof jealousy.  Due to the complex nature of the subject of crime,
for example, regarding its causes and consequences, various academic disciplines such as
criminology, sociology, geography, psychology and demography study it from their own perspective.
A relatively new emerging field, however, is the economics of crime which tries to identify the socio-
economiccauses and consequencesof criminal activities in a society.
Crime and Urbanization
 There is a positive association between urbanization and crime in Pakistan. Moreover,

unemployment, inflation, and income inequality are also important determinants of crimes.
Education, on the other hand, is found to have a negative effect on criminal activities. For the
purpose of robustness of results, three models are estimated using various variables. This also takes
care off for the multicolinearity problem.  Inflation, unemployment and income inequality also the
main determinants of crimes. Education also shows positive relation with crimes but this is not the
right sign because we estimate model with urbanization, unemployment and with education then its
sign become negative. It means that unemployment captures the sign of education so its right sign is
negative. If there is more high education in Pakistan then this will reduce the crimes also.
Organized Crime
 Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized

enterprises run by criminals, who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for moneyand
profit.  Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated.  Organized
crime threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social,
cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world.
Organized Crime
 Transnational organized crime manifests in many forms, including as trafficking in drugs, firearms
and even persons. At the same time, organized crime groups exploit human mobility to smuggle
migrants and undermine financial systems through money laundering.  The vast sums of money
involved can compromise legitimate economies and directly impact public processes by 'buying'
elections through corruption. It yields high profits for its culprits and results in high risks for
individualswho fall victim to it.  Every year, countless individuals lose their lives at the hand of
criminals involved in organized crime, succumbing to drug- related health problems or injuries
inflicted by firearms, or losing their lives as a result of the unscrupulous methods and motives of
human traffickersand smugglers of migrants.
Organized Crime
 Organized crime has diversified, gone global and reached macro-economic proportions: illicit
goods may be sourced from one continent, trafficked across another, and marketed in a third. 
Transnational organized crime can permeate government agencies and institutions, fuelling
corruption, infiltrating business and politics, and hindering economic and social development. And it
is undermining governance and democracy by empowering those who operate outside the law.
Organized Crime
 The transnational nature of organized crime means that criminal networks forge bonds across
borders as well as overcome cultural and linguistic differences in the commissionof theircrime. 
Organized crime is not stagnant, but adapts as new crimes emerge and as relationships between
criminal networks become both more flexible, and more sophisticated, with ever-greater reach
around the globe.  In short, transnational organized crime transcends cultural, social, linguistic and
geographical borders and must be met with aconcerted response.
White-Collar Crime
 White-collar crime refers to financially motivated nonviolent crime committed by business and
government professionals. Within criminology, it was first defined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in
1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the courseof his
occupation".  White collar crimes involve criminal activities committed by people in the regular
course of their business and involve bribery, extortion, fraud and embezzlement. These crimes
usuallyend in financial gain for the perpetrator.
White-Collar Crime
 Not every crime involves a smoking gun. Some crimes are committed right under the victim's nose
without a single shot fired! White collar crimes are criminal acts that are performed by people in the
course of business committed for financial gain. These types of crimes can cost citizens millions of
dollars!  These crimes are difficult to prosecute because they often involve sophisticated systems
and even many different people. Frauds typicallycommitted are: i. Bribery ii. Extortion iii. Fraud iv.
Embezzlement v. Cybercrime  Government can prosecute both the individual committing the crime
and the corporation forwhich he works.
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan
 As the society emerged and developed, the new challenges arose in every field collaterally in the
world of crimes. A crime which is known as "White-Collar crime" also emerged in this course. This
term was first coined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland who was the chief proponent of this social
conceptof crime.  Within the field of criminology white-collar crime has been defined by Edwin
Sutherland as:  "A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the
course of his occupation" (1949)
 It deals with criminal acts by public servants, persons in authority or even by persons involved in
commercial organizations. White-collar crime therefore overlaps with corporate crime because the
opportunity for fraud, bribery, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime and forgery is
moreavailable to white-collaremployees.  White-collar crimes have a drastic effect over the
economy and financial stateof acountry.
Classifications of White-Collar Crime  This was for the first time the classification of white collar
crime was done under the National Accountability Ordinance; whereas all the previous statutes did
not define this term: It includes twopersons: i. Holder of Public Office: which also includes the public
servants as defined in Sec. 21 of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860; and ii. A person; as in the case of a
Company or a body corporate, the sponsors, Chairman, Chief Executive, Managing Director, elected
directors, by whatever name called.

Causes of White-Collar Crime i. Lack of political will ii. Controlled Judiciary iii. Indifferentattitudeof
civil society. iv. Military interventions. v. Flagrant abuse of power by the publicoffice holder. vi. Lack
of serious program of combating corruption in the country. vii. Elected government's perpetual
failure to develop proper ethical and business standards for the public and private sector. viii.
Political leaders' incompetence and betrayal of public trust with penchant forself-enrichment. ix.
Lack of transparency in the government's decision-making process. Sunday, January 6, 2019 554
Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Causes of White-Collar Crime x. Lengthyand cumbersome procedures in the executivesystem. xi.

Poorly paid salary structure in the public sector. xii. Illiterate, apathetic or ignorant populace, with
inadequate public discernmentof political choice. xiii. Absence of adequate internal/external
controls to prevent bribery. xiv. Lack of proper selection process for public office holders in order to
eliminategeneticallygreedy subjects. xv. Concentration of discretionary powers in the public office.
xvi. Unfettered powers of award and reward in public office holder, inconsistentwith his
remuneration's. xvii. Lack of simplified procedures for Private persons. xviii. Cumbersome and time-
consuming legal system. xix. Inadequatecheck and enforcementsystem. xx. Lack of education and
awareness among the subject people.
 Commissionof Offence  The white collar crime is said to be committed; when a holder of a public
office, or any other person, is said to commit or to have committed the offenceof corruption and
corrupt practices:  If he accepts or obtains from any person or offers any gratification directly or
indirectly, other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward such as is specified in section 161 of
the Pakistan Penal Code 1860 for doing or forbearing to do any official act, or for showing or
forbearing to do show, in the exercise of his official functions, favor or disfavor to any person, or for
rendering or attempting to render any service ordisservice to any person; or  If he accepts or
obtains or offers any valuable thing without consideration, or for a consideration which he knows to
be inadequate, from any person whom he knows to have been, or likely to be, concerned in any
proceeding or business transacted or about to be transacted by him, or having any connection with
his official functions or from any person whom he knows to be interested in or related to the person
so concerned; or
 Commission of Offence  If he dishonestly or fraudulently misappropriates or otherwise converts

for his own use, or for the use of any other person, any property entrusted to him, or under his
control, or willfully allows any other person so to do; or  If he by corrupt, dishonest, or illegal
means, obtains or seeks to obtain for himself, or for his spouse or dependants or any other person,
any property, valuable thing, or pecuniaryadvantage; or  If he or any of his dependants or
benamidars owns, possesses, or has acquired right or title in any assets or holds irrevocable power
of attorney in respect of any assets or pecuniary resources disproportionate to his known sources of
income, which he cannot reasonably account for or maintains a standard of living beyond that which
is commensurate with his sources of income; or Sunday, January 6, 2019 557 Criminology by SSP
Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
 Commission of Offence  If he misuses his authority so as to gain any benefit or favor for himself or
any other person, or renders or attempt to render or willfully fails to exercise his authority to
prevent the grant, or rendition of any undue benefit or favor which he could have prevented by
exercising his authority; or  If he has issued any directive, policy, or any SRO (statutory Regulatory
Order) or any other order which grants or attempts to grant any undue concession or benefit in any
taxation matter or law or otherwise so as to benefit himself or any relative or associate or a
benamidar or any other person; or  If he commitsan offenceof willful default; or
 Commission of Offence  If he commits the offence of cheating as defined in section 415 of the
Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, and thereby dishonesty induces members of the public at large to deliver
any property including money orvaluable security to any person; or  If he commits the offence of
criminal breach of trust as defined in section 405 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) with
regard to any property including money or valuable security entrusted to him by members of the
publicat large; or  If he in his capacity as a banker, merchant, factor, broker, attorney or agent,
commits criminal breach of trust as provided in section 409 of the Pakistan Penal Code,1860 in
respect of propertyentrusted to him oroverwhich he has dominion.
 Typesof White CollarCrime  Embezzlement: The taking of someone's property by a person with
whom it is entrusted.  Larceny: Involves taking someone's property without paying for or returning
it.  Extortion: Illegal use of one's official position or powers to obtain property, funds, orpatronage;
also known as blackmailing.  Fraud: This often includes but is not limited to health care fraud and
tax fraud.  Price Fixing: An agreement between two parties to set prices for a certain product,
therebyviolating free marketoperations.  Racketeering: The extortion of money by force or a
pattern of criminal activity committed to further the interests of a criminal syndicate. Sunday,
 Typesof White CollarCrime  Embezzlement:  Computer Fraud: Using a computer or technological

devices to commit acrime.  Securitiesand Commodities LawViolations  Environmental
LawViolations:  Bank Fraud: To engage in an act or pattern of activity where the purpose is to
defraud a bank of funds.  Racketeering: The operation of an illegal business for personal profit. 
Tax Evasion: When a person commits fraud in filing or paying taxes.  Bribery: When money, goods,
services, information or anything else of value is offered with intent to influence the actions,
opinions, or decisions of the taker. You may be charged with bribery whether you offerthe bribe
oraccept it.
 Typesof White Collar Crime  Cellular Phone Fraud: The unauthorized use, tampering, or
manipulation of a cellular phone or service. This can be accomplished by either use of a stolen
phone, or where an actor signs up for service under false identification or where the actor clones a
valid electronic serial number (ESN) by using an ESN reader and reprograms another cellular phone
with avalid ESN number.  Cyber Crime: Where computer hackers steal information sources
contained on computers such as: bank information, credit cards, and proprietary information. 
Insider Trading: When a person uses inside, confidential, or advance information to trade in shares
of publicly held corporations.  Insurance Fraud: To engage in an act or pattern of activity wherein
one obtains proceeds from an insurancecompany throughdeception.  Investment Schemes: Where
an unsuspecting victim is contacted by the actorwho promises to providea large returnon a small
investment.
 Typesof White CollarCrime  Kickback: Occurs when a person who sells an item pays back a portion
of the purchase price to the buyer.  Larceny / Theft: When a person wrongfully takes another
person's moneyor property with the intent to appropriate, convert orsteal it.  Money Laundering:
The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug transactions or other embezzlement
schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate. 
Telemarketing Fraud: Actors operate out of boiler rooms and place telephone calls to residences and
corporations where the actor requests a donation to an alleged charitable organization or where the
actor requests money up front or a credit card number up front, and does not use the donation for
the stated purpose.
 Typesof White Collar Crime  Welfare Fraud: To engage in an act or acts where the purpose is to
obtain benefits (i.e. Public Assistance, Food Stamps, or Medicaid) from the Stateor Federal
Government.  Weights and Measures: The act of placing an item for sale at one price yet charging a
higher price at the time of sale or short weighing an item when the label reflects a higher weight.
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan  Is white-collarcrimereally ‘non-violent’?  Violence is defined as “a

behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something” . For the
record, the government of Pakistan buys goods and services worth $60 billion or Rs7.5 trillion a year
every year. Estimates vary, but around 50 percent of Rs7.5 trillion is siphoned off by white-
collarcriminals.  About 290,000 newborn Pakistanis die every year before the end of their first
month; 175,000 Pakistani children die annually due to premature birth; and 53,000 Pakistani
children die of diarrhoea caused by contaminated water every year. Pakistan is the “riskiest country
for newborns – riskiest in the world” .
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan  Is white-collarcrimereally ‘non-violent’?  Take the New Islamabad

International Airport as an example. The original cost estimate was Rs23 billion. The total amount
spent was Rs100 billion.  The cost of building Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and
Research Centre was Rs4 billion. With Rs77 billion, 19 such hospitals can be builtall through Pakistan.
 The Citizens Foundation – Pakistan’s “largest non-profit, privately owned networks of low-cost
formal schools” –builds a primary school at a cost Rs17 million. With Rs77 billion, we can build 4,500
such schools.  According to the Pakistan Education Statistics 2016-17, there are “22.84 million
[Pakistani] children still out of school” . With Rs77 billion, we can educate more than five million
Pakistani children.
 White Collar Crimestatistics:  In Pakistan, the FIA and NAB are the agencies responsible for
prosecuting white-collar criminals. The conviction rate at the FIA is 6.6 percent.  In 2017, a total of
26,551 complaints were filed with NAB, of which 456 complaints (two percent of the total) were
taken to the ‘inquiry stage’ .  Of the 456 ‘inquiries’, 215 were ‘investigated’ . Of the 215
‘investigations’, a total of 112 were convicted.
 RECOMMENDATIONS: The Following are the recommendations for eradication of corruption in the
two segments of the society.  I. LOWER STRATA CORRUPTION i. Compatibility of pay structure of
public sector employees from privatesector. ii. Sense of security to all by providing house, social
security, health insurance and old age grant forall. iii. Job guarantees for all or alternative allowance,
according to the capabilityand competence. iv. Free and uniform system of education forall. v. Check
and balance on day-to-day prices of essential commodities.
II. HIGHER STRATA CORRUPTION  A: SHORTTERM MEASURES i. Selection through a computerised

test-detecting weak and stronger character traits. ii. Handsome and competitivesalary package. iii.
Withdrawal of benefitsand privileges. iv. Check and balance of payand authority. v. Postings in the
area of permanent residence to obviate sense of alienation. vi. Lowering the cost of living.
B: LONG TERM MEASURES i. For politicians, minimum qualification should be Masters in Social
Sciences. ii. Like other areas of public life strict code of conduct for political institution and
politicians. iii. Awareness in Civil Societyagainst corruption. iv. Strict enforcement procedures against
financial crime
Human Rights Abuses and Protection
 International human rights law aims primarily to protect individuals and groups from abusive
action by states and state agents.  Recent developments throughout the world, including failed
states, economic deregulation, privatization, and trade liberalization across borders—components of
what has come to be known as globalization—have led to the emergence of powerful non-state
actors who have resources sometimes greater than those of many states.  Two opposing views of
globalization and its relationship to human rights have emerged: some see the two topics as
mutually reinforcing and positive in improving human well-being, while others view globalization as
posing new threats not adequately governed by existing international human rights law.
Money Laundering
 Illegal transferof money from one country to theother  Benefits: i. Tax evasion ii. Black money
transfer iii. Underground economy
Money Laundering in Pakistan
CAUSES OF MONEY LAUNDERING  Tax evasion leads to the hiding of financial assets owned by a
person or company—to evade taxes, people hide their assets and the sources of their earnings
Generally, the rationale behind avoiding paying taxes is accumulating wealth.  Another cause of
money laundering is the weakness and inadequacy of financial regulations and relevant authorities
within a country. For instance, if the tax department is not strong enough to question the politicians,
elites, and general public about their earnings and “monetary and nonmonetary” assets, then it is
not difficult for people to hide taxes and perform money laundering by buying property in relatively
more stable but offshoreeconomies.
CAUSES OF MONEY LAUNDERING  Bribery is also linked to weak financial regulations as financial
regulatory authorities or airport officials might be bribed by money launderers to allow them to
transfer funds abroad without paying the applicable taxes and by not tracking down the sources or
destinations of the money.22 This paves the way for secured money laundering facilitated by the
officials of airportauthorities.  Corruption is unethical conduct aimed at gaining personal benefits by
using either authority or bribery. Politicians, statesmen, ministers, etc. hide the monetary and
nonmonetary assets that they earn illegitimately, i.e., through means of corruption.
CAUSES OF MONEY LAUNDERING  Another reason for the untracked facilitation of money
laundering is the failure of banks to detect and report the money in their reserves that is being
laundered. Huge sums of money are transferred by money launderers to foreign banks, and some
accept without carrying out any effective inspection as to theirsource.  Online financial transactions
and the smuggling of cash through airports are not the only means of laundering money. Cash is also
smuggled physically through borders, particularly in those countries where there is weak or no
vigilance overcross-border trafficking.
THE THREE STAGES OF MONEY LAUNDERING i. PLACEMENT: The first step is related to depositing
cash funds in foreign banks. This step is called placement, as the funds are placed in foreign banks
without drawing the attentionof national authorities. ii. LAYERING: The second step is linked to
carrying out financial transactions, cash withdrawals, wire transfers, etc. and hiding the original
source of money. This step is called layering, as the money launderer performs several financial
transactions, which act as layers of cash. Online transactions, notably wire transfers, are the quickest
way of layering, as multiple cash transactions can occur speedily through them.
THE THREE STAGES OF MONEY LAUNDERING iii. INTEGRATION: The third step is related to the use of
money for investment or any other action. This step is called the integration of funds, as the
laundered money is actually used at this stage. When money has reached this step, it becomes
difficult or almost impossible for the A.M.L. authorities to track the laundered money, unless a trial
or investigation had started when the money was in the firstorsecond stage. All of the three steps
are interconnected and must take place for the laundered money to be used in the foreign land.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. STRUCTURING OF MONEY i.

This method entails the division of large amounts of cash, which need to be laundered, into
smalleramounts. ii. Each divided amount is then transferred, through money orders, online
transactions, cash deposits, etc., to foreign banks. The nontaxable sum, which can be legally traveled
with, can also be taken to the foreign country by traveling legitimately. The scheme of dividing a sum
of money into smaller portions and transferring the portions is also termed “smurfing.” iii. It
generally includes the first stage of money laundering—the placement of funds in foreign banks—
either through online transfers, wire transfers, money ordering, or traveling as a group but
pretending to be individuals, with each person having the maximum but different amount of cash to
legally travel with .
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING II. SMUGGLING i. This method
involves taking bulk cash to a foreign country by deceiving the airport or border authorities of the
actual amountof money being displaced. ii. This amount is then deposited into a bank of that foreign
country, where the money laundering laws might be weakeror notstrictlyenforced. iii. This is
considered to be the most common method of money laundering.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING III. LAUNDERING THROUGH

TRADE i. Money laundering through trade happens when invoices are either undervalued or
overvalued, depending upon the cash inflow/outfloworcosts, respectively. ii. Traders often
accomplish this by providing fake invoices and accounts.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING IV. NON GOVERNMENTAL

ORGANIZATIONS i. Founding a non governmental organization and registering it in another country
and providing funds to it can lead to money laundering if the N.G.O. is not making useof the funds
fora noblecause forthe local public. ii. Some businessmen create trust organizations and give their
money to them as a charity payment so that the charitable amount is not taxed; this therefore
avoids taxation. iii. If such an N.G.O. or trust organization is working in another country and the
funds are provided to it in the foreign land illegitimately, then it certainly constitutes money
laundering.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING V. ROUND TRIPPING i. Round

tripping is used for money laundering, as well as for tax evasion. This is a technique through which a
company sells its assets to another company and then, at the same time, signs an agreement to buy
some or all of the same assets at the same price. ii. The selling and buying of assets liquefies the
latter, facilitating their quick conversion into cash and vice versa. The cash can be moved abroad by
labeling it as “foreign direct investment” (hereinafter F.D.I.) and isexempted from tax. iii. For
instance, an individual or a company might hire a foreign law firm or any other organization and pay
it for their services; it then cancels the agreement exactly at the time when the money (fee) has
been sent.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING VI. BANK CONTROL i. In this
method, money launderers become major shareholders of a bank in a foreign or local region where
there is weak scrutiny related to money laundering. ii. Hence, by making an investment in the bank
and gaining some shares, the money launderers try to gain influence over the bank and perform
money laundering through it without scrutiny as it becomes a majorclient of that bank. iii. This kind
of money laundering is very rarely identified because the financial regulatory authorities consider
the movement of currencies from the bank as usual cash proceeds. Nonetheless, examples of
investigating banks for money laundering cases exist in recent history; for instance, H.S.B.C. was
fined $1.9 billion afterconviction for money laundering.
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING VII. CASH-ORIENTED BUSINESSES

i. Some enterprise organizations are involved in cash-oriented businesses, i.e., they deal with large
sums of cash and have multiple operations, some of which are also linked to illegal activities, for
instancegambling bars, casinos, and clubs. ii. Such businesses do not specifically show their income
earned through illegal means, neither do they record the destination of their funds. They depict the
“dirty money” as clean money that is included in theirprofit, and this constitutes money laundering.
iii. For example, a person enters a casino with huge sums of cash earned through illegal means. He
plays the game for a while and gives all the cash to the casino. This cash is represented by casinos as
a profit amountearned through gambling wins. iv. However, it is not investigated whether the
person who gave the cash to the casino might have originally worked for that casino or for a money
laundererwho is connected directly to the casino. Sunday, January 6, 2019 584 Criminology by SSP
Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING VIII. MONEY LAUNDERING

THROUGH REAL ESTATE i. Some criminals buy property with cash earned through illegal means
and then sell the property to reacquire the cash, soas to justify it as legitimate money. ii. As the
illegitimate money is converted into legitimate earnings, it is considered laundered money. It is also
possible that the price of that property may be underrepresented to reduce the taxableamount. iii.
This hides the exact amount of money spent on buying the property, and it is mainlydone to evade
tax.

Money Laundering in Pakistan METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING IX. FOREIGN EXCHANGE i.
Uncertified and unregulated foreign exchange companies also have a presence in different regions of
several countries. These companies also collect remittances and then deliver the relevant amount of
remittance to the families of the senders without notifying governmentauthorities. ii. These foreign
exchange companies have multiple currencies with them and they usually transfer funds abroad
upon the requests of the locals. iii. Meanwhile, the government never notices that the foreign
exchange companies are transferring funds abroad or are collecting cash that is sent to them from
people from foreign landsas remittances. iv. Hence, the government is deprived of the collection of
remittances, as well as the taxes that it can get from the cash that is sent abroad. As a result, this
method of currency exchange or remittances, which is also related to Hawalaor Hundi, is illegal in
mostcountries. Sunday, January 6, 2019 586 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS i.

Vulnerable Emerging Markets: Money laundering also affects emerging markets in those regions
where it is established. Emerging markets are more vulnerable to the impact of money laundering
because financial regulatory authorities give more attention to well-established and strong markets
than to emerging ones. ii. Damage to the Private Sector: Damage to the private sector is another
adverse effect that the money launderers cause to the economy of a nation. Money launderers often
act through front companies, which acquire their funds. By acquiring large amounts of funds they
can lower the prices of their services or products to a large extent to penetrate the market. They
gain competitive advantage when other companies are not able to match theirprices. Sunday,
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS iii.

Failure of Banks and Financial Institutions: Money laundering can cause the failure of banks and
financial institutions. For instance, if a large sum of money is transferred to a bank and then, after a
short duration, that money is transferred to another bank, it may cause a liquidity problem to the
financial assets of that bank.95 The bank can go bankrupt if a large number of people start
approaching it to withdraw their deposits upon knowing that a massive amount of money has been
moved from that bank by money launderers.
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS iv.

Reputation: Money laundering tarnishes the reputation of financial institutions and the nation’s
economy especially when money laundering also causes the embezzlement of funds etc. In such a
case, market confidence diminishes and investors lose interest in the local market.100 Moreover, if
the speculations of the ill reputation of the market reach abroad, then it also reduces thechances of
F.D.I.
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS v.

Impact on Economic Policy: As money laundering tarnishes the reputation of the financial
institutions of a country, it might also affect the related economic indicators and variables, for
instance the interest rate, which can affect inflation, Consumer Price Index (C.P.I.), and the value of
the currency of that country. This can cause monetary instability and can also affect the prices of
goods in thecountry.

Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS vi.
Decline in Tax Revenues: Money laundering directly affects the government’s tax revenue. As A huge
sum of currency that could have been taxed is moved abroad. This loss of revenue must be covered
by the government by collecting more taxes from other taxpayers by increasing the tax rate.104 This
hurts honest taxpayers, as well as making tax collection tougher for the government as the public
may retaliate by protesting against the hike in tax rates.
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING II. SOCIAL IMPACTS i. Money
laundering gives birth to a number of social costs and dilemmas. ii. It also affects the reputation of a
country at the international level if it appears that the financial institutions of that country might be
involved in money laundering. iii. It can expose or encourage the people of a country to smuggling,
drug trafficking, etc. iv. Money laundering can also contribute to other crimes, as criminals, drug
lords, smugglers, black money owners, etc. have to hide their source of income; moreover, they
have to employ money laundering techniques to conceal their black money under the cloak of
legality or safety from law enforcement agencies.
Money Laundering in Pakistan EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING II. SOCIAL IMPACTS v. Hence,
money laundering gives a safe haven to criminals and terrorists to hide their illegally earned money
and, therefore, motivates others to enter the criminal world as they might consider any of the
methods of money laundering to be a promoter and cover to their criminal activities. vi. Thus, crime
will spread in society, which has not only geographical but also international implications because
the natureof the crime has becomeglobal in scope.
Money Laundering in Pakistan CURBING MONEY LAUNDERING I. INTERNATIONAL A.M.L.

ORGANIZATIONS FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (F.A.T.F): i. In 1989, the G7 countries founded
the F.A.T.F., headquartered in Paris, France.118 At present, thirty-six countries are members of
F.A.T.F.119 The main purpose of F.A.T.F. is to devise an intergovernmental response for curbing
money laundering; however, in October 2001, after 9/11, it took on another essential goal in order
to accomplish the combating the financing of terrorism. ii. It creates policies and strategies and gives
advice to the governments for A.M.L. and Combating Financing Terrorism (C.F.T.) laws and policy
reforms. iii. It also monitors the government’s financial activities to track any misappropriation
related to money laundering regulations and provides suggestions to the governments upon
identifying any irregularities.

ORGANIZATIONS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME: i. The United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime (hereinafter U.N.O.D.C.) maintains up-to-date data related to drug trafficking,
smuggling, money laundering, and terrorism financing. ii. It was founded in 1997 to create a
combined mechanism to curb money laundering and the illegal trafficking of drugs. iii. It also offers
technical and financial assistance to governments to devise effective mechanisms for curbing money
laundering. Sunday, January 6, 2019 595 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

ORGANIZATIONS FINTRACA: i. FinTRACA, Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of
Afghanistan, was founded in 2004 as an A.M.L. agency. It is a semiprivate organization thatworks
within Da Afghanistan Bank. ii. Its core function is to prevent access to the Afghan financial system to
money launderers and those who are suspected of using the money to finance terrorism. iii. It works
as a financial intelligence unit (F.I.U.), gathering information and performing data analysis to track
down the sources and destinations of money that come to or leave the Afghan financial system. iv.
Upon tracking the illegal origins or destinations of money, it coordinates with security agencies and
law enforcement departments to curb illegal financing activities and to investigate whether the
money is being used to finance terrorism. Sunday, January 6, 2019 596 Criminology by SSP
Money Laundering in Pakistan MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORISM FINANCING A CASE STUDY
OF PAKISTAN i. Terrorists require money to finance their activities. The sponsorship is provided by
their patrons, who are usually found to be money launderers and drug traffickers, and sometimes
politicians and the elite of society, who support them in a disguised manner. ii. Nonetheless, funding
from foreign anti-state elements overshadows all other sources of terrorist funding, which
establishes the pathways of money laundering. iii. Terrorist organizations have been found to be
involved in money laundering. iv. This has been found to be true particularly in Pakistan, where
foreign intelligence agencies, namely RAW, Blackwater, and the CIA, have been found to be involved
with terrorists and to have financed anti-stateelements. Sunday, January 6, 2019 597 Criminology by
SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Money Laundering in Pakistan MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORISM FINANCING A CASE STUDY
OF PAKISTAN v. Pakistan has never exercised a leading role in any of the A.M.L. international
standards or organizations, although Pakistan has been a member of them and has actively
participated in the meetings of these conventions and organizations since their founding. vi. Pakistan
also gets support from the U.N.O.D.C. in terms of technical and advisory assistance for curbing the
drug trade and money laundering through its northwestern border region. vii. Moreover, Pakistan
also has a cooperative relation with INTERPOL. Sunday, January 6, 2019 598 Criminology by SSP
Money Laundering in Pakistan CONCLUSION i. Money laundering has been recognized as a major
crime at the international level. Terrorists, drug traffickers, smugglers, black money owners, etc. use
different money laundering methods to finance their activities, to traffic drugs, and to clean their
illegitimatelyearned assets. ii. Whichever method is implemented, the three steps of money
laundering—placement, layering, and integration of funds—takeplace. iii. Although A.M.L.
organizations in all countries have formulated certain mechanisms, rules, and policies for preventing
and curbing money laundering, these policies have been insufficient, whose magnitude has
increased to up to billionsof U.S. dollarsat the international level.
Cyber Crime
 Cybercrime is a fast-growing area of crime. More and more criminals are exploiting the speed,
convenience and anonymity of the Internet to commit a diverse range of criminal activities that
know no borders, eitherphysical orvirtual.  Computer crime, or cybercrime, is any crime that
involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a
crime, or it may be the target.  Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. K. Jaishankar (2011) define Cybercrimes
as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive
to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the
victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet
Cyber Crime
 Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial health.[citation needed] Issues
surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking,
copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy
when confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, lawfullyorotherwise.  Dr.Debarati Halder
and Dr.K.Jaishankar(2011) further define cybercrime from the perspective of gender and defined
'cybercrime against women' as "“Crimes targeted against women with a motive to intentionally
harm the victim psychologically and physically, using modern telecommunication networks such as
internet and mobile phones” . Sunday, January 6, 2019 601 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo,
PSP
Cyber Crime
 Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including

espionage, financial theft, and othercross-bordercrimes.  Activity crossing international borders and
involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyberwarfare.  The
international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions through the
International Criminal Court.
Cyber Crime
 Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain
from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit
by: i. Altering in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is common form of
theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized
instructions or using unauthorized processes; ii. Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output,
usually to conceal unauthorized transactions. This is difficult to detect; iii. Altering ordeleting stored
data; Sunday, January 6, 2019 603 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP
Cyber Crime in Pakistan
 National Response Centre for Cyber Crime (NR3C), is the latest introduction to mandate of the FIA,
primarily to deal with technology based crimes in Pakistan.  It is the only unit of its kind in the
country and in addition to the directly received complaints also assists other law enforcement
agencies in theirown cases.  FIA said that its cybercrime circle has so far conducted 2,295 inquiries,
registered 255 cases and made 209 arrests in 2018 — all highest since the Prevention of Electronic
Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 was enforced.  The corresponding figures for 2017 were 1,290 inquiries,
207 cases registered and 160 arrests made, whereas figures for 2016 stood at 514, 47 and 49.  The
FIA admitted that cybercrimes are on the rise in Pakistan but added that "the government's recent
measure to establish 15 new cybercrime reporting centers" will helpcontrol the situation.
NAB
 The National Accountability Bureau is Pakistan's apex anticorruption organization.  It is charged
with the responsibility of elimination of corruption through a holistic approach of awareness,
preventionand enforcement.  It operates under the National Accountability Ordinance- 1999. With
its headquarter at Islamabad, it has four regional offices in the provincial capitals and one at
Rawalpindi. It takes cognizance of all offences falling within the National Accountability Ordinance
(NAO).
NAB
 For the initial three years, the focus of its functions was directed only at detection, investigation
and prosecution of white-collarcrime.  Those prosecuted include politicians, public service officials
and other citizens who were either guilty of gross abuse of powers, or through corruption had
deprived the national exchequer of millions or resorted to othercorrupt practices.  In February
2002, NAB launched the National Anticorruption Strategy (NACS) project. The NACS team conducted
broad based surveys, studied external models of international anti-corruption agencies and involved
local stakeholder. All pillars of National Integrity System were studied in detail.  After identifying
the causes of corruption in each pillar, a comprehensive strategy and a detail action plan was
recommended. Breaking away from traditional enforcement based routines NACS has recommended
a comprehensive process. Relevant amendments have been made in NAO and now NAB is
empowered to undertake prevention and awareness in addition to its enforcement functions.
NAB
 OBJECTIVES  The National Accountability Bureau derives its objectives from its approved project
document titled 'National Anti Corruption Strategy' or NACS and defines them as follows: i. Short
Term Setting in motion systemic improvements that will strengthen the national integrity system
and the people against corruption. ii. Long Term The elimination of corruption by engaging all the
stakeholders in the fight against corruption, through a program, which is holistic, comprehensive and
progressive.
FIA
 The Federal Investigation Agency is a counter-intelligence and security agency under the Ministry
of Interior of Pakistan, tasked with investigative jurisdiction on undertaking operations against
terrorism, espionage, federal crimes, fascism, smuggling as well as infringement and otherspecific
crimes.  Codified under the Constitution in 1974, the institution functions under the Ministry of
Interior (MoI). The FIA also undertakes international operations with the close cooperation and
coordination of Interpol. Headquartered in Islamabad, the agency has various branch and field
offices located in all majorcities throughout Pakistan.
FIA
 As of 2009, FIA has 10 active departments to lead criminal charges and investigation, with
priorities: i. Counter-terrorism Wing (CTW)—Tasked to protect Pakistan from all kinds of terrorist
attacks, including cyber, bioterrorism, chemical, electronic and nuclear terrorism (see counter-
terrorism). ii. Anti-Corruption Wing (ACW)—Tasked with undertaking investigations and combat all
public corruption at all levels of command (see also NAB). iii. Economic Crime Wing (ECW)—
Mandate to protect Pakistan from economic terrorism and protection of intellectual property rights
of the people. (see also: Economic terrorism). iv. Immigration Wing (IW)—Combat human trafficking
activities and resist illegal immigration in Pakistan.
FIA
v. Technical Wing (TW)—Tasked to make efforts to protect Pakistan against foreign intelligence
operations and espionage (see counterintelligence and counterproliferation) as well as using
scientificassistance to resolve high-technologycrimes. vi. Legal Branch (LB)—Responsible to provide
legal guidance in all administrative and operational matters as well as protect civil rights. vii. National
Central Bureau (NCB)—Tasked to combat transnational/national criminal organizations and
enterprises (see organized crime) with assistance from Interpol and FBI. viii. Anti Trafficking Unit
(ATU)—Tasked to combat major violent crimes, to ensure country-wide coverage of human
trafficking, as well as to preventand protect thevictims of trafficking.
ANF
 The Anti-Narcotics Force is a federal executive bureau of the Government of Pakistan, tasked with
combating the narcotics smuggling and use within Pakistan.  Due to misconception on Section 4 of
ANF ACT 1997, the force's head consisted the active-duty general officer of Pakistan Army. 
Although the law prescribes that any competent person may be appointed as Director General.
Currently Major General Khawar Hanif is a deputed as Director General.  The ANF also has sole
responsibility for coordinating and pursuing Pakistan narcotics investigationsabroad.
ANF
 The ANF is a civil law enforcement agency and its members are conferred powers of Police officers
and thus governed by the Policeorder 2002, currently in force.  Currently, because the
administration includes only military personal not acquainted with civil laws or court procedures, the
bureau has the highest dropout rates of employees of all the Governmentdepartments.  The
Eighteenth amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 also has abolished the dangerous drugs
topic from the concurrent list and hence the legal existence of Anti Narcotics Force at the Federal
Level in under debate and consideration to bedevolved to the Provincial setups

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 "Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state

Terrorism  Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to

the state are most commonly referred to as a "terrorist" in

Sunday, January 6, 2019 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 491

 A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a

 Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of

state-sponsored terrorism vary widely.

 When states provide funding for groups considered by some

to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.

Sunday, January 6, 2019 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 492

 State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by

governmental agents or forces.

 This involves the use of state resources employed by a state's

foreign policies, such as using its military to directly

perform actsof terrorism.

Anti-Terrorism and Counter Terrorism  Counter-Terrorism: i. Offensive measures taken to prevent,

Solutions  Counter-terrorism strategy based on nine ‘Cs’: i. Comprehensiveness: A comprehensive,

Sunday, January 6, 2019

Effects of Media Coverage of Crime  Sensationalism

 There is a general perception that media creates the hype

thereby resulting more sensationalism in the public.

 This sensationalism adversely affects the overall public peace

and renders to chaos and fuss in the society.

Sunday, January 6, 2019 513 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Effects of Media Coverage of Crime  “Breaking News” phenomenon

 Media is in the race of highlighting the breaking news.

 This reckless tendency has also resulted in airing the wrong

 Media, in pursuit of winning this race, often airs only one

version of the story thereby distorting the overall picture.

Law Enforcement in Pakistan

 Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure,

 Situational crime prevention:  Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing

i. are directed at highly specific forms of crime,

ii. involve the management, design or manipulation of the

immediate environment in as systematic and permanent way as

excusableas judged by a wide rangeof offenders.

 Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is a strategy of policing that focuses on

Sunday, January 6, 2019 524 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Sunday, January 6, 2019 527 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Sunday, January 6, 2019 528 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

 Many common elements in community-oriented policing include: i. Relying on community-based

Sunday, January 6, 2019 529 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Private Public Partnership

 A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is

Private Public Partnership

Sunday, January 6, 2019 531 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Private Public Partnership

Sunday, January 6, 2019 532 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Sunday, January 6, 2019 533 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

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Crime and Urbanization

Sunday, January 6, 2019 543 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Crime and Urbanization

 There is a positive association between urbanization and crime in Pakistan. Moreover,

Sunday, January 6, 2019 544 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

 Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized

Sunday, January 6, 2019 545 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Sunday, January 6, 2019 546 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP

Sunday, January 6, 2019 547 Criminology by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP