•

RI;PORT NO.
EfRC 70·10 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
DECEMBER 1970

SOIL MODULI ANO DAMPING FACTORS

FOR DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSES
by
H. BOLTON SEED

l. M. IDRISS

Repotl to

SW.AJA
A Joint Venturé of Shannon & Wil¡on, lnc,
and Agbabion-Jocobsen Ass.oclotes
under Subc.ontroct No. 33.54 to
Union Corblde Corporal ion, Nuclear Oivisio
Ook Ridge NotionolloboraJory

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA · Berkeley, California

 1

SOJL MOOULJ ANO DAMPING FACTORS FOR DYNAMJC RESPONSE ANALYSES

by
1
H. Bolton Seed and I. M. Idriss

l. Introduction

Much progresa has been made in recent years in the development of

analytical procedures for evaluating the response of soil deposita under

seismic loading conditions. Successful application of such procedures for

determining ground response in specific cases, however, is essentially

dependent on the incorporation of representativa soil properties in the

analyses. Thus considerable effort has also been directed toward the

determination of soil properties for use in these anal ytical procedures.

In cases of ground response involving no residual soil displacements,

the response is determined mainly by the ahear modulus and damping char-
acteristics of the aoil under symmetrical cyclic loading conditions.

Because most soils have curvilinear stress-atrain relationships as shown

in Fig. 1, the shear modulus is usually expreased as the secant modulus

determinad by the extreme point s on the hysteresis loop while the damping

factor is proporcional to the area inside the hysteresis loop. lt is

readily apparent that each of these properties will depend on the magnitude

of the strain for which the hysteresis l oop is determinad (see Fig. 1) and

thus both shear moduli snd damping factor& must be determinad as functions

of the induced strsin in a soil specimen or soil deposit.

1
Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
2Assistant Research Engineer, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
 / a-

Stress

Fig. 1 HYSTERETIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS AT

DIFFERENT STRAIN AMPLITUDES.
 2.

l t is the purpose of this report to summarize available data on the

dynamic shear moduli snd damping factors for soils under loading conditions

similar to those illustrated in Fig. 1 and to present the results in a form

which will provide a useful guide in the selection of soil characteristics

for analysis purposes. Since most of the data available co date have been

developed for sands and saturated clays, che report will deal primarily with

these two types of maccrials, though limited data for gravelly soils and

peats is also included.

2. Methods of Determining Shear Moduli and

Damping Characteristics

A wide variety of procedures, including laboratory and field testa

have been used to determine both shear moduli and damping charac teristics.

The main procedures may be summarized as follows:

(a) Direct determination of stress-strain relationships

Hysteretic stress-strain relationships of che type shown

in Fig. l may be determined in the laboratory by means of triaxial

compression tests, simple shear teses or torsional shear teses

conducted under cyclic loading conditions. In general these

procedures are useful for measuring moduli and damping factors

under moderate to relatively high strains.

(b) Forced vibration ceses

Forced vibracion tests, invo lving the decermination of

resonanc frequencies and measurement of response at ocher

frequencies have been used to determine both moduli and damping

factors. Tese condiciona in che laboratory have included che

application of longitudinal vibrations and torsional vibrations

 3.

to cylindrical samples or shear vibrations to layers of soil

pl aced on a shaking table; in the field,shear vibrations of

dams have been induced by large shaking machines but it is

difficult to interpret the resulta of field tests to determine

damping factors. In general these procedures are useful for

determining properties at relatively low to moderate atrain

levels.

(e) Free vibration tests

Free vibration tests,in which measurements are made of

the decay in response of a soil aample or aoil depoai~ have

been used to measure both moduli and damping factors for aoils.

Methods of excitation are essent ially similar to those used

for forced vibration tests, but the procedures can be usad

for measurement of soil characteristics at rel atively low

to modera tely high strain levels.

(d) Field measurement of wave velocities

Field tests have been used to measure the velocity of

propagat ion oi compression waves, shear waves, and Rayleigh

waves from which values of soil modulus can readily be deter'-

mined for low strain condiciona. These procedures have not

provided values of damping factor& however .

(e) Analysis of ground response during earthguakes

In a few cases where motiona have been determined at

different depths in a soil profile during earthquakes,

computationa have been made to determine the effective moduli

and damping factors controlling the response of the deposit.

Detaila of the different test procedures are described elsewhere (Shannon

 Table l. Test Procedures for Measuring Moduli and DaJ11Ping Characteristics

General Procedure Test Condition Approximate Strain Range Properties Determined

-2
Determination of Triax.i al compression 10_ to 5% Modulus; damping
2
hysteretic stress- Simple Shear 10 2 to 5% Modu1us; damping
strain relationships Torsiona1 shear 10- to 5% Modulua; damping

_.. -2
Longitudinal vibrations 10_~ to 10_2 % Modulus; damping
Torsional vibrations 10_, to 10_ 2% Modulus; damping
Forced vibration
Shear vibrations - lab 10 to 10 % Modulus; damping
Shear vibrations - field Modulus

Longitudinal vibrations 10-3 to 1% Modulus; damping

Free vibration tests Torsional vibrations ¡o-' co 1% Modulus; damping
Shear vibrations - lab ¡o-3 to 1% Modulus; damping
Shear vibrations - field ¡o-s to 1% Modu1us

Field wave velocity

measurements
Compression waves
Shear waves
Ray leigh waves
e 5
e 5
X
X
-·
10_.,%
lO_.,%
Hodulus
Modulus
Modulus
" 5 X 10 %

Measurement of motions
Field seismic Hodulus¡ damping
at differenc levels
response
in deposit

"'~
 4.

and Wilson, 1970) but a summary of the procedures and the approximate

ranges of strain within which they have been used is presented in

Table l.
3. Previous Study by Hardin and Drnevich

A comprehensive survey of the factors affecting the shear moduli

and damping factors of soils and expressions for determining these

propert.i es have recently been presented by Hardin and Drnevich (1970).

In this study it was suggested that the primary factors affecting moduli

and damping factors are:

Strain amplitude, y

Effective mean principal stress, a '

m
Void ratio, e

Number of cycl es of loading, N

Degree of saturation for cohe sive soils, S

and that less important factors include:

Octahedral shear stress

Overconsolidation ratio, OCR

Effective stress strength parameters, e' and ~·

Time effects

Relat ionships were presentad to determine the values of maximum shear

modulus (at essentially zero strain) and the variations of modulus

values with strain for all soils . The expression for evaluating the

maximum shear modulus is:

G a 14760 x ( 2 • 973 - e)Z (0CR) 8 (a')t

max ·1 +e m

where Gmax ~ maximum shear modulus in psf,

1'1>;,., ~~,.,< V
 s.

e • void ratio

OCR • overconsolidation ratio

a • a parameter that dependa on the plasticity index of the

soil, and

a' m • mean principal effective stress in psf.

The value of a can be obtaioed from the followiog table:

PI a

o o
20 0.18
40 0.30
60 0.41
80 0.48
~lOO o.so

The modulus value, G, at a atraiD level, y, is then evaluated from

the relationship:

Gmax
G • .,-.,..==¡.- (2)
1 +y/y r

T
max
where Yr • - - (3a)
Gmax

(3b)

K • coefficieot of lateral stress at rest,

0

oV ' • vertical effective stress, and

e',+' • static streogth parameters in terma of effective

stress.

Similar relatiooships were aleo presented for evaluating the damping

ratio. The damping ratio, A, at a strain level, y, is given by:
 6.

). - ).
max
. y /y
1-+-y/y
r
r (4)

where ).max is the maximum damping ratio corresponding to very large straina.

For clean sands, ).max (in percent) is evaluated by:

). = D ~ 1.5 log10 N (5a)

max

where D • 33 percent for clean dry sands or D • 28 percent for clean saturated

sands, and N • number of cycles. For aaturated cohesive soils, ).max is given

by:

1 1
).max • 31- (3+0.03f)(o~)2 + 1.5 fi- 1.5 log N (5b)

where f • frequency of applied cyclic load in cycles per eecond, and

o' • mean principal effective stress in kg/cm 2 •

m
The significance of the factora involved in tbese relationabips is

discussed in the following section.

4. Shear Modulus Values for Sands

All investigations have shown that modulus values for sanda are strongly

influenced by tbe confining pressure, the strain amplitude and tbe void ratio

(or relativa density) but not significantly by variations in grain size

•'
characteristics. It has been found that in general, the shear modulus and

confining presaure are related by tbe equation

G • 1000K (6)
2

so that the influence of void ratio and strain amplitude can be expressed

through their influence on the parameter K2 .

 7.

The influence of other factors on K , may be illustrated by the

2
resulte in Fig. 2 which were computed using the relationships suggested

by Hardin and Drnevich. Plota are presentad to show the influence of ~·,

effective vertical stress (a'), K, and void ratio on the computed

V O
relationships between K and strain amplitude . It may be seen that :
2
_,
(a) At very low strains (y~ 10 percent), K dependa only on
2
the void ratio, e.
_ , -1
(b) At intermediate strains (10 < y < 10 percent) the variation

of K with strain is only slightly influenc:ed by the vertical

2
stress, and very slightly by variations in ~· and K • The
o
values of K are still influenced strongly by the void ratio
2
however.
-1
(e) At very high strains (y> 10 pcrcent), the values of K are
2
slightly influenced by the vertical stress but they are

essentially independent of K , ~· and e.

0

Thus for practica! purposes, values of K may be considerad to be de terminad

2
mainly by the void ratio or relativa density and the strain amplitude of the

motions.

A number of investigators , using different laboratory teating procedures,

have presented data on the relationships between theae factors. The test

conditiona used in theae inveatigations are summarized in Tabla 2 and the

resulta are presented in Fig. 3, for aamples having s relativa density of

about 75 percent, and in Fíg. 4 for samplea having a relativa densíty of

about 40%. Average relationships between K and strain for these two relstive
2
density conditions are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, and they are compared in Fig.

S. Valuea of K at other relativa densities can be estimated by interpolation,

2
as shown in Fig. S.
 70
G • toOO KzfT,;.)"' '
G • 1000 Ktl<r.:l"'
-
so: cr. · IOOOpsf - so
Ko· 0 .5 -
'
-.. •• 0 .5
~ ·, ··= 30•
Ko• 0 .5

5o: ~•, • • 0 .5
50

'\' '\ ' ·,

40
Kz K\ · 40
'l Kz
~o
\ \(~ • IO,OOOpsf
30
'•30~\ <ry• 2000 pst~\
20 1
\_, \ ' !
101 o '·~.
« AnQie « Friction, +'
~
(ol Effect (b) Efloct oflEHectivo ..-rt lcol Stress, <r~
1 1 . o --1 . ___í ...
0-
10"5 10...
·-~ .........
to·• ·-~
10-2
Sheor Strorn - percenl
·--·
lO"' 10
•· -- ...
1()' 1()' 10'
Shoor Stroln - percent
·--·
10

~ G•rOOOK~¡
70 1 1 l OoiJI
G • 1000 Kz(.r.;)~
60 Ao0.5
-~ cr.•IOOO
psf
Ko. 0 . 5
•• 1! 30.
- J
T
1

1
1
~~
1 ~·-
K~•0.5
c>:'. rooo psi
+'•3o•
--

~ ,--Ka• 1.
50
_1 ""\- 1

401 -------- ---- .\

•• !!SH.• sor
.1 1 1 •• 1
1

Kz ¡-·----
• • 0 .9
r-----.
-·.' \ Kz4 "!' ~~~0• 2.
30 1-·
·-
201
"•,
::::\ '

' 2o•r----r---4---+-~~~--~
Ko•O.

-~\
'

"\:-
~\~
101

~
(e) Elfect of Vold Rollo, o
Ol
10'
1 ..
___
10
·--·
1
10' ·--~
10 ·--·
10 ro·• ro·z ro·•
Sheor Stroin- percent Sheor Stroin • porcont

Fíg. 2 INFLUENCE OF VARrOUS FACTORS ON THE SHEAR MODULr OF SANOS.

(bosed on Hord in ond Drnevich expressrons)
..3
p
 ,.,

Table 2. Suomary of Laboratory Investigationa of Shear Hoduli And Daoping Ratios for Sandy Soi ls.

Range of Strain
Type of Test son Te.sted Range of Confini ng
Reference
Shear Pressure
i Axial
1 _,
Sand <Sxl O % 600 to 7200 psf Richart, Hall and Lysmer (1962)
Forced Vibration: " ~50 to 7500 Hardin and Richart (1963)
"
Longitudinal " " 600 to 7400 Hall and Richort (1963)
Vibration " " 600 to 7200 Hardin (1965)
Sand, silty $&nd
nnd clayey sand " 1000 to 3500 Donovon (1968, 1969)
_,
Sand <lO % 600 to 7200 R~chaYt , Hal l and Lysmer (1962)
Forced Vtbration: " " 600 to 7400 Hall and Richart (1963)
Torsional Vibrations
Solid Sa~plc
-
....
" "
"
~50 to 7500
600 to 7200
Hardin and Richart (1963)
Hardin (1965)
" 600 to 8500 Drnevich, Hall and Richart (1966)

_,
Porced Vibration
Torsional Vibration
Hollow Sample
Sand
"
10
..
to 6xl0 -· % 600 to 8500
500 to 1800
Drnevich, Uall and Richart (1966)
llardin nnd Drnevich (1970)

_,
Free Vibration:
Cylindrical Sample Sand 10 to 10 -· % 400 to 6400 Kishida and Takano (1970)

Sand and gravel,

2xlO-'to Sxl0- 3% 400 to 1800 Veis&oan and Hart (1961)
&lit and sand
Triaxial Comprtssion Sand , silty sand
and clayey sand 5x10-'to O.l% 1000 to 3500 Dcnovan (1968, 1969)
-1
Sand 10 to 1% 3000 to 3400 Katouohita , Kiahida and Kyo (1967)
_,
Simple Sbear Sand 3><10 co 0.5% 2000 Seed (1968)
" 10- 'to 0.5%
----
500 to 4000 Silver and Seed (1969)

-..1
1r
 IOOr-----------.-----------~------------r-----------~

G = 1000 K2 <crn;l112 ps f

90 O Weissmon ond Hort (1961)

Richort, Hall ond Lysmer (1962)
A
0 Ornevich, Hall ond Richort (1966)
e
Seed (1968)
801 - - - -- - - 1 -- - - - - - 1 A Silver ond Seed (1969)
.., Hordin ond Ornevich (1970)

70
8
60
A 0
A 0
A 0
K2 50 AA

30

10

OL-----------~----------~------------~----------~
10-4 o-z 10- 1
Sheor Stroin-percent

Fig. 3 SHEAR MOOULI OF SANOS AT RELATIVE OENSITY OF ABOUT 75 %.

 80
1 1 1 1 1
G =1000 K 2 (o-~)1-'lpsf
701- 1 1 • Richort, Holl ond Lysmer (1962
• Drnevich, Holl ond Richort (1966)
+ Donovon (1968)
•
0
Donovon ( 1969)
Silver ond Seed (1969)
601

1 1 1
50f- ¡•
•
Kz 1• ...... ... . .1· •
- -......
1
40

J 1
- ....__ 1
• • ••
•
1 1 1• ~
20 "'
•
• •
•
1 1

101- 1 1 0

o
10~-4~*~~ lo-3 I0- 2
Sheor Siro in- percent
ro- 1

Fig. 4 SHEAR MOD ULI OF SANOS AT RELATIVE OENSITY OF ABOUT 40%. -...¡
'r
 80 , ------------.-------------r------------.-------------,

70 t- o,:::: 90%
G =1000 ~(o-,;¡112 psf

601===-

50

K2
40

1 o,:::: 30%_-+-t---
30 ~

20 ~'N
~~~ ' < 1 1

10

0~~--------~~-----------L~----------~~--------~
4
I0- 1o-3 1o-2 ¡o-•
Sheor Stroin -percent

Fig.5 SHEAR MOOULI OF SANOS AT DIFFERENT RELATIVE OENSITIES . ...¡

fl
 a.

lt may be seen that for relatively dense samples, the values of K

2
dete~ined at very low strains for laboratory test specimens are typically

in the range of 50 to 75. The results of a number of determinations of

shear moduli for sands at very low strain levels by means of in-situ shear

vave velocity measurements are summarized in Table 3; the six investigations

for dense to extremely dense sands (excludi ng clayey and partly cemented

sands) give values for K ranging from 44 to 86. Thus there appears to
2
be good general agreement betveen the resulta of laboratory and in-situ

investigations .
For purposes of comparison, representative values of the relationship

betveen K and strain at different void ratios determi.ned by the Hardin-

2
Drnevich re lationship for an eff ective vertical stress of 3000 psf , K •
0

0.5 and ~· - 36• are plotted in Fig. 6.

The good agreement between the resulta in Figs. 5 and 6 indicates

that reasonable values for the shear moduli of sands may be obtained

either by use of the curves in Fig. 5 or by use of the Hardin-Drnevich

equations. Where field data is obtained in te~s of the standard penetration

resistance, the data in Fig. 5 is likely to be more convenient but for other

purposes, direct computation from equat ions 1 , 2 and 3 may be desirable.

It may be noted that i f each of the reladonships shown in Pigs. S and

6 is replotted to show the variation with shear strain of the ratio of

shear modulus at strain y to shear modulus at a shear strain of 10 -•

percent , the resulta fall within the relatively narrow band shown in

Fig. 7. Thus a clase approximation to the modulus va shear strain

relationship for any sand can be obtained by determining the modulus at

s very low strain level, say by wave propagation methods in tha field ,

and then reducing this value for other strain levels in accords nce with
the resulta indicated by the average (dashed) line in Fig. 7.
 Table 3. "'
Shear Koduli of Sands Based on In-Situ
Shear Wave Velocity Measuremen ts

Depth
Soil Location K2
ft.

Loose moist sand Kinnesota 10 34

Dense dry sand Washington 10 44
Dense saturated sand So. California 50 58
Dense saturated sand Georgia 200 60
Dense saturated silty sand Georgia 60 65
Dense saturated sand So. California 300 72
Extremely dense silty sand So. California 125 86
Dense dry sand (slightly cemented) Washi ng ton 65 166
Hoist clayey sand Georgia 30 119

*Shear modulus , G • 1000 K2 (om') 21 psf

80r-------------,--------------r-------------,--------------,

OF- e= O.<t_ _¡
G =1000 Kz(on;l~ psf
K 0 = 0.4
60 .. :0.5 =:::::e---~""--¡--- 4> = 36°
ov'= 3000 psf
- e =0.6---+-~

~-e =0.7 --+--

e=

1--- e= 0.9---t---~

o
10-4 ,0 - 3 10-2 10_,
Sheor Stroin- percent

Fig. 6 SHEAR MODULI OF SANOS AT DIFFERENT VOID RATIOS.

(bosed on Hordin- Drnevich expressions) ......,..
 I.O I h"Rí4r.ttfl¡.¡.12JI;;; ' ' ,_:__ 1 1 1

~ ...
.C/):L •O~ o.el

~~
~X
7
,g! 1
"I.:JfUu fL' 4' '>
oC "

0 .61 1

~~
~ ;
~
1
1
1'1{1 /N,<"' O
Ronoe of volues for doto
¡: ¡: 0 .4 shown in Figs 5 ond 6 - - ---../ > ' 1
1
o o
~
o o
...
ID ID
~.c.
C/)C/) 0.2r--------------+--------------+-------------~~~~~------~

0~------------~--------------~------------~--------------~
I0- 4 I0-3 10-z 10-1
Sheor Stroin, r-percent

Fig. 7 VARIATION OF SHEAR MOOULUS WITH SHEAR STRAIN FOR SAN OS .

 9.

5. Damping Ratioa for Sanda

From their study of factors influencing the damping ratioa of sands,

Hardin and Drnevich concluded that shear atrain, effective mean principal
stress (or ov' and K ), void ratio and number of cycles were very important,
0

vhile octahedral shear stress, angle of friction and degree of aaturation had

lesaer effects. As in the case of moduli, the effects of variations in grain

size characteristics were considerad to be relatively insignificant.

Computations of the effects of the above factora on the relationship

betveen damping ratio and shear strain amplitude, as determinad by the

Hardin-Drnevich relationships are ehown in Fig. 8. It is apparent that

the effecta of ~·, K , void ratio and degree of saturation are relatively
o
ainor, and it can readily be sean from the equation for maximum damping

ratio

.1. " 30 - l. S log 10N

max

that if values of .1. are determinad for about N • 5 cycles, valuea for other

numbers of cycles in the range of interese (say 5 to 30) will not be sig-

nificantly different.
Thus the main factor affecting the relationahip between damping ratio

and shear etrain is the vertical confining pressure ov '. The influence of

this factor, aa determinad by two studies is shown in Pig. 9. Por pressures

lesa than about 500 psf, the effect of pressure changas may be significant

but excluding these very low pressures, which represent condiciona in the

top few feet of soils, the effect of variations in pressure is very small

comparad with the effect of shear strain, and an average damping ratio vs

shaar strain relationship determinad for an effective vertical stress of

 :S· ) 1 1

2' 5¡
(o) Elleet of Anglo of Frlction,
- Soturotod eloon sond
<rv' • 1000 psf
+'
~-
- 25f-
(bl .Effect of Vold Rollo, e
Soturoted cteon sond
cry• • IOOOplf 1v,_;;~~
~
_

lacr-- K0 • 0 . 5
•• 0 .5
~
,
l 20
1-
K0 • 0 .5
+' . 30" - /.' •
/, •

.,2'
i' 5 L! .l!
& 15 /,/1
1

J?---· ~0.9
"' ~-~i/
'/
"'
e
a. 10
1
1 1'~·
·[¡
E ¡,' '-+'. 40" 8
E
-0 ¡,' •/"-.e • O. 7
1

~
5 / je•0.55
L:d~'Y
'
... / ' ' 5
o10'11- ¡o·•. 1o·s 1o·2 ¡o·• o
10·5 ,o-•• 10"3 10.2 10''
Sheor Stroln • percent Shear Strain • percent

35.-----------~------------,-------------r---------~------------~
'"' l 1
..J (e) Eflect of K 0
3vr SotufOted c1eon sond t - - - -t----+-----1 30 ~
(d) Ellect al Saturofion
u;,' • 1000 psi _, . -
!.
•2
coy' • 1000 psi

e .--- •.• 3o·

e 25,__ • • o .5

Ko· o.~·:?
••.~v
.:~ ·-
_j
-.....
e

!.•
25 1-

~
Ka• 0.5
e • 0.5
• . • 30.

Ory cleon sand

//
/
.
V -
~·'/
.!1 .2
o /1/ &15
a: 15 1 '" 1
_go ,~Ko• l. O "'e:
·a. ~f'-csaturoted
~~ ~ J _j E
10 clean sand
o .: ~'- Ko · 2 .0 8
5' 1
,#
•/2_ .1 J 5
,JI
o,l 1 l..:.P' 1 1 o
/
tO'"' 1o·• 10·s 1o· z 1o·• lO"' 10·4. ¡o·s IO.z ¡o·•
S!loor Stroln • percent Shear S troin- percent

Fig. 8 INFLUENCE OF VAR IOUS FACTORS ON THE OAMP1NG RATIOS FOR SANOS.
(bosed on Hordin ond Omevich expresslons l

~
 30

e= 0.5
cp : 30° A,,;,
. /
K0 = 0.5 ,, .
/
/ / /
/ '
' ./
,,
ov' = 1000 psf
•
.Q
o¡J = 3000 psf- , ,
& , 1
g' o¡J =10.000 psf-
·a.
§ 10
,
,,
o ,/

, /
,, ' / '
, ., ; ", /
----- --:.:.. .,..,
:,....
__

Sheor Stroi n - percen t

Fig. 9o INFLUENCE OF CONFlNING PRESSURE ON DAMPING RATIO OF SATURATED SANO.

(bosed on Hordin ond Drnevich expressions)

30,-------~---------,--------.---------.--------.

ov'"' 50 psf - ofter

Aroi ond Umehoro (1966) ~ = 500 psf} ofter
IJ.) =2000 psf Sil ver
...____ ov'=4000psf o~~

~o~-.-4r--------,o~-~3---------,o~-Az--------,-oL-~,---------L--------~,o
Sheor St roin- percen t

Fig. 9b INFL UENCE OF CONFINING PRESSURE ON DAMPING RATIO OF DRY SANO

 10.

2000 to 3000 psf would appear to be adequate for many practica! purposes.

Considering the potencial scatter of test data for damping ratios, even

those obta1ned by the same investigator using the same test procedure, the

adoption of such an average relationsbip may be even more justified.

A list of previous investigations of dampi ng ratios of sands is

presented in Table 2, and che resulta of these studies are summarized in

Fig. 10. Approximate upper and lower bound relationships are shown by

dashed !1nes and a representative average relationship for all of the

test data is shown by the solid line. This average relationship is

likely to provide values of damping ratio with sufficien t accuracy for

many practica! purposes.

The curver. in Fig. 10 also proV:.de a basis for evaluating the relation-

ship between dampi ng ratio and strain for particular sands for which limited

test data is available. If the value of damping ratio at 11 strain level of

O 1 to 0.5 petcent is determined, the probable damping ratios at <.>ther

strains can be c losely appro.xima ted by drawing a line through the known

data point parallel to the curves shown i n Fig. 10.

6. Shear Hodulus Values for Saturated Clays

Accurate determination of the shear moduli of saturated clays is

enormously complicated by the large effect s of strain amplitude and

samp l e disturbance on modul us values . In-situ measuremen t s elimina re

the prob l ema raised by sample disturbance,but to date no techniques have

been developed for inducing large controlled strain amplitudes in natural

deposits and thus moduli can only be determinad at very small strain levels.

ln the l aboratory, on t he other hand, samples may be t ested under a wi de

range of strains but for test specimens from natural deposita, the moduli
 28r-------------~---------------r--------------~------------~
~ Weissmon ond Hort (1961)

t
e
24 ~
• Hord in (1965)
0 Drnevich, Hall ond Richort (1966)1
e Motsushito, Kishido ond Kyo(l967) /
..,m 7 ,. . 1
• Silver ond Seed (1969) /
• Donovon (1969) .. ..- /
- 20 • Hordin ond Drnevich (1970) / • /
~ v Ki shido and Takono (1970) , /

.,.l ,/
~ / /
~ / /
/
o. / / J 1
.2 16
-o
a: /
/ /
//

• ,"
/
1

.S'o.E 12 "¿':...-"'
,. / _...
-/ "
1
:
o / • ~
o ~~ .., 1 0
1 1 ~ ... __._ ,
8 1 V 7 1
.., ... v,
41 /

..lff'~~
•
1 ~~\; ~¿-'~ A>~~!~
re:=8~~· -+·_ 8 1
_JI
o b-:.-_::!1!'!.-.: • -~ !l!wi-_.. ... -- 1 1 1
10- 4 10- 3 10-2 lo- •
Sheor Strain-percent

Fig.IO DAMPI NG RATIOS FOR SANOS.

 11.

determinad will inevitably be influenced by the effects of sample

disturbance.

The joint influence of these effects is 111ustrated by the data

pre.s ented in Figs. 11 and 12. Fig. 11 shows values of shear moduli for

San Francisco Bay mud at a depth of about 25 ft determined by in-situ

ahear wave velocity measurements by Aisiks and Tarshansky (1968) and values

determinad by cyclic loading simple shear tests on undisturbed aamples by Thiera

(1965). Projecting the 1aboratory test data to the strain level corres-

pooding to the field test conditions, it may be seen that the laboratory

test va1ues are only about 40 percent of those for the in-situ c1ay. This

result is not surprising in the light of previous studies of the influence

of disturbance on the moduli of natural clays (Ladd, 1964) and it emphasizes

the magnitude of the correction which may have to be made for this effect.

The influence of strain amplitude on shear modu1us is a1so apparent

from the data in Fig. 11, the values at strains of about 0.5 percent

being only about 12 percent of those corresponding to strains of the

order of 10- 3 or 10-' percent.

Fig. 12 shows similar data for Union Bay c1ay. In this case valuea

of shear modu11 for in-situ conditions were determinad from seismic wave

ve1ocity measurements and from obaervations of the response of the clsy

during an earthquake; modu1us va1ues for undisturbed samplea were deter-

minad by resonant frequency testa and cyclic loading tests in the 1aboratory.

Again the in-situ moduli are two or three times greater than the laboratory

test va1ues at comparable strains, and the modulus decreasea enormously with

increasing strain amplitude.

In addition to the effects of strain amplitude and disturbance, the

shear moduli of different c1ays will clearly depend on their relative

 700

Modulus volue obtoined from

600 sheor wove velocity meosurements
ot o depth of 30 feet in normolly
1 consolidated San Francisco Bay mud
lfrom Aisi ks ond Torshonsky, 19681

500

-,.
. . 400

....
o 300
.l:
(/)

Modulus values measured

...... ...... by Thiers (1965 l for Soy mud
200 ..... , su= 350 psf; e= 2.4 -
'
' .......,

Modulus values colculoted using Hardln and

100 1- Drnevich (19701 equations for Bay mud at a ~ /
depth of 30 feet ¡oy'.l200psf; K0 =0 .5;
</>' =35°; e' =O; e= 2.4; OCR = 1) ~
7 ~
.....
o ,..,
10 10- 4 10-3 10-2 10- 1
Shear Stroin - percent

Fig.ll SHEAR MODULUS DETERMINATIO'JS FOR SAN FRANCISCO BAY MUO.

lo_...,_ 1• -·
 1200
1 1 1

0---0 Average modulus from seísmic wove ve locity meosurements

by Shonnon ond Wllson (1967)

1000

Modulus from onolysis of ground response

(Seed ond ldriss, 1970)
800

..
....
.%

..
:>
~ 600
o ll:r-(¡:. Modulus from onolysis of ground response
~ (Tsoi ond Housner,l970l
...o
111
J:.
(/)

~ Moduli computed using Hordin ond

400 Drnevich equolions (CT,f =1070 psf;

1• - K0 =0.5; e= 1.6; c'=O; 4>'=30°; OCR=I)

1 1
~ ¡Test doto for undisturbed
somples (Shonnon ond Wilson,1967l
200

t~
~ ¡..._
10
Sheor Stroin- percent

Fig. 12 SHEAR MODULUS DETERMINATIONS FOR UNION BAY CLAY AT

DEPTH OF ABOUT 80 FT.
 12.

atrengths and atiffnesses . Hardin and Drnevich expresa these effects in terma
of the effective mean principal stress , void ratio, overconsolidation ratio
and effective str ess strength parameters, but the resu1ting r elationships do
not always provide reasonable evaluations of shear modu11 for in-situ

conditions, as evidenced by the results shown in Figs . 11 and 12.

However in view of the fa cts that (1) stiffness increases in general with
aoil strength , (2) for stat ic load conditions, the ratio E/su for saturated
clays does not vary widely from one soil to another, and (3) test data at very
low strain levela indicates an approximately linear relationship between che
shear modulus and shear strength for a number of clays (Wilson and Dietrich ,
1960), it seems reasonable to expect that variations in clay characteristics
might be taken into account with a reasonable degree of accuracy by normalizing
the shear modulua, e, with r espect to the undrained shear strength , su • and
expressing the relationship G/su as a function of shear strain.

Test data obtained by a number of investigatora and expressed in this form

are summarized 1n Table 4 and plotted in Fig. 13. For test data obtained in
laboratory tests under unconsolidated-undrained test conditions, the measured
moduli were multip1ied by a factor of 2,5 to make an approximate allowance for
sample disturbance . Clearly the effects of disturbance will vary from one
atudy to another but in the absence of detailed information on sampling and
testing condiciona it wa.s considered that a factor of 2 .5 would represent a
rcasonable average correction factor for these effects. For in-aitu and
laboratory consolidated-undrained test conditions, no correction was applied
to the test resulta .
While there is considerable acatter in the data , most of the test resulta
fall within the dashed lines in Fig. 13; that is, within ±50% of the average
values shown by the so1id line in the figure. Thus the average values are
likely to provide reasonable estimates of t he in-situ moduli for many clays.
 Table 4 . SW!IIIa r y of l nvest igation.a o_! Shear Modul1 and Damptna R.atlos Cor Satu~ated Clays .

Range of S t rD.in
Oat4
Typc of Te.st Soll Tested Range ef Sheo.t Correetion Rc.f er·e nce
Shear Axia~ Strcngth
Stratn S t.ra.tn Paetor *

Held ahcar: wave velocit y

measureu.ents
S. F. Bay mud <lO- '% 200 t e 500 pllf 1.0 Aisiks and Tarshansky ( 1968)
Ftcld e~pte5$iOn w~vc
ve1ocity measuremen t ~ Union Boy clay <to- •x l. O Shannon and W11son (1967)

Lab. Free Vibr a t ion Testa : Elkhorn Sloush 2 Parmalee e t al . ( 1964) j

Longitudinal VJbrations 3x10 .. to 2% 300 to 1100 psf 2. S
sUcy clay Idrt.. (1966)

Lab. Free Vibratlon ToGtá: S. F. 8ay mud

Sheo1r Vibrations 2xl0- 2 t o 0 . 5% 300 psf 2.S K OV4C$(1.968)
Kaolinite/BentonÁtc sxto-2 ro
mixt ure
2% t.t. to SS p.sf 2. 5 Kov3cs (1968)

Lab, For ced Vibration Tcsb!l : Cambr:idgc clay ~2 . 5x10"")% 1080 psf 2 .5 Wibon atld Dtetr ich (1960)
Longitudir~1 Vibrattons Hifnlh&ippi. g:c4vcho a 2 . 5x.lO- '% 520 psf 2.5 Wil8on and Dietricb ( 1960)

L.ob. Forced Vibration Thsts : Bircb Bay clay ::2. 5)( 10 - l% 1000 to 2420 psf 2.5 Wll8on and D1etrtch ( 1960)
Torsional Vibrations Hontana clay =2 • .5xlO-'% 6000 pof 2. S WU t;on ~nd D1etr1Ch (1960) i

Lab. Porced Vibr(l tion Tests: Whldbey Ba,y e-lay ~2 . Sdo-'% 230 te 1800 psf 1. 5** Wilson a nd Dietricb (1960)
'roretonul \11bratlons Silty c1ay 0.12S% 800 to 1500 psf l .O Zeevaert (l967)
(consol . sample$) Edgl'r Plat;tic Knolln .:r2 . 5xl0- 1% 1400 to 1800 ps! 1. 0 Ha.rdin and Black ( 1968)

--
--
Ardmore clay 0 .1 to 0 . 5% Taylor t~nd Men:ies (1963)
Ardmor e c l a y O. S t e U Ta y l or and Hughea (1965)
Lab. TdO&xial Ceap. Te..st s Union Bay clay 3xl0-lto 0.3% 200 lo 8W p$( 2.5 Shannon and \filson ( 1967)
Stlty e lay
Webb Ha rk IV clay
10- 1 to 0.1%
0 . 2 t e !X
-- -
-
Denovan ( 1969)
Taylor and Bae-chu& (1969)

~r!z.e.k a nd Franklin (1967)

Lab. Torsiona~ Shear Tests Ceorgia Kao1inite Jx10 .. 1 to 0.2% - - nardin aod Drnevich (1970)

S.F. Bay aud 0.2 to 4% 300 to 400 psf 2. 5 Thtc.r• (1965) , 'fhtcr s &. Seed (l968)
Kaolinite/BentoQite
Lab. Sia.ple Shear Tesu llixtur e
0. 1 lO 2 . $% 44 to SS pfl:f 2 .5 Kovac$
S.F . Bay .ud 0.1 t.O 3% 300 pof. 2 .5 Kovac•

*AppUed to c odulus values to allOW" for sample dis turbance.

• •sample disturbed slightly a f t cr conaoli da tion.

1'1
?
 30,000 T
• Wilson ond Dietrich (1960)
x Thiers (1965)
8 Idriss (1966)
1~000r-----r-----~-----r----~----~------+ -
+ Zeevoert (1967)
• Shonnon ond Wilson (1967)
'?lllShonnon ond Wilson (1967)
3000 '<i1 Thiers and Seed ( 1968)
0 Kovacs (1968) -
t:1 Hordin ond Block (1968)
t--~Aisi ks ond Tarshonsky (1968)
1000 mmseed ond ldriss (1970) -
~Tsoi and Housner (1970)

G
', 8
Su
300 '',,,
.. '.X
...
~ ...
X')(,
100 -~·lO·

' X
30 ',
''

10 1
¡o- 4 ¡o- 3 10 -2 10- 1 lO
Shear St rain - percent

Fig.l3 IN- SI TU SHEAR MODULI FOR SATURATED CLAYS .

,...
f
 13.

Alternat1vely tbe data in Fig . 13 might be used to assess tbe inf1uencc

of strain amplitude on the sbear modulus of natural clays, by expressing t he

ordinates in terms of the ratio of shear modulus at sbear strain y to ahear

modulus at a sheat scrai n of 3 x 10 -· percent . This ratio for che average

values shown i n Fig. 13 , is plot ted as a function of shear scrain in Fig .

14. Reasonable escimates of the shear modu1us of a clay at any strain

amplitude can be obt ained by determining che in-situ value at strains of

the orde r of 3 x 10-. percen t by means of shear wave ve1ocity measurements

and applyi ng tbe ceduction factors sbown in Fig. 14 t o determine va1ues

at ot her shear strains .

7. Damping Va1ues for Saturated C1ays

Test data for damping ratios for s a turated clays are so 1imited and

the resulta vary to such an extent that it is difficult to determine tbe

ma1n factor& influencing the dampi ng ratios of these soils. A list

of previous investigations of damping ratios f or saturated clays is

pres ented in Table 3 and the resulta of these studies are summarized in

Fig. 15 . Approx1mate upper and lower bound relationships between damping

ratio and shear strain are shown by the dashed lines and a representative

average relationship for a ll of the test data is shown by tbe solid line.

This average re1acionship may well provide values of damping ratio witb

sufficient accuracy for many practica! purposes .

The curves in Fig. 15 also provide a basis for evaluating the

relat ionship between damping ratio and strain for any particular clay.

If the value of damping ratio at a strain level of 0.1 t o 0.5 percent

is determined, the probable damping ratio& at other strains can be

estimated by drawing a line through che known data point para1 l el to

the curves shown i n Fig . 15.

 o
a:
o
IL..

-z<t
a:
1-
(/)

a:
<t
w
:I:
(/)

:I:

-1
-e
(11
1-
-
3:
(/)
o ....
u
Cll>-
V (11
Q.
::::::>c::t
-l_¡
1 ::::>u
a
>-.
. O a
~w
·-eo 1-

/
N
1
-....
....
( /)
a:c::t
<ta:
W::::::>
:I:¡....
o o(11 Cllc::t

V .S::.
(/)
IL..(/)
o
z
o

V
1-
u
::::::>
....1 a
w
o a:

1/
_¡
<t
u
a..
>-

1 1-
~
j CJI
·¡¡:
C\J o <X>
o
<D C\J
d d
,ua:>Jad v-OI•k::::: J. JO! sn¡npow Jt>a4S
J. U!OJ'S JOCI4S ,o SOJOPOVII JOC14S
 40r----------.----------.----------.----------.----------.
1
V Toyl or ond Menzies (1963)
1!1 Toylor ond Huc;¡hes (1965)
351-- e Idriss (1966 J

..
-<>- Krizek ond Fronklin 11967)
0 Thiers ond Seed (1968) .,., ,. .,.,. ..,..
Kovocs ( 1968)
301---- é. Donovon (1969) 7'

~ Toy lor ond Bocchus ( 1969)

-
e:
Ql
o
....
Ql
o.
1
Cl)

.e
25
1 ...
+ Toylor ond Bocchus (1969)
Hordin ond Drnevi ch (1970)

_A-
-y-1
_...
.
..
/
/
/
. . "1/: . . /
m 1
1
,
,~"
/

o 20 // e
cr: 1
V
~
1

-
O>
e: • j / é. • 1
o.
E 15
J.

/.
,'J.
~ / 1

+"f,~P
o ¿~
o /e. • J
J..A/é. e e (.f'v_.
y- "\. 0 // 1 +
10
....
f7.c.._- ---jt-:,

..
V A

0.,.. ....
....
,/
.t

--...
~

--
5 ....

~- - ------ ---- --"'

.......
~o~-~4~------~,o~-~3 --------~,o~-~z--------~,o~-~~----------~,----------~,o
Sheor Stroin - percent

Fig.l5 DAMPING RATIOS FOR SATURATED CLAYS.

vJ
<S"
 14.

Further atudies are required of the factor& influencing the damping ratios

of saturated clays to permit more detailed aasessments of this characteristic

for analysis purposea.

8. Shear Moduli and Damping Ratios for Gravelly Soils

Probably because of the lsrge diameter of test specimens required, there

do not appesr to have been any laboratory investigations of the shear moduli

and damping ratios for gravelly soil s. The resulta of a limited number of

moduli determinations for tbese type of soil, based on in-situ sbear wave

velocity measurements,are summarized in Table S, from which it may be seen

tbat at small strain levels, modulus values are between 1.2S and 2.5 times

greater than those for dense sands.

At bigher straina, it seems li.kely that moduli for gravelly soils will

decrease in s manner similar to that for sands. Thus by applying the moduli

reduction factors shown in Fig. 7 to the data in Tsble S, variations in

shear moduli with strain might be estimated as shown in Fig. 16. Additional

asta on modulus values and damping ratios for gravelly soils is badly needed;

howsver approximate values for use in some types of response analyses can be

estimated by the procedure shown in Fig 16 and the assumption that damping

is approximately the same as for sandy materials.

9. Shear Moduli and Damping Ratioa for Peats

The resulta of severa! investigations which have provided data on the

shear moduli and damping ratios for peats are summarized in Fig. 17. Sbear
moduli are shown as the ratio of G/s , with values determinad by in-situ
u
seismic wave velocity measurements, evaluation of ground response to earth-

quake excitation , and laboratory investigations. As in the case of clays,

moduli determinad by laboratory unconsolidated- undrained tests were multiplied

 Tab1e 5. Shear Hoduli * of Gravelly Soils Based on In-Situ
Shear Wave Ve1ocity Heasurements

Depth
Soil Location K2
ft.

Sand, gravel, and cobbles with 200 90

Caracas
litt1e clay
Dense sand and gravel Washington 150 122
Sand, grave1 and cobbles with 255 123
Caracas
little clay
Dense sand and sandy grave1 So. California 175 188

*Shear modulus G • 1000 K2 (om')21 psf

2.2 0
l Vz
G = 1000 K2(o-.,\l psf
200
.L ,;-Dense sond ond sondy growl
(Southern Colifor nio)

18 0
r-- -
-- -- .... ....
....
''
160
' ',
''
''
140 ' ~,
. L~se so nd ond IJrovel \
(WoshiniJion)
\
120
- -- -- -- ... ... ......
\
\
\
Kz ... ... ' \
100
__ _
_¿_ ~ Sond, grovel ond
cobbles with little cloy
_ _ J~~:_os)
'
'' '\
' 1', \

80
-- -- ...
...... ... ', ''
... ''
''
'' \
', \
60 /
L oense sond, ~----
Dr"' 90% (Fi1J.5)
' ...
' ...
' ' '' '
'' \

'' '' '

40 r--...... '
~' .... , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ....
20 ' ' '
~',
..........
..... .....
.......... ... .....
--
... "': ....
- 10 z - 10- 1
Sheor Stroin - percent

Fig. l6 MODULI DETERMINATIONS FOR GRAVELLY SOI L S.

 20

-
e
Q)

...
(,) "
/
/

Q)
Q.
" ""
1
J ... ~Domping determinad by onolysis of
-
.2 10
o
a:
... ... ground response (Seed ond Idriss, l970l

o
e
Q.
E
o
o
o -4
10 10-2 10-1 10
Sheor Stroin - percent
200r-------~---------r--------,---------~-------,

• Zeevoert (1967)
• Shonnon ond Wi lson (1967)
Seism1c survey, Shonnon ond Wllson (1967)

150 1-----~"-"'~-1------------i • Ground response onolysis, Seed ond ldriss

(1970)

G
Su 100 ~--------+---- ~~--~--------~~--------~--------~

•
0~------~.-------~~------~~------~------~
10- 10
Sheor Stroin - percent

Flg. 17 t.'ODUU Ar-.D DAMPING OETERMINATIONS FOR PEATS.

 15.

by a faceor of 2.5 before being p1oeeed in Fig. 17. Whi1e ehe naeure of

peaty soi1s ia 1ike1y to vary conaiderab1y from one 1ocation to another,

the data in Pig. 17 may provide aome indication of the dynamic characteristica

of this type of aoil.

10. Conc1usion

In the preceding pages an attempt has been made to summarize in a con-

venient form, the available data concerning the ahear moduli and damping

ratios for soils. C1ear1y more data on t hese dynamic characteristics is

required, particularly for si1ta, c1ays and grave1ly soi l s. However it

ia hoped that the data presentad wi11 serve as a useful guide in the

ae1ect1on of soi1 properties for dynamic response analyses and that other

angineers might be encouraged to make avai1ab1e any additional data which

wou1d supp1ement that presented above.

Acknow1edgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of many engineers

who contributed data for use in this repor t; appreciation is due particularly

to the Bechtel Corporation and Shannon and Wilson Inc. who provided previous1y

unpublished field data and to I. Arango who assiated in the data reduction.
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 •

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 )8

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