Chapter # 1

Q#2 compare isolated power system and an interconnected power system how
do their protection requirement different
Isolated systems are much smaller than interconnected systems. There is no
concentration of generating capacity. A single synchronous alternator does not suffer
from stability problem as forced by a multi machine system.
An interconnected power system has evolved because it is more reliable then an isolated power
system. In case of disruption in one part of the system power can be fed from alternates parts,
thus maintain continuity of service.

Q#3: A single synchronous alternator does not suffer with the loss of stability.
Discuss?
An isolated generator must maintain the same electrical speed and relative rotor angle
displacement to avoid power swings and possibly falling out-of- step .

4: What do you mean by zone of protection?

Protection zone is established around each power system equipment. When the fault occurs on
any of the protection zones then only the circuit breakers within that zone will be opened.

5: What do you mean by an internal and external fault?

Internal fault: When there is a hardware failure in the system, it is called an internal fault. If
insulation starts to fail it can create a short circuit inside the transformer that can shut it down.

 insulation Failure
 winding failure
 overheating
 contamination of oil

External fault: External faults are things that happen outside the transformer, and cannot
generally be prevented by maintenance.

 lighting strikes
 system overload
 short circuit
6: What is a through fault?
Through fault is nothing but a fault which occurs outside of the protective zone or in simple
words the external fault is called through fault. Two kind of through fault is considered as
through fault. One is External short circuit and another one is overload condition.

7: Why are adjacent zones made to overlap?

Any failure that may occur within a given zone will cause the tripping or opening of all
circuit breakers within that zone. For failures that occur within a region where two
protective zones overlap, more breakers will be tripped than are necessary to disconnect the
faulty component

8: Why zone boundaries in practice, tend to float?

A floating zone is a zoning district that delineates conditions which must be met before
that zoning district can be approved for an existing piece of land. ... They can also be
used for cluster zoning, planned-unit developments (PUDs), and urban development
projects.

9: Define terms selectivity and sensitivity with respect to their use in protective
relaying system?
Sensitivity: The protective system must be alive to the presence of the smallest fault current. It
has the ability to detect even the smallest fault.
Selectivity: Selectivity means the ability to determine the point at which the fault occur and
select the nearest circuit breaker in the system to trip so that the fault is cleared with minimum
or no damage to the system

10: Why is the speed of protection so important?

Speed of operation is the ability of the protection system to operate in a short time after fault inception.
Fast operation is important in preserving system stability, reducing equipment damage, and improving
power quality.

11: Why is backup protection is needed?

The backup protection provides the back up to the main protection whenever it fails in
operation or its cut out for repairs. The backup protection is essential for the proper
working of the electrical system.it is slower than the main protection.

12:what do you mean by maloperation of a relay system?

Distance Relays are used for the protection of transmission line. Distance relay usually operates for 3
zones. Power oscillations which are inherent to power system may result in any event such as line
switching, short circuit faults, generator tripping or load shedding
13:what do you mean by maloperation due to loss of selectivity between the
primary and the backup relaying?
An instance of loss of selectivity between the primary and back-up protection.Back-up protection in
this case issues trip command to its breaker without waiting for the primary protection to do its
job.Operation of both the primary and the back-up, resulting in a longer and unnecessary disruption to
the system.Every additional relay used, there is an increase in the probability of maloperation.

14:what are the advantages of high speed protection ?

Power system stability is one of the main reasons for pursuing faster transmission line protection.
Clearing faults faster than the critical fault-clearing time ensures the stability of power systems and
avoids blackouts

15: what are the pitfalls of high speed protection ?

Discrimination, also called selectivity, is the coordination of automatic protection devices in such a
manner that a fault appearing at a given point in a network is cleared by the protection device installed
immediately upstream of the fault, and by that device alone.

16: What is operating time of circuit breaker?

If the tripped circuit is three-phase, the reclosing time must be very short, on the order
of 0.3 seconds. If the reclose time is longer, there is a risk of closing on a phase
discordance. During timing tests, the O-0.3s-CO test verifies the behavior of the circuit
breaker in this particular type of operation.

17: what is therelay operation time?

The operating time is the time from when the rated voltage is applied to the coil, until the
time when the contacts operate. With Relays that have multiple pairs of contacts, if
there are no other conditions, then the operating time is the time required for the
slowest pair of contacts to operate