EEL 6266

Power System Operation and Control

Chapter 6
Generation with Limited Energy Supply
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Economic operation requires that expenditures for fuel be
minimized over a period of time
 condition #1: no limitation on fuel supply

economic dispatch using only the present conditions as the data
 condition #2: energy resources available at a particular plant is
a limiting factor in operations

economic dispatch calculations must account for what has
happened before and what will happen in the future
 examples include limited fuel supplies, fix cost fuels, take-or-
pay contracts, surplus fuels, etc.

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 2
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Take-or-pay fuel supply contracts
 consider a system with N classical thermal plants and one
turbine generator fueled under a take-or-pay agreement

the utility agrees to use a minimum amount of fuel over a
contracted time period in order to purchase at a bulk price

if the utility fails to use the minimum amount, it agrees to pay
the minimum charge for the minimum amount
 while this unit’s cumulative fuel consumption is below the
minimum, the system is schedule to minimize the total cost,
subject to the constraint that the total fuel consumption for the
period for this unit is equal to a specified amount

once the min. fuel amount is used, the unit is scheduled normally
 as a simplification, we will let the maximum fuel consumption is
equal to the minimum amount
© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 3
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Take-or-pay fuel supply contracts
 consider an N + 1 unit system with operation over jmax time
intervals, and let:
P1

Pij = unit i power output at time j F1 1
PT

Fij = cost for unit i for interval j P2 T FT
F2 2

qTj = fuel input for unit T at time j

FTj = cost for unit T for interval j
PN

Pload j = total load at time j FN 3 Pload

nj = number of hours in interval j

 then the problem is defined as
 N
jmax
 jmax jmax N
min ∑  n j ∑ Fij  +∑ n j FTj φ =∑ n j qTj − qtotal = 0 ψ j = Pload , j −∑ Pij − PTj = 0
j =1  i =1  j =1 j =1 i =1

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 4
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Take-or-pay fuel supply contracts
 ignoring for the moment the generator limits, the term
jmax

∑n F
j =1
j T j

is a constant because the total fuel to be used at plant T is fixed

the total fuel cost of that fuel is constant and is dropped from the
Lagrange function
  jmax 
L = ∑ n j ∑ Fi j + ∑ λ j  Pload , j − ∑ Pi j − PT j  + γ  ∑ (n j qT j ) − qtotal 
jmax N jmax
 N

j =1 i =1 j =1  i =1   j =1 

the independent variables are the powers Pij and PTj

for any given time period, j = k

∂L dFi k ∂L dqT k
= 0 = nk − λk i = 1K N and = 0 = γ nk − λk
∂Pi k dPi k ∂PT k dPT k

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 5
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Take-or-pay fuel supply start

 γ is referred to as a pseudo- select value for γ

price or a shadow price
for load Pload j

revalues the fuel price of calculate the
a limited fuel supply for economic dispatch
economic dispatching loop
over all j dFij
nj = λ j , i = 1K N
 discrete load patterns intervals dPij
∂qTj

solving the fuel limited γn j = λj
∂PTj
dispatch requires dividing
the pattern into intervals
ε = ∑ [n j qT j ] − qtotal
jmax
Load (MW)

j =1

ε ≤ ktolerance end
time False True

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 6
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 find the optimal dispatch for a gas-fired steam plant

HT(PT) = 300 + 6.0PT + 0.0025PT2 [MBtu/h]
50 ≤ PT ≤ 400

Frate = 2.0 $/ccf (1 ccf = 103 ft3)

Hrate = 1100 Btu/ft3

the plant must burn 40×106 ft3 of gas
 composite of remaining generation

FS(PS) = 120 + 5.1PS + 0.0012PS2 [$/h]
50 ≤ PS ≤ 500
 load pattern

0h - 4h: 400 MW, 4h - 8h: 650 MW, 8h - 12h: 800 MW
12h - 16h: 500 MW, 16h - 20h: 200 MW, 20h - 24h: 300 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 7
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 ignoring the gas constraint, the optimum economic schedule is
period PS PT
1 350 50
2 500 150
3 500 300
4 450 50
5 150 50
6 250 50

operating cost of the composite unit for the 24h period: $ 52,128

total gas consumed: 21.8×106 ft3 (at a cost of $ 80k / 40×106 ft3)

total cost: $ 132,128

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 8
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 consider now the gas constraint

using the gamma search method, the γ value ranges from 0.5 to
0.875 with a final value of 0.8742 $/ccf

the optimum economic schedule is
period PS PT
1 197.3 202.6
2 353.2 296.8
3 446.7 353.3
4 259.7 240.3
5 72.6 127.4
6 135.0 165.0

operating cost of the composite unit for the 24h period: $ 34,937

total gas consumed: 40×106 ft3 (at a cost of $ 80k)

total cost: $ 114,937

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 9
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Composite generation production cost functions
 composite production cost curves are a useful technique to
mix fuel-constrained and non-fuel-constrained generation

combines N non-constrained units into an equivalent generator
FS (PS ) = F1 (P1 ) + F2 (P2 ) + K + FN (PN )
PS = P1 + P2 + K + PN
dF1 dF2 dF
= =K= N = λ
dP1 dP2 dPN

if one of the units hits a limit, its output is held constant
 a simple procedure for generating FS(PS) consists of adjusting
λ from λmin to λmax, where
 dFi   dFi 
λ min
= min , i = 1K N  & λ = max 
max
, i = 1K N 
 dPi   dPi 
© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 10
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Curve finding start

 at each increment of λ, set λα = λmin

calculate the total fuel

calculate Piα such if unit i hits
consumption costs and that dFi /dPi = λiα a limit, set
the total power output for i = 1 … N Piα at limit
for all the units N

these data points represent

PS = ∑P
i =1
i

points on the FS(PS) curve N

the composite curve can FS (PS ) = ∑ Fi (Pi )

i =1
be piecewise linear or
smooth (using curve fitting) λα +1 = λα + ∆λ

fit curve to
λα +1 ≥ λmax points of (PS, FS)
False True

end

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 11
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 consider the three generation
units with the following cost
functions
F1 (P1 ) = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 0.001562 P12
150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600
F2 (P2 ) = 434 + 10.99 P2 + 0.002716 P22
100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400
F3 (P3 ) = 117 + 11.955P3 + 0.00723P32
50 ≤ P3 ≤ 200
 combine the units into an
equivalent composite
generating unit and find
the equivalent cost function
© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 12
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply
Lambda Steps for Composite Cost Curve Equivalent unit input / output curve
λ

FS equivalent unit operating cost ($/h)

step Ps Fs Fs (fitted)
1 8.3886 300 4077 4138
2 8.7115 403 4961 4924
3 9.0344 507 5878 5799
4 9.3574 610 6829 6762
5 9.6803 714 7813 7812
6 10.0032 750 8168 8205
7 11.6178 766 8349 8375
8 11.9407 825 9049 9045
9 12.2636 885 9768 9744
10 12.5866 944 10507 10471
11 12.9095 1019 11470 11437
12 13.2324 1088 12369 12361
13 13.5553 1111 12669 12668
14 13.8782 1133 12975 12980
15 14.2021 1155 13288 13295 PS equivalent unit output (MW)
16 14.5241 1178 13609 13615
17 14.8470 1200 13937 13939 Equivalent unit input / output function
FS −approx . (PS ) = 2352.65 + 4.7151PS + 0.0041168PS2
300 ≤ PS ≤ 1200
© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 13
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Finding a solution by the gradient search technique
 consider the following equations produced by the
minimization of the Lagrange function
dFi k dqT k
nk = λk i = 1K N and γ nk = λk
dPi k dPT k dFi k
dPi k
then combining the equations yields: γ = dq
Tk

for an optimal dispatch, γ is constant dPT k
for all intervals j, j = 1 … jmax

this fact is used to form a search process by refining γ
 qTj is treated as a vector containing jmax terms
 γ indicates the gradient of the objective function with respect to qTj

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 14
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Two gradient methods start
from arbitrary PS schedule
compute FS(PS) and dFS/dPS
 a simple search approach
assume feasible schedule for

does not require an PS and PT for all j = 1,…,jmax
initial feasible schedule calculate γj for j = 1,…,jmax

does not require an
ε = ∑ [n j qT j ] − qtotal
jmax

initial feasible fuel

j =1
usage schedule dFS j*

but the approach does dPS j*
γ j* = ε ≤ k tolerance end
dqT j*
not insure optimality dPT j*
False True

ε >0
False True

find j* with maximum γj find j* with minimum γj

and increase fuel use and decrease fuel use
qTj = qTj + ∆qTj for j = j* qTj = qTj – ∆qTj for j = j*

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 15
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Two gradient methods from a feasible schedule
start
compute FS(PS) and dFS/dPS
 a relaxation technique
calculate

requires an initial jmax
assume feasible schedule such that
jmax
Ftotal = ∑ n j FS j
dFS
feasible schedule j =1
∑ n j qT j = qtotal
j =1
& nj
dPS
= λj

requires an initial
feasible fuel usage
schedule

approach insures
optimality
calculate γj for select j+ and j– such that γj +
j = 1,…,jmax is maximum for j = j+ and
γj – is minimum for j = j–
calculate new values
of γj for j+ and j– adjust q in j+ and j–,
qT j + = qT j + ∆qj/nj, j = j+
qT j– = qT j – ∆qj/nj, j = j–
adjust PT j+, PT j–

calculate
∆ Ftotal ≤ ε ∆Ftotal = ∆FS j + ∆FS j
j= j+ j= j−
False True

end

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 16
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 find the optimal dispatch for a gas-fired steam plant

HT(PT) = 300 + 6.0PT + 0.0025PT2 [MBtu/h]
50 ≤ PT ≤ 400

Frate = 2.0 $/ccf (1 ccf = 103 ft3)

Hrate = 1100 Btu/ft3

the plant must burn 40×106 ft3 of gas
 composite of remaining generation

FS(PS) = 120 + 5.1PS + 0.0012PS2 [$/h]
50 ≤ PS ≤ 500
 load pattern

0h - 4h: 400 MW, 4h - 8h: 650 MW, 8h - 12h: 800 MW
12h - 16h: 500 MW, 16h - 20h: 200 MW, 20h - 24h: 300 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 17
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 initial dispatch
period PS PT qTj γj
1 350 50 2.205 1.0454
2 500 150 4.568 1.0267
3 500 300 8.455 0.9240
4 450 50 2.205 1.0877
5 150 50 2.205 0.9610
6 250 50 2.205 1.0032

total fuel consumption: 21.84 M ft3

maximum γ : 1.0877, minimum γ : 0.9240, average γ : 1.0058

increase unit 4 by 137.2 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 18
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #1
period PS PT qTj γj
1 350 50 2.205 1.0454
2 500 150 4.568 1.0267
3 500 300 8.455 0.9240
4 312.8 187.2 5.493 0.9279
5 150 50 2.205 0.9610
6 250 50 2.205 1.0032

total fuel consumption: 25.13 M ft3

maximum γ : 1.0454, minimum γ : 0.9240, average γ : 0.9847

increase unit 1 by 107.9 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 19
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #2
period PS PT qTj γj
1 242.1 157.9 4.762 0.9204
2 500 150 4.568 1.0267
3 500 300 8.455 0.9240
4 312.8 187.2 5.493 0.9279
5 150 50 2.205 0.9610
6 250 50 2.205 1.0032

total fuel consumption: 27.69 M ft3

maximum γ : 1.0267, minimum γ : 0.9240, average γ : 0.9736

increase unit 2 by 139.4 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 20
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #3
period PS PT qTj γj
1 242.1 157.9 4.762 0.9204
2 360.6 289.4 8.167 0.8811
3 500 300 8.455 0.9240
4 312.8 187.2 5.493 0.9279
5 150 50 2.205 0.9610
6 250 50 2.205 1.0032

total fuel consumption: 31.29 M ft3

maximum γ : 1.0032, minimum γ : 0.8811, average γ : 0.9422

increase unit 6 by 85.7 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 21
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #17
period PS PT qTj γj
1 199.1 200.9 5.841 0.8760
2 353.7 296.3 8.355 0.8746
3 446.0 354.0 9.954 0.8735
4 260.0 240.0 6.851 0.8745
5 71.6 128.4 4.042 0.8731
6 135.3 164.7 4.932 0.8745

total fuel consumption: 39.97 M ft3

maximum γ : 0.8760, minimum γ : 0.8731, average γ : 0.8745

increase unit 1 by 1.7 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 22
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #18
period PS PT qTj γj
1 197.4 202.6 5.884 0.8743
2 353.7 296.3 8.355 0.8746
3 446.0 354.0 9.954 0.8735
4 260.0 240.0 6.851 0.8745
5 71.6 128.4 4.042 0.8731
6 135.3 164.7 4.932 0.8745

total fuel consumption: 40.02 M ft3

maximum γ : 0.8746, minimum γ : 0.8731, average γ : 0. 8739

increase unit 5 by -0.8 MW

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 23
 Generation with Limited Energy Supply

Example
 iteration #19
period PS PT qTj γj
1 197.4 202.6 5.884 0.8743
2 353.7 296.3 8.355 0.8746
3 446.0 354.0 9.954 0.8735
4 260.0 240.0 6.851 0.8745
5 72.4 127.6 4.022 0.8740
6 135.3 164.7 4.932 0.8745

total fuel consumption: 40.00 M ft3

maximum γ : 0.8746, minimum γ : 0.8735, average γ : 0.8741

end search

© 2002, 2004 Florida State University EEL 6266 Power System Operation and Control 24