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    Chapter 2

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    Nelson Ferreira

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    haper 3 + Mesa rine ond Cini Osher | 25 CHAP TER 2 + Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior rien tempen to ondestand ped, cont any ei probe ohn he rime Mi S problem, the frst step i to 3. Gauging the extent ofthe problem means Se otoconia he cur cnera ne hae knw sacar uate th rem ovine Nov tate exes Why ques . . re came coun wipe naan rcenng ho conto at wy asc, ( rime and Sih qusom con ely bv adeqncysbcsed ate we hav rable data soa ie eet incciom Howes alsocl ates respects sr exter nd ere sats ae ecto pe fa They alc onan ce sous in many eet Ns i TS hare pltiegh iy sews gmat ier: eng reer Tern ac nary of na poly scree ps sooo Bp cane Criminal Behavior Soe taser ca be pened to tee ba eacgn te sass siaton santas andcfeeponed dnt Offa sae ae hone ceed rom te tine fonioing he te sce pec The mow bas cap ef aca ait comes fess maw plac by vine or witnesses and by eres the pice sone on Feo Osher merci of oa eda cons lemon dont aes bot evans and toner rion, bate pis Aa Eh bly ppt neta Bt ole er olga bat ly Nea hea he mses fs at ot enero ce suena ap eee, hselFad tes tomar Sunder ¢ Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially som ce te i pce ca oe ek Feneeinde heme rey nda norte crop ee ong re eee Tun fea neg ronment ‘us down bot he donnpleser fh Neen pts comes in the first instance from the ‘watchmen, who just ‘States—98.1% of the total population (FBI, 2013a). This means that crimes committed in the tyou healthy skepticism about statistics as you read this chapter -were not inchided in the LICR data. stand the strengths and weakr of each source: ‘reported in Wyoming, tells us little without considering population differences. For instance, fd coe by its population and multiply the quotient by 100,000, as inthe following comparison of Jan 25 | Cinna ———n The J Edger Howe balding, headers of the FB in Washington, B.C. Rea Uni (une Repos are carpio by he Fl afer ea, coun, and state criminal jsloe agencies send Inthe annual ci dat CAmurders = 1894 Rae 6009 x 100000. (A popolation= 38,002,480 LAmurders = 495 ~~ omar 109900 0 ‘LA population = 4,601,893 " menor Thus peson in vouisan iat over ice the ri 107 vers 49ers per 109000 opultin of ter mrdered than he shen Gioia. This ate eae on te stewie ats; the acta sk wl vary wie person operon sed ona ats a ‘ce sex, sococeoomi ts PS) nero aden vemos tal cece ihe UCR separates crimes oto categorie Por elfenes enon eine are offenses at ofenes include our vet ome aah loc psa sober ane fur pres offerses arc hef butlary. mer whi ef a son) Re tha hese all nivesaly condemned rian mw cffenses Put fence eco ak ht ns pope think of se’ rine. Part olenscs are wats lasses ed ne ‘corded sed on ares a ate tha ces coed the pc Pa elon pee era the exes fcr tending ar more than tease with at I ges ae only ery sal propetion ose cmes estates Bs annexe clock preset Fue 21. The dock stows how cen nan average day oe othe nde cies was reported In 201 thee ae ei cae tod ‘should not be talen literally because many crimes are not reported. Ye Cleared Offenses or law enforcement purposes, a cleared wffexseis when at least one person is arrested, ‘charged, and tured over for prosecution. Ifa person ie atested and charged fora Pant Lolfense the UR records the rime 2s cleared by arrest. crime may ala be cleared by exceptional ms ea te pallc av ei a wpe nd hive coogheidence suppor ares efecto se nye aa Sad cram re get sis inane wine the pbc cant peer gnc. a fe eae ein custody on cor Gages in he rion rs resign Bay feth wo extadison treaty withthe Und tts. AS canbe seen in Figure 22, which ey carne tes vl nes ae ore ely to De ceed than propery cine. Be zr vice weston ae pursicdnote vera and Deans tins of ch lesb eo ett perpen. Tabet ra page the 215 UK sug al Pr andes oe downy and ccetgs change n crime eats om 200 to 012, This poids whe Male/enale Sitar nares wel athe nee recess a epee ras len) vie firming dacuson a hy tse ene frente exe Pal les are Joe lned othr anual fis ise boo hat nego Grime Trends FUR very elo vcking cae wend Te 22s ends tn 19 to 2009 ih echoed oe 9435~09 25807 = ALT - ti yereased or decreased Ge 4590 otha time ame Essen ote hat ne te = SSepareange vera spied nc ped thn is expla why kala, boweer Des theacemuiio ton fle, vcore na sy concn at them pero ceone's asic act aly esc ret hey do 0 xp the ‘oy cinaton oor auton cine neque an underage ioral, sett pol ccc and demographic jose fldng round he sae ime tha fps odes ne ae recorded an Ho those processes nr. Theft spr oto tne, hy os and qe nai {ling ome pected nice othe mayen be rae oso dwn the oa, oh SSuncat plgySotin bata sncnp ean, Wate poser ele seins yor ta cep ind a oar tesa ange case fener cami, Sor sro scan ta ence wa The FBI Crime eck 29 save, fue wa OI Tae 69m OI Tove GLH «OL Saae seu Ou SRN sa ee a Or mech ewe OF OUTS iSO ELE STE OT Ze center cov ERRT ro rest coe > SG Tz aor ce ewe a a ee a = pie cuz GeV TL LoOG LEGOL zy petME ETO LOR ORs ETE oe ee ee 2 ee oie cee vor ee wT Ok OWL eIS OT wz OF a ed 9% amor Wels ge cmtiz zizee om o1sse er GL er'eIa oes ee oe IT 20 eI LeaeYeL a a a Le cd 0201 ane We vor sme moses zr ost aa Sr wero zrTor att orOe ols wd mind mag issesos na Sar tt ese re omer Oey are mcr 6H races east “ana canopy eve wt we eat yes Sw st sot as tes ous Ter st set gis corey isto Gor setae eur exes vt 69 O oat tr emt tate Ou a we pe cere Te ups 6 mre eer sovty wets ert eee soveet Be HEL sHOZOL See EEL ORO cre cmPLIY Wee OK ROE mILEIE tre wet emt ae pie Oe wae atte wee “se oy 969 vot get Tate amsz ey St cert 99 te oe eset gan Ou sors ewe se zee wee L9e- vor eae wan hs Sie By ows ete eves cee ese omar ging ZB OS gaye ems rar aot sre psec oe oT wert cart ams tse gor Te eaves soa a a oe sm awit scaiapaiey angie vinaaocine ete ee tre ase mes ue ene Sze ewe versie 62 vevoiz oso eat sara” cesLIOT ¢zi- wreeavD OWED mio. (Bee toe mor wis ciate atm zor pour te clog ae "bees oai0 swing ad aad rang ein a es i 2iMieco =o a. aw 208 4 Sowa ed pue eg Jo} spuay yoy 20p-uap rs : ——— SE 30 | Camino Te cnt SE Murder = Pacenage-ces Nomen ang all TR 2 < Clare by Aeresto Ferieripe i eepional Means Ge. noie = Ss FB a Pobcery aaa AogrevatedAssaut | os 5 Burglary | ]ie7 / L | Larcny-Tet Je20 0 10 2 30 4 8 60 70 609 60 100 (BveoetGine = Peper Gime] ‘rime Rates From 1890 to 2009 WWE 5G 6955 4asio 74 563 ama 8803 5007 Wo7 49072 6110 4318368359 m2 et mB aes 8057 998 46201 S676 4025 63 As 16S ELA wD armas 4999 twa 42665 8230 37S 87 BOI ama 74 S807 aU amo 41248 055 3683 55 520 so sO eB narra ae BOL suse 4s 36681 56 88 485 aK 788887 aS woz 4150 4d 366 56 BL 462 508878702407 aes ams 40870 mse 36012 57 3 1425 a4 THO ABS ART wot 3973 4622 sll 55 se 1367 mR aaa Vise Pope ‘arene ear Crime Chine "Ci Murer ape monery ascot rlny Tet pos ams 0 3415 66 ne 10a 208 709 22678 pie 3683 46 33577 SA S17 16 2926 72 EAI 7 3788 4720 30768 57 (5 Me ATA 705021053 pos 46690 4575 32n15 54 7 M7 2787321 Beas mo 34655 44 30%1 50 87 Im ae 716320509 Examine the UCR violent and propery crime rates per 100,00 fr 1963, 1993, nd 2003, justlisted ane ask yourself whether crime has gone up or down. we compare 199 with 2008 we conchie that erm dropped significantly, bu if we ake 1963 as our beginning year and Compare it with 2003, we conch that crite bas gone up significantly. Whether crime has ‘gone up" or gone down” thus depends on what years we choose to look at lncerpretations ‘ferme tends shook be read wth causon because the author may have chosen 2 beginning ane ending year oppor his or her Favored explanation, So before we begin to congratulate ‘ocherate ourselves here the crime rate has gone up of down, i wise to ase "Compared 0 what yea” “Take also dhe murder rte trends rom 1900 0 2006 presence in gure 23. The grap looks lke ragged mountain range wh pels and ough, indicating thal at some points Amica history moirdr rates were more than twice as high as they Were at her points. The 1900 rat= ‘of 10 pe 10000 is highly suapoct given the descriptions of ie in such cies 2s New York ‘an Boston at the tr of the century, as wel 8 the sl emilvilized canton of much ofthe ‘westein Lined States, We shuld never take national natistics face vale unless Weare very sure oftheir quality, and national reporting of rime statics was in aterribe sae inthe early prof the 20h cen 105 ‘\ [ie si / “goo 1916 —«1082~—«1S4B~=«NSGH~—«1900 «1986 ©2008 2388 =—_— Murcer Rates the 12005 32 | carina: Te ets 1 With the advent ofthe UCR in 1930 national data became somewhat more reliable The | homicil rate ated! a steep climb after the Valea Act prohnting the rodaction ne sale ot ‘leshol ork elect in 1920 25 gangs fought over the ncrtve and now egal loon ecko Te fate acted all withthe repeat ofthe Vosicad Actin 1934, which eflcvely removed corn, from te aeohol busines. I droppet even frter during Wodd Wat if when mow yor nes (he age category tat commits the lion's share of rite) were in uniform and ovenens ea sharp tse when they returned, and then seed ie realy peaceful pee fom the Wonka ‘sey 196s. Murder aes then sated a precipitous rs begnniiin the lee GEN Te late 19606 through the mid-19705 was a period of tumultuous changes in American sociry Oppostion othe Vietnam War comined with te cil rights and lemanat nomena {eu th Widespread questioning by many ofthe fundamental values of Arnerican soley Jhon values and norms are questioned, they become weaker in thei ably fo eels behavior The weakened power of tradtinal social nonnst contol ached oul elec ‘xperimenation with ternative fees, incuding the use of drugs Th emergence et eae Covain inthe cay 1980s kl wa pid of gang wars verses tertny ft Iie he barbs ‘greraleaho! dd inthe 19205. Crack cocaine i easier make, once, and sell chen Reco ot beer orbottes of wish, crack dealing fs moe fan ‘equal oppo crepe tang supplying llega achat was, Numerous young gang hanger took adage oie, forcasy money, sparking a decade long ret war with cies ike-minded into, The decrease in the homicide rate inthe easly 19908 can be attibuted to several factors, inctuding a large decrease inthe crack market and in gang watlie as tertovce Pecans NIBRS: The “New and Improved” UCR 'Bos to improve te reliably and vliity of ofl sts are occuring al the tie, wth | the mos ambitous being the National Incident Based Reporting Sten (NIRS. NS bean in 182 ans dese fo the callin of more dale ara ae cepts rs j stinisthan these the UCR Goch supposed to eae). Avoppose othe coset COR, ‘hich mentors only rele few cmes an ars few deals octet fe NIB collects data on 46 “Group A” eflenses and 11 “Group Bcenses Theres no ferry tale : ude the NERS syste ieprs ape victims me ef lipe ces tet say be part ofthe sume incident. also provides information bot the chem nes o the effens nd abou vic and oer charity, tas fede laonslip ag, sex and ie of vis and perpeators iknow) According tothe Inedet sed Reporig Besouce Center QO, "As of fae 2012 32 sates have beet ceded ror NIRS ot 8, and thee atonal states and dhe Dist of Cla ave lvl gece ung NIBRS data. Appraximatly 29% ofthe populations conered by NIBHS reporting, eres Peet the mado’ repored crime and Hof law enforcement agencies: Unfotinachs mat police depurments lack the manpower and ec experts to cela process toe oi, ane dete range of information hat part ofeach cre nee dhe cal With, aod Administer sect beef puto sty tele Dont 2. NIBRS, the UCR, and Police Bias in Arrests [NIBRS may miss an awful lot of crime, but makes up for itn other aes. Because NIBRS data Provide information about the offender nd the vit (ins can dens pina charac of perpetrators), they can be used fo iry to resolve some important ‘ciminologkal sss, One ise isthe tdsproportonatly high rate of arest for Mtican Ameréans inthe United Stes The questi for criminologists isthis Is he disproportion in ares the result of disprportionatey high black involverent in crime or the esa ofdsciminuory ares patterns ‘of police? For irstance, although they constcute only about 13% of the population, African Americans second or 385% of arts for al vielen crienes and 2986 fe al property crimes acording the 2013 UCR, As lng as we ani ad rw crest data rom the UCR, we could argue witout end about whether the aa refet polio bla or dspropertionate black inwcement in crime Thisiasie was explord by Alessio and Solaberg (2008 using NIBRS data roe 17 sates and 385619 artes for rape, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault. Their results indicate the ods of arent or robbery, aggravated ssa and simpe asl were significantly greater for white offenders han for Black offers, bur there was no significant racial ference inthe probability of amet for pe. In ether word, white offenders were more likely to be arested for ‘lent crimes other than ape (blacks and whites were arrested with almost equal probably {or rape For instance, Afican Americans conumitted 5,278 robberies in those sates for which ‘only 21.4% were arrested whites commited 2,20 robberies for which 30.89% wore sereate, ‘The researchers concluded tha the isproporionately high black arrest ae is attbutable Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems time victimization suveys involve asking large numbers of people they have been criminally ‘esinized within ome specifi timeframe regardless of whether dey reported the incident to police. Census Buea personnel interview «nationally cepeeserative sample of people age 12 ‘x overon behalf the Burea of Josie tts BJ) twice each year. Tis suvey is known as the National Grint Vietitation Survey (NCVS), and in 2012, 162940 people from 93,390, households were iteriewod Ckuman, Langton Hanty, 2015) The NCVS requests information. {en crimes commited agsin individuals nd households the circumstances ofthe offense, and personal information about victims Cage, sex, race, income, and edeation level and offenders Gppronimate age, sx, ce, a vit lfender relationship Figuze 25 presents highligh from the 2013 NCVS por. Victimization sirveys have their own problems tht make them almost a suspect asthe UCR Some ofthese prem incl the folowing: + Grimes auch as drug dealing and ll“vitless” crimes sich as prosition and gam= ling ate not revealed in such surveys for obvious reasons, And because murder victas cannot be interviewed) this mos serous of crimes is nck inched. The use of ‘choy by police has boon ‘redid part or crime rection in the 19903, LT Hienions From ths 2012 cna Victimization Survey ‘The aoc violent vetimzation ‘From 20" 2012, thre were no lnoronsed om 228 venmzations per 000persersage 72orolderin201! to _raleaaf domestic vlenoe anience 26.11n20%2.Crimenotreprted'o pols rwoWngan my. or fear velence. andsimpleassautaccoumodtocthe = In20'2, 4% of voiont vctmzatons| Imajoty ois neroase, ‘ad 5% geriou violet viemizatons + Velentctimizatons netropertedto wore reporeato pale, polceincreasedtion T08per ‘000 »Therowasrossgnicantchange inthe Poreonsin201! to 14 in 2042 perceniage of crime vctns receiving «+ Tho apparon inceasain ne number fassstance fom vcim service agencies ‘Sabstcaly senficant changes inthe anda of sereus vlont erie fom from 2011162012 about6%) 2011102012 was notetabeteaty, + Volt re ats ncreased gry agnitean, 2012for lace out omained sable for + Thovatoo property rime increased whe and Hispanics ‘rom 138,7 per ,000housanolssin201t | = In20 resents urban areas 155802012 continued axperence th righ ofvcint crime Because NCVS only surveys households, crimes commited against commer estab: lshments such as stores, bas, an Factories ae not included. Tis exclusion results in a huge underestimate ofeimes such as burglaries, robberies thet and vandalism ‘Victimization dats do not hve to meet any stingent legal or evidnticy standatds in onder tobe repented 8 an offense the respondent says he or she was robbed Gi may have actually been a theft or a burglary), a robbery is recorded. UCR data, on the other hand, ass through the legal seve to determine whether the reported inident was indeed a robbery. + Other problems involve memory lapses, providing answers the respondent thinks the Interviewer wants to ear, forgeting, an incident, embellishing an incident, and any number ‘of other misunderstanding, ambiguities, and even downright les that occur when one per son is asking another about his or he ile exper * Consistent wit the previous point there are suggestions that just as undereporting plagues UCR dats, osereporting may ple NCVS dats (Odea, 2007, Whatever the case ‘may be, we find many anomalies when comparing th two sources of dats For instance sub ‘santally more crimes appear in police record dhan NCVS victims clam to have reported the police. The discrepancy is easy explained for burglary and motor vehicle theft because the NCVS does not include commercial esabishnent in thee reports, Iris more Self-Report Crime Surveys and Their Problems Selfreport surveys fondling prone way for criminologists to cole dats wit having to rey on government sources. Questionnaies used in these surveys ypally prove sli oe ises and request subjectso check each offense they eal having comand nace Sometimes asked si they have ever een aresed and ifs, how any tines salfeeeovead szveys have eli primary o college ar hgh school students for abject, albagh roan inmates ae probationcr/paroles have also been surveyed The greatest sect of selreprtrescrch is that researchers can coeelat a vary of Crime Mapping (ime statistics are also gered by individual police departments fr their own we inthe bate agains crime in their jurisdizions. These statistics enable police departments 0 View areas and trends across time periods (he where, when, and how of erm) eo they can allocate their resources where and wien they are most needed. The most sonistivated of these metho |s known as erime mapping, Crime mapping isthe Use of modetn technology such 23 Geographic Information Systems (Gi) by police deparuments to “map” (isualze) and analyze patterns of cme The peoraply ofa ety can strongly fluence crime becaise the features and characteristics ‘fan are of a city or town can make teaser oF more dificul for erlme wo oceur (Kusnae & (Chandeaselar, 2010 For instance the leation of alles, buildings, and open spaces, aswell as the houses and businesses that occupy the areas, such as bars, pawn shops, derelict buildings, seliols, parks, and factories, al affect the likelihood that 2 crime wil oe will not occur By ‘combining such geographic information with police report data and then displaying the information on a computerized map, police analysts find iw be an effective way to analyze ‘where, when, and how crime occurs. To accouspish such mapping, information about el Serious criminal incidens is ed into computer equlpped with special software, allowing snalyssto pinpoint crime es spots and ether fends nd patterns over ne. Ths ithe bass for inteligence- or information-based policing, which has been enormously useful police White-Collar Crime: The FBI's Financial Crimes Report “The only “wate-colla” crimes, thats, cries committed by guile a8 opposed to force, lied in he UCR are embezzioment, ongeryeounterfceing, and rad, which ae mostly commited by individuals. Theres, however a separate acpountng of mace whie-cllr eines comuated by Caper? # Meennne Cine and snl Behr 4L ‘cngenined groups (banks lw firms, medical practices, and corporation) called the Pinanial {Grimes Report (FH, 2012) This repo is issued each year by the PBI and contains resus (fiowestigations cari out by the Financial Crimes Section (FCS) of the PBL The role ofthe 15s to oversee the investigation of financial fraud and 0 supervise the frfeiue of assets ‘fom inves engaged in such crimes, The FCS is composed ofthe Asset Frfeitre/ Money rundeting Unt (AV/NLD the Eoonomic Grines Uni (XC te Health Cre Fraud Unie CHCTU, the Forensic Accountant Unit PAU) and the Nauonal Morgage Fraud Tear (NMFD) "The ennes investigated by the Finacial Ceimes Secon are move fully discussed i the white lar erime chaper, but here we highlight the FRTS majr successes in 2011 as reported inthe 2o12 Financial Crimes Report fo the Pub. PB investigations led wo 242 inietments a 241 evictions fr corporat aa, mostly cases involving fraser: accounting and inside tac, “The FBI obtained $2 billion in esution al $161 milion i fines from convied corporate Gmina As Figure 27 indicates, an ever growing number of coporae fraud cases have been vestigated snc the beginning ofthe cument ecesion 2007, Ths may eet grester levels of porate rand, greater emphasis on such cases, or both The FBT also obtained 520 indictments and 394 convictions for securis/commodities| Fraud—maket manipulation, Pon schemes, cyberscas, reign curency exchange rau and spon. Ava reso these investigations, the Ft recovered 436 alin and obtained $88 billion in seston, $752 millon in forfeitures, and $113 mon ines. Tnthe health cae field, the FBI investigated 2,690 cases resulting in 1.6% indicaments and “6 convictions. This type of fad involves billing for services not provided, duplicate claims, ‘bedially unnecessary services, an kickbacks for refering patent or services pa for by “Medicare Medicaid. The FBI obtained $1.2 lion in retton, bili in fines, $85 milion in seloures, $320 lion nestiuiog, ad 8 illon in setdements in 201, Homicide ee ee Mapping Homicide Locations and Washington, DC Corporate Freud Pending Coes, 2007-2011 nia: The Casertits Because of tighter underwrtng stardard, morgage fads were at thet lowest evel since 2001. Mongage frauds inch foreclosure rescue schemes and a wide varey of other typen mistepresentations or omissions aimed a dsrested homeowners who bought hemes unde ‘ally relaxed lon standards price othe 2007 honing crash In 2011, the FBT had 2.691 pend "mortgage fraud cases and obrained convictions on 1,082 criminals obtained $158 len resittlon, $1163 milion in ies, and $23 millon in seizures. Finally, the FBI obtained 521 indictments and 429 convictions for feancalnstuton fraud ‘ype of cme thatinchudks embezzlement, check fad, counter negtae instrument, cher keting are rand coourbuting the fare of financial instutons These cosvicsons rete a $138halion insetaton, $115 milion in ines ing xa the same ales assed or erage ‘aud, nse iso Figres may have been exoneouy ed we) and $157 mili in seduce, + The Dark Figure of Crime The dark (or hidden) figure oferfme is that portion ofthe toa vies coma that never comes o light: gure 29 presents thrce dgrams that show the dark fgutes forthe lnc jor measures of rina behave. (The dak gues are represented by the ark shading Ineach dagram) ach eiagram shows the degree of seriousnoss to which crimes ae most ikely tobe detected by each measure victims crimes excided) ln the top diagram displaying UCR dat, you can see tat wey few tv offenses ae reported in fil attics and moe of ee tha ce be dismissed as unfounded by the police, For afc satis, then, the dak gues are highly ‘concentrated atthe nonseious en of deerme specu, ‘The middle diagram reveals thatthe dak figures for victimization data ste primarily ‘onveuttted in dhe nonserous end ofthe specrum alo, hough to lene degree than ia «ase of oficial dats, The faitre of victimization data opie up these minox offense is argy ‘due to suney subjects acc emembering all incidences of vicina Jn the bottom diagram we see that mos of the dark ures inthe case of selErepots are ‘concentrated inthe upper end of the sescusness continuum rater than the lower en, This is partly due wo the fact that nearly all eizeport surveys exclude most persistent serio ofenders from thee subject pools and that many of the mos serous offenders who remain in selExeport subject pools donot eval hell extent of their criminal histories sd each year 200. 700} oF 00 ee ao! “AH UU | LI Fy 2007 ” FY 2008” FY 2009 " FY 2010” FY 2011 ime ond Crist Behav |43 —— iteene Proporions of Reporte Unreported Crimes forthe Troe Mae Measure of Crime Crimes Ropoted to Potion oe a) Soriano Hg, rear j i g o | ene ape ee i I g “| ot “+ What Can We Conclude About the . Three Main Measures of Crime in America? Alice ofthe aia measures of exe in Ancerea are imperfect, and which one f them s "est cra wha we waa hr UCR ats ae sil probly dhe be ingle source for _sudying serious crimes an, indeed, the oly one for studying mutder rates and circumstances. CURBS is best fo a more comprehensive pice of criminal events sch as the demographics Go ace a of oflenders and veins alhough Wis nas nationally representa eit the UCR or he NCVS. For studying less serious int much more cemton ines es _eimatin ors eeport survey data are best. ihe interest sin drug leases, sleep the preferable data scuce Because all he data sources converge on some very importa points about cine, they enable uso proceed with atlas some confidence in our endeavors to unkemeaae ils of cime. The basic demographics of cme const taw soc cs ata oe balling biocks of our eriminoogsaltheores sre cime i concerted sang hc Seconomic clues and inthe poorest neighborhoods, we an begin otk such thingy ss whether poverty “eases” crime or if some cther variable or set of vartbes causes bo Sea dtownizaton ina neghotiodidepennt ofthe people ving ini oe comple ependent on the people living ini? Why do females cvays and everywhere comooe foe, ‘ime (particulate most serious crimes than male® These and many doveas of eee ei {Questions canbe asked once we havea Fim grip on the raw fats spied by the nether? scribed in thischepter tothe webate www ln gon/wantoptn for Bie rats 10 rns: wanted researc nd and cams of oe ofthe men Ise thre hen wrt «one: to two-page summary and report (pine cas think wee to make “shortest Beers o: forms teones of cmmal behav Kopel sonous coma behav, sed on sl spon data? 1 Can you tink of ther problems poy ance Sta wah nog peopl soa th lege ‘sen bebo tne von cer ta Shee dace the apa we the Areca ‘re et? whet wok ee es {Shay mene NI? Bou co a ode Semiedsio) Summary (Chee and criminal behavior are measured in ser eal ways m the United Sates: The oldest measure 'sthe FBts Untorm Cuime Reports (UCR), wich is ® tabulation ofall crmes reported to the police n ‘ast ofthe mmsdctions i the Tinted Sete in the [revs year The UCR i divided into two pate Put I records the eight index crimes. Cmunie, ‘ape. robbery, aerated asa burglary le ‘ony. helt, an arson), and Pat I reconis sires made for all ther crimes UCR data sexily undetestnate the exert of rime because they only recon! repre! ery gnomes drug offenses, and only reports the mst serious cre in a mulplecine event The probs lems wath the UGR led tthe anpkemenation othe National incident Based Reporting Stem (NIBRS). The second major source of ibe satis isthe National Crime Vicunzation Survey (CVS) Ths survey consists of many thousands itereve ‘of householders throughout the United State ae {ng them about thelr crime victinizaton OF any) ddunng the previous 6 months ‘The NOVS also thas problems because sles out erunes against commercial estiblshments and relics eacioiely 9 the memory and the word ofttervewee The dhl source of crane data i selPepom data collected by criminologists tarseles The advan tage of selbreport data is that they are dived “from the horses mouth” and typically the ques: Honnaires used ask about vices” offenses mt ‘covered in eather the UCR or NCVS. The major problems wih selfaeport dat are that they ts ‘na Gapeue senous enmnal Behavior aod is nb jee 10 distionesy m the form of un pecaly undeneporung by those mest seriously moved terminal acy The UCR NCVS snd stfrepor data come to dll entermdusons ona yanet of pots, but they agpee shout wher when, and among whoe cre nc Drove sd the fact ht cme ta fen deem

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