Factors that Contribute to the Spread of Disease

Human Reservoir
Animal reservoir Chicken pox, colds, influenza, measles, staph
Inanimate (non-living) reservoir and strep infections
Contact Transmission Common Routes of Transmission
Contact Transmission… Common Routes of Transmission
Vehicle Transmission Common Routes of Transmission
animals that carry pathogens from one host to Common Routes of Transmission
another Common Routes of Transmission
Control of Epidemic Disease Common Routes of Transmission
PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
Pathos – Disease Genesis – Means origin EMERGENCY RESPONSE: (ACCIDENT/
It is the source or cause of an illness or INCIDENT/ NEAR-MISS) SPILLS
abnormal condition Laboratory Biosafety
Types of infection as to cause Topic outline
Extent PPT-095-01 2
of infectio 
Routes 
of infection Purpose and Regulatory requirements Roles and
Disease responsibilities Types of Emergency Cause and
Effects Dangers of Spills Spill prevention planning
of infectiou Good laboratory practices (Mitigation
Predisposin g factors procedures) Reports, drills, and reviews
Host- Microbe Relationship Challenges
Factors influencing microbial virulence Spill response an act or process of containing
Physical barriers and/or preventing the expansion of a substance.
2 arms of specific immunity PPT-095-01 3
Infectious “As Low As Reasonably Achievable.”
agent factors      Purpose: Reduce extent of risk to
Airborne transmission human life Prevent material entering sewers or
Terminologi waterways Prevent contaminating surrounding
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN areas Reduce contamination of adjacent
EPIDEMIOLOGY chemicals Ensure responders practice
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to A.L.A.R.A. concept
prevent spread of infection in hospitals To protect…
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to prevent PPT-095-01 4
spread of infection in hospitals 
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to prevent 
spread of infection in hospitals 
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to prevent 
spread of infection in hospitals DENR DAO 2013-22 (rev. 2004-36) DAO 29-
Isolation Route of Isolation 1992 (IRR of RA 6969); RA 6969: Toxic
transmissio technique/s n substances and hazardous and nuclear waste
Contact Contact Private control act of 1990 DOH Health care WM
with lesions, rooms, manual 3rd Ed DOLE DO 2014-136 Guidelines
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to prevent for the implementation of Globally Harmonized
spread of infection in hospitals System (GHS) in chemical safety program in
Isolation techniques used in hospitals to workplace. DENR DAO 2015-09 & EMB MC
prevent spread of infection in hospitals 2015-011 Rules and procedures for the
Common Routes of Transmission implementation of the GHS of classification and
Disease labeling of chemicals. National Regulations
 “ Comprehensive emergency contingency plans ••
to mitigate and combat spills and accidents •
involving chemical substances and/or hazardous •
waste - DENR Inappropriate handling techniques Inappropriate
“ Procedures for dealing with spillage should storage containers Damaged storage containers
specify safe handling operation and appropriate Uncontrolled access to chemical storage Lack of
protective clothing - DOH chemical-related training Lack of supervision
Top management Cause of spills:
Develop biorisk management (BRM) policy; Photo credit: Dr. Gil Penuliar
foster culture of safety/ security workplace; Spill Prevention Planning
ensure adequate human and financial resources Hazard Identification and risk evaluation
Senior management Update inventory
Operational responsibility for overseeing the Containments and engineering
system; promotion of BRM system; provide Spill kits and PPEs
appropriate resources Spill Prevention Planning
BSSO/ Safety committee 
Reviewing and approving protocols and risk 
assessments of work; contributing to the 
development of policies; and provide advices 
and guidance on BRM issues Minimize traffic in the area Store liquid wastes
Lab manager in secondary containers Regularly inspect
Manage day to day safety issues in the containers to ensure their integrity Be aware of
laboratory; maintain inventory; staff follow evacuation routes and emergency equipment
procedures in BRM program; promptly correct Hazard identification
any unsafe practices Markings Labels Shipping papers 1.
Lab workers (Employees) Hazard Identification
Follow biorisk management policies and Once material is identified, other sources may be
procedures; report accident, injury, unsafe used to determine spill response actions.
conditions, etc.; and discuss safety concerns Hazard Identification Sampling and testing kits:
with fellow employees t im e - c o n s u min g Air monitoring
Maintenance officer instruments: very e x p e n siv e
Provide input on facilities and equipment PPT-095-01 14
standards; and building and maintenance with ••
contractors (commissioning of new facilities and ––
PMs) Solid materials easy to recover Vapors in
Security officer confined areas May form explosive amounts
Contribute to security risk assessment; and Displace oxygen for breathing 1. Risk
facility security plan (physical, transport, evaluation
personnel, and material control) 2. Inventory
Roles and Responsibilities C W A 1 5 7 9 3: L a 
b o r a t o r y bio ris k m a n a g e m e n t 
•••••• 
–– Improve both safety and security management
Fire Earthquake Floods/ tsunami Bomb threat P Only buy and store amount of material needed
o w e r a n d H V A C Laboratory accident/ Buy the least hazardous materials possible Use
incident Spills Trips, misuse, sharps, non-hazardous materials when possible
nonconforming activities, etc. Factors contributing to the loss of containment:
Some emergency situations Specific assessment Engineer Safeguards (eliminate more costlier
for every situation spills)
• Thermal damage
• 3. Engineering and Containers
Chemical reactions Spill (biological/chemical) drill Laboratory
Mechanical damage workers
Fire/ earthquake drill With external responders
•••• Combined drills Laboratory workers and
Plug Patch Sleeve broken pipes Plug with external responders
valving for transfilling Safety is a state of mind... B e s a f e … B e “
•••••• bio - c h e mic al” s a f e !
T r e a t m e n t / Disin f e c t a n t Adsorbents
Hazardous waste bags Tongs PPE Basin 4. Spill
and plug kits
Personal Protective Equipment (OSHA, NFPA,
& SDS)
Stop what you are doing. Presume you are
contaminated. I nform others in the immediate
area of the spill. L ocalize the spilled material(s).
L able the area as contaminated.
Photo credit: Dr. Gil Penuliar
Emergency response (OSHA, NFPA, & SDS)
Be specific to hazards, specific procedures, and
use for training
1. Contain the spill Stop the source!
Stop the spread!
2. Establish decontamination zones

••
•
Considerations for zoning: Wind direction and
speed Topography of land Ventilation systems
Potential spread
Zones: Hot zone – Exclusion zone Warm zone –
Contamination reduction zone Cold zone –
Support zone
• ..\Cleaning Up Biologic Spills.mp4
3. Clean-up biological spills ( T his slid e is a
vid e o clip )
3. Clean-up chemical spills
4. Report and review (SOP in accident/ incident
investigation)
5. Root cause analysis Not a blame game!
6. ACT! Do Seminars and Drills


Provide training per the standard Use hands-on
practical training for simulated situations Train
with off-site responders in table top exercises
Challenges

Budget Chemical disposal/ treatment Materials
Employees/ students: safe culture Top
management Knowledge gaps
Our experience