Cc H A Pp 1 E R A. “ Preclassical Notions of Crime and Criminals jsdacused in Chapter I rior othe 16th century explenations fora wide variety of phenom fs nctding rial behavior tended wo be of religious or spl ratte. Good fortane and dua alike were Fequery tribute to good or evi superatun forces A simple extension of this eeidiew was define eime a the result of demonic possession or the el abuse of fre Gil Bocuse ofthe legacy of orignal in, ll humsn bcings Were considered bom sinncs, and hit adeno sense to ak questions lke "What causes cin?" The gilt ofthe grace oF God kept CNOOIS Fee eaten edarnemm once Ie cpanaan x ctnnd basi tcpa vn ire Ihc wth ( riminol Bay oaplovegats new be wed enitorpucrink hosew martes jOgy Fe rte sett nscrccd bora ainaion aals wale sea be ea ceases eration nates Eo snnars ay aro Cin | 6D “Usa” 030 year moth of thre chiden oged 3, 6 ond 4 Hr husbord left her a year ogo fer another women, and Classical Schoo! ‘pert wenabausaeuninonm Beeson as 1d eavcation a bese eco old _" Scho ‘care css, she ws forced onto the ele al When Chistas led around she had 0 money to buy her cen ay resets $0 she took a tempraty Chnstmas ob atthe local Wot Mat Ste were she exred 81,200 over @ two-month arid. isa dd not report this income tothe welfare outhorites as rquted by low were aut uncovered he ern The tefed and dee ashamed tna pled uty grand te wich cares @pssbe sentence of 2 Jor pron ae ns ie piss chemist, ox biology texts The reso fo this that alike those dispines ‘a fered othe probaten department fro presentence mvestigabon npr (P) and sentencing commendation tht ave lng sive the ous thar perplexed thet Founders, meer eviminclogy itl ating “Chns's030omahing mle who ec fthefs ond other snes commited ss hes Io yes ald Chsakopled the sme problem tha confronted ts pioneers. That ise, of courses the protien of expning uly before the same don the sare dy al was eis refered for aS! hs ad stolen mone and prt ttaing (te and criminal ns way that ates everyone regres of his oer sociopoticl den 81.200 om an out part stove ring onc of ry nef penods ofemplvment. Gy. Thsthe works ofthe criminological pioneer are of more than passing interest tus Tas two cass point toa prema debate anon rninal sti scholrs, th onesie faving the socal casa schoo) ‘he father of classical eriminology is the lalian nobleman and professor of aw, Cesare poston and he cheewsing the psi post Both pesions rita abou thee puhmentin dering cing, Bonesana, Marchese di Beccara Tn 1764, Becaria pulsed el for therefor of ud butte classe pastor martars that punshment should fi he cre and nahn eb eal pele contd of sor ces and pena systems throughout Hurope clled On Crimes and Punishment 7641963). The tuk ec te some pune ares f any cfs thy may hoe Both sa ard hts rel cso comme ci, cos passionate pleat reform the criminal justice system, humanize and rationalize the and heft that Os hase ond dose ior The pasts psn th puntment suit ceed oe Tay and make punishment more us and Wumaae. Beccala emphasized the idea tha cizens ‘be apopnats hatte sand Cs mes were tated bere cnet ands and Chis {he up certain sighs in onder w gun protection from the tate hie so-called social contra, py you thnk there 1s such a thing 23 a “tury Crna Link op “pj an 2 what ‘compet eae Vary title ts known about Guseppe Villa, who & As Lombroso contemplated Vilelas shu g 4 Athough Lomibroso was very wrong about many a : “Thus, while Lombraso id cominaogy 2 sence in aes stn ore a eo ere bruh pa hn ed mee Meee ee ore cag tein my cnet am oe wb TS su se : coma ‘ of ‘ideology and personal prejudices can infect em italy, and died oll none -_ | pon 78 Melow hae senmcedtentes mal csp yonairgcale te cea fw flan! owen Thera ane writes eat Ue ‘but alan records “inferior races and the lower types of apes, rode Ferri and Social Defense ony ‘nda tet and tri Tw nie orn Loree ot the tm staan eds crm wth i si a dnd mtn fe ath nde dee a ly phy creo mtn tama a epimcss Samant qos sens cay onl os trite ie teve store snvesanet th fen sh ese oe | _ - criminal impulse, with the express purpose of averting future danger to society. He believed that Sy (i Wick eur fet Peleg Selnsensalny ae ack fforesig, underscored by lw ineligence, were the criminals “fos marked characteristics: The criminal has “defective resistance to crirninal tendencies andl Free ee nioued nto ih chance chien wage Eaoort nib | rl ar lao tak opp nr cd SAR Heeger ee era was social preservation, notte nature of ciminal behavior With \] batomedonnatedpatclayiasie fans hrm tang) pene eet rare eos earl nnsing ces oe Stoae ss | pian, and oik(nl as blood * Medem isan htoran Gheraonale for punsshonent, This theory of punishment aserts tat ks purposes noeto deter | | Candas hecrtnef Vle at al cca or tta tcy fom cial pete, et eas atte are Akeni) aie eee a) ‘Al the sight of that skull, | seamed to see ail of a ‘vated at a time just after the urvfication of Italy, when | Esc of criminals prevented them from basing their behavior on rational calculus principles, Sctcalenstismtiows feacsatntiacrsmatae | crwsllutt ret ity un nmrenasn | oncinssemecsncacets Etaear geen ce 5a Maat vance cee epanngemes Sertesinnonacaricccat mhangegietchaararee score | ful sasiucienfesicareetaty wine oe re ment provides is with an excelenr example of how our ferccoes instincts of pamtve hmanty and tbe wha new tay for 60 years prortaion unieaton in tec fey Ta hy of shen provi wath an ces sa infer arama. Thus wer explaned anctocaly 1870, and ven cornea surpisons about human nature deve ou ra the enormous ws, eh cheek bones, prominent allan orp, pricy in hear frm wench Viel supercar oc satay Ines nt pars car. Cos le aed a ice: Pai ir cuenesin cine obtsunlechapedarsaate aide we acaaly auc one reset 4 Deterrence and Choice: Pain Versus Gain 223 found n crminals,saveges end apes, sar- ern oops Because ofthe, the people of Sant Luca Deterring criminal behave isa major conor of bathe asia and positivist schoo of rm Stbity to pam, extremely acute sgh, tatloong, Mota have demanded the retum of ie's remains ‘ology. That people respond to incenives and are deterred bythe threat of punishment taken ih CNG ST Seana hei pee ee anor for gamed by aimst everyone and ithe pliosophical foundation behind allem of xia patel bea ee LTE 1a, Detertence theory can be encapmuiated bythe principle centeal o schoo of psychology only extinguish fein the vei, bto mute ——Lambeeo theory stony usta what was sad {ald bchrvons rope pyc ting tht behaviors geerned by ks consequences the cores, ears lash ane nk is od about the role of Woigy ir formulating theories about Thats, a behavienis ellowed by something rewarding, the behavior ends tobe repeat il tends ok iobe epee. A pastive consequence oxime for flowed by somthing unless,78 | ining: The zone possible punishment attached to their crimes. = a Sneed Sth maeentepctpnaren ag rm tems chemo oeeg mee 2 previously pled peso mu male set connection baeen a ted eg) Deters taoehtnpa cea am Sia eects hehe ee he Sei wien Tate aaeamayarmer cm Seatinsaniatirsemacse honey cae toes Sore tres ceramic cof us of what may happen if we violate the law. As Radzinowica and King (1979) put it, “People Perceptual Deterrence Theory Perceptual deterrence theory is conoemed with how individuals espond wo the perceved as ‘opposed to objective cost properties oftheir cuminal decisions. Asatwoty punishment, HOW ever certain, swf, and severe # maybe, will net deter a penta criminal ihe or the des nok erosive existence or the possibility of being caught and convicted, Put theise, the obec "ve properties of punishment can only be efecive if peter ffendessconscoly realize ae understand their presence andthe isk tae to thelr activities CGiminals are cerianly aware that thoy wil be punished for her crimes if eau, ot the evr explored by persepnial deertence theory fir awareness of changes in xia justice ey tha lead to increased or decreased probablites of being apprehended o of changes in Rreseverity ofthe punishment fora given crime, The more offenders commit acre and get spy ith k the more they downgrade punishment probabilities the more they ae caught and orised, he more they upgrade them, Take drunk driving ss an example of perceptual deterenceIn 1982 there were 9.1 all: elated fatalities per 100,000 people, an in 2008 there were 39 per 10,000, an iapressive Fpidectease (National Highway Trafic Safety Comission [NTSC], 2009), The NHTS int this weloome reduction in fatal to drastically increase peas for drunk ceiving, ifaeased police emphasis on enforcing DUI laws, and campaigns to inform the pubic tat, ork i longer eating drunk driving lig but rather aa serious cine that could ado oncone death “The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Buzawa & Buzawa, 2008 i another app ‘iden of percepual deterrence theory inthis study, police officers were randomly asigned 0 tespand to domestic wolence calls in one of three ways: (I) separate paris and order one of thao eave, inform bath partes farthest Wolence, such asantending dispute resolo- tip centers or counseling, and () ares the abuser. twas shown that 28% of those ordered 10 Iese, 19% advised of alternatives, and 10% of those arrested engaged in further domestic vio- fence Asress apparently perceived as “racking down’ thus had more ofa deterrent effet than theater two ks inrusve akematves “These examples provide strong suppor for perceptual deterence theory (hats, peo ple are less likely to break the law if they become aware of punitive changes inthe law's ‘uote, bt the spoiler i that jst about all adult Americans deve, and many also partake Sralecbol. Then there isthe domestic violence data. According to the National Coalition ‘aginst Domessic Violence (2009), there ae over 1.3 million cases of reporied domestic vio- fence inthe United States each yess, bat may ofthe most serious cases are never reported forfeacof reprisal. Many domestic violence calls may thus be the result of rlatvely minor vents committed by otherwise law-abiding citizens, What we see with these studies are fexanples of geneal deterrence afecting people aware that they havea lot lose (Shame, embarrassment, bey fines, lawyers fees, los of license, insurance rate increases, and per haps even tint in aid What abou the ff of perceptual deterrence on people who lack ll these things ac who ‘see ila ite more than an occupational hazard n other words the eect on intial who ae sci criminally ivolvec?Paetnoster QD10 cites number of suis demonstrating that 20% {8 408% ofthe crime dup from speak in the easly 1990s is arbutable othe approximately 52% Increase ne imprisonment rate inthe Unie States. Ashe putt, "There a general consensus thatthe deine in crimes at eatin pat, du to mere and longer prison sersences, wih much oF the controversy being over hows mach ofan elec” (p80. Pacemaster 2010) also cites a large numberof studies, however, that find the coreation Derween objective punishnents and subjective perceptions of them tobe negligible this 1s, by what mechanism has the objectively increased likelhoad of imprisonment inthe United Stats rested inthe erime drop? Te problem is that we cannot determine from the ‘creation between raw incarceration rates nd dropping crime rates if we are witnessing A deterrent effet (has crime declined because more people have perceived a greater pun lve efector an incapactaton effect (has crime declined because more people are behind burs and thus not at iberty to commit cries onthe outside?) Incarcerating chronic fflenc 6 indispstably hasan incapactation effec, but the impact oft in terms of deterring oth cs aware oftheir incarceration far fom cea, Paternoster (2010) conclodes his massive teview of the deterence erate Chapor 4 # the Ey Choc of Comey | 79£0 | Crna To Essar nally, while there may be disagreement about the magnitude, there does seem t9 bea modest invese relationship berween the perceived certainty of punishinent and crime [as certainty goes vp cme goes dow, but no real evidence of a deter rent effet for severity, and no real knowledge base about the celery [swifiness) of punishment (p. 818) An exemple of deterrence from a certainty rather than severisy-of punishment point of view isthe fa roping decrease in crime in New York Gy from the early 1990s tothe present. From 199002009, he homicide, robbery, and burglary sates dropped 82%, 849% and 9%, respoctvey, while the et’ incarceration rate deceased by 28% Zimring, 2013) These decreases are more chan twice the national average, so bow were they achieved? Begining, i 1990, New York City decked 10 invest in smart preventative policing rather than reactive incarceration, adding more than 7000 aew police officers and training themn to be more aggresive and to foes on high-cime settings Tiss known as "vero-olerance” policing and Involves stops and patdowns looking for weapons andl nk oleating minor nfactions Some have ericized this as targeting minorities, but ita been the minor communis that have benefiued most fom smart and aggressive policing Its very hard wo age With succes aes suchas those Zing (203) provides, Deterrence and the Death Penalty Novsher isthe efcvenes (orlack a of deterrence more passionately argued than in theca of sue death penalty. Te death penalty is unique in hits teeny punshinent required o deen states deere ees validates consusonaiy. We ake or granted tha enalies aphid roother crimes havea geneal deterent eet, aot access the desired speoie ets ‘obvious that ce threat of de death pert fals every ime a murder commited, and we can ea ly documens the umber of these falures. Oa the other hand itis just as Obes tat we cin count the times the death penalty threat may have succeeded since We cannot count nonewets ‘Thats, we cannot know how many Gf arp people who might ctherwise have commited murder id do 0 fee of losing eto ie ‘The dezrrence argument is divided berween those who state “conclusively” cat deters and chose who also state ‘conclusively that it doesnot Detevtece studies ang back 01925, ave looked 2 homieide ats in neighboxng sats wth and without the desth penalty or boar ie rates before and after abolition in states that abolished captal punishment. These studs lnost always show thatthe death penaly had no dscenible effet on recing homicides ana that most abolitionist sates had lower homie rates than mos death penalty states Nagin & Pepper, 2012 Ths ilusratod in Figure 4.1. However, we cannot sy Ub most non-deaih penalty states had lower homicide rates in 2009 (or anyothes yeu than death penalty sates because they ed not ave the death penalty Marylin, which had the second highs: homicide rate in 2005 is now 2 non-death penalty state, which may rake the graph ait Tess visually dramatic, Some non-death penalty sates had higher homicide rates than some death penalty ‘sates, and pestps some death penaly states retain the death penalty Because they have a high homicide rate ‘The opposing sides inthe deterrence argument tend to be sociologists and crinologits on ‘one sean ecsronssts onthe chet "n cniras to eeonomics studies, mos ofthe socioogical studies find no deterenc,” asserts Joana Shepherd (2005, 9p. 24-218). Similarly, BUsbRay ‘ad Reuter 20 tell us that "economiss and criminologists have actively buted heals ver the topic of deterrence amos since ecovomists began sudying the topic find kave clashed beat ely over enpiical research onthe death penalty since the 1970s" (pp. 390-391. The deterrent teen own oan] {fect of punishments ths taken for granted by economiss who share the casseal view of Jnuman nature (Rirchgassoe, 201), but most riminalogiss are socclogicaly tained (Coope, Walk, & Elis, 2010) and end 1 be either agnostic about human ature ot deny that such 4 thing exis, ‘Alduough no studies could be found assessing the opinions ofa wie range of economists the death penalty in Radelet and Lacock’s 2009) pol of 7 prominent ciminologiss as ‘ng them ifthey believed ihe death penalty tobe a deterrent to Further murder, 8.2% agzeed ¢srongly agreed thai vas not Likewise, 2 poll of 500 police chiefs found thas 63% dis red with the saterent bat “the death penalty sigiicaly reduces the number of homicides" Dies 2009, Ics ficult to tease ay deterrent effect out of the death penalty because of its arty; only bout 26 to 6 peng On urisiction of mders are te as capital ease Ber Le Hike ‘an, 2005) and only 19%af people sentenced to death since the death penalty was reinstated ‘n 976 have acully Been executed (Nagin & Pepper, 2012) Ifa person is sentenced o death the ime lapse between coaviton ane execudioa has inercased fom an average of 144 menths ithe 1950s to an average 3 4 months (145 yea) in 2010 Sell, 2012, Thus, wile the death ery certainly severe, ts far rm being certain or wilt The confusion over the issue led tothe National Academy of Sclence convening a sub ‘Committe ihe Committee on Deterence and the Death Penalty [EDDP) of criminologists, coop A he oy eee Ci - i ——— Murda in Sates Wtn and Penaty in 2008Rales per 100,000, Population fr Selected Counties, 22 82 | Camnat: Pe st sociologists, economists, and satisticlans o try to reach conclusion, The CDDP examined the results of all credible death penalty stadies up to 2011 and concluded that the evidence is “nconelssve* The committee also recommended that deterrence suis no be use t nh ‘ence judicial deliberations. The commie’ conclusion reads The commitee concludes tha researc to dae on the effect of capital punishment on. homicide isnot informative about whether capital punishnient decrees, increases, ‘or bas no effect on homicide rates. Therefore, the commie recommen that these seudies not be used to inform deliberations requiring judgments about the ccc of the death penaly on homicide. Consequendy, claims that research demonstrates that ‘pital punishment decreases or increases the homicide rate by a specied amount ot hha no eect on the iomicide ae should not nluence policy judgments about capital punishment. (Nagin & Pepper, 2012p. 102), So, What About Deterrence? Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime? The Unted Sas speed to be sf on cn by many peas, andthe it pn insta eh ve mine dre ef eich tems ofincaceatn ats, the nubs do not support th perepion hese he Ue Stas asthe ihe neces ate nse wold gre £2 shows mexrstion tespet 100000 or sete coum 2012. Uncrate tes pe 100000 ca st the sane asthe te ee 10,00 criminals, omever. The pets caren at nthe Ud States maybe used fhe ned Stes has are cals han hee ar caen Of ous none Koows How msn eiminals ay aut ha ht we cn pos ghee irema cony’scrie mtes For tance, the US. homie atest ene to ag tod aod Wakes, which eoghly mashes the sve mes reste incarnate Hone when tconesto propery cine, Anes te beat nthe ma he pak natn tems ofthe robs fing witty property cies hn in Eagan ad Wales incall, This fact notwidanding, bugs cre an serge of 162 ments in penn the Unted Sas, computed wih 68 months in Bsn and $9 motte in Cara er 9, heh makes the Une Sates aon han cones cata ner an sige that stapan J) 58 Fronce [== 96 Canada f—— 117 nina [== 122 Engand and Wales [==—=— 158 Seudi Arabia [| 178 = os sia | Untad States |= = Chile 749 0 100 200 300 00500 avo 700 abo ‘pe may be overwsing incarceration wo addses our Akeenatively, fom crime Teetol perspective, these other natons canbe sen a excessively soft on crime atthe expense sing cine ates, aough crime has fille in those countries since the 190 aso. TI we define hardness/ofiness in terms of atemative putishments andor the conditions of confinement, then the United Sates is "sot a crime, although a beter erm would be humane. for instance, although we sce that China has sn incareration rate more than ive times lowee than te United Sats, by fr the wor leader in the proportion of is crminals it executes fac your Gio & Wels, 2012) Also, punishment in some Arab Islamic counses sat as Sad jis often incdes barbaric corporal punishments foe offenses considered elvey minor in ‘he West, For Instance the Brsish embassy in Saudi Arabia issues 2 publication called Myforma- tn Pack for Brash Prisoners in Saud Arabia Bekish tional arsed thet informing them firwhat he Bish government can and cannot do forthe. This publication lists the punish rents indvihals may expect if comvcied not excl reassring mera to rea in one's “The Saudi cours impose a number of severe physical punshnens, The death penalty ‘an be imposed fora wide range of offences including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, apostasy, adultery, witchcraft and sorcery and can be carte out by beheading with a sword, stoning or fing squad, folowed by cruciixion. (British Foreign Ollice, 2013, p-9) ‘So, isthe United States softer ocharde on crime than other courrie? The answer cbviousty epends on haw we conccpeaiz and measure the concepts of hardness and softness and with ‘hic counts we compare aurslves. Compared with counties that share cur democracies ‘yeare tough (aecause of our retention ofthe death pena, some would even say basbaric) on ‘re; cemured wth cours mest ditt from Anglo American ideals, we are extremely so Sd forthat we shouldbe grateful But regardless of hardness or softness, we have to emomber hate ics of desentence depend fr tore onthe cesaiaty and swiftness of punishment, otis seventy and mos-aswredly onthe conrastefes. + Evaluation of the Classical and Early Positivist Schools “The classical school i school of philosophical jurtsprudence bent on establishing a set of ‘Mformist orl valesin rian justice, not a schoo of empirical data collection and ana ncpting\o nla theory of criminality, Regie of hoe afnence on cimincogieal theory, ‘he influence ofthe cassia theorists on the logal and penal sytem of Europe and North Ame ‘eas huge, Many European monarchs of the 16th century were moved 6 adopt hel pric! ‘es and the US. Constitution andthe 1789 Hench Declaration of be Rights of Mam were very ‘ch iathicrced by the, Alcea justice systems inthe world assume the elasical postion that persons ae free ages who deserve tobe punished wiaen ty transgres the lw. We may alo secognize many ‘ofthe ideas championed by Becca in such rghts as freedom from cruel and unusual pon- ishment, the right oa spec tial, and the right to confront one's accusers, contained inthe Billo Rigs and other documents athe heat of Western pal sjstems today. The emphasis on ‘onal, re wl, and personal esponsbolty within radia image of human beings posted bythe great eat chpterthat disenchantment wth postivsm during he later quarter afte 2th century Fed some eimincogits to eeminace cassia principles ines theorizing,rincples, the postivst schoo i hi there hasbeen an enduring comminent to sor logical, and social variables in an atempe wget tothe bottom ena Behavior, Table 4.1 summarizes major differences ween the classeal and posivi schoo ‘Summary and Comparisons o the Classical and Postvist Schools asad Pett i sere aia acon Entra eatyseicd Lath cenuy he faa } nausea Reason tetra Rabon ating Pees ‘esse Beer, lee Berta Ces Lembo, Rati Guta, Eco Fen Ppots Stan To eform a humane ts al ac penal Tose te som methed te sy syns | irene enn Image ct Human ste unon ehedonaetl rt have Haran beer deal) frei Cur outa maa by payraapel, booger ova res a Imeameng ese and minmiargoan. Gentian our abenaly ones ‘nme tcininde Comins reste samo sss ae fre tom rents Thy germs They comma cmes afer ean ses arse toy orn ‘aeusng at and Gnas Sone way i eatin of rine Sty acne water ow says asad umerat human atone, cme te shoul bead oer a3) Payee cPwishmem odes Punshrart be spoiad Sooners. Puen be apeed i uy al orders commiting tho some eeety to etereroleas suet me. uses craton ta belied an eever Menon ang sto + Policy and Prevention: Implications of Deterrence Theories povcercvarnadts at anc ett | int chaey npr cin ogee he swiftness aspect igh inser in timing yoda. Aug Lambros tends wo be ree and ridiculed as oli detent some crininoigiss, while acknowledging Lombros's many enor in og, research ‘measurement and ets spd ext eas, inst tht hie conrbutions ae bth misundeney and undervalued. His methodology aliough very badly flawed by modern sandals go an improvement oer previous ates to under crimial behavior Colson, 200 Tn Gallen, and Ball 201) sum up Lobos legacy "He tok the logic ofthe causes oft sa fot sin and plc tin the ean of scence whee remains oday(p, 2). trom Lote if and easel sors of bog, po doesnt run yp agalns constttional sues ina sytem purposely designe to make tas Uigntas posible wo convict suspect Wah & Hemamns 2010. 7G tough on crime” messages aze th kinds of simple, easly implemented solutions that “gebeyrmaiers loved prisons and fm up. This takes care ofthe severity aspect. But get Argicugh s expensive, as many legislative bodies have found out Many states started puting She asl re offenders bei bars for longer periods an implemented mandatory sentene Siglavs in 1985 bur soon found thei prisons so overcrowtied tha! the cours intervened (Poafelinbe ep ome ses manda) omsclays ante stony Fre pps Ta sang olen othe ateen bese te ssh scares Eo eoe sina nese peien sb jean cues Glanun 99D thegue sow piste pep sty on tanner cp ly es matods renting tthe remarable sucess nce reson ip New York Cy are Fo erecean inane sain Ss hoy a ear ete aio Fen reve Stan pole mseguomm a scone per aha [ etplennet acm bate Conta clo conc asel ss rap cme slr ney bins tcl ete ion Se tac Efetste rhos cine anlodves ay ober ble norfncon hs eens Be cr pis sinner wih antiten cnaegtben open omar os cet cen counter pblen seas et econ sti pi ole lninnag of nce eit ch ine (ethan en ston auaowar hp i cous ey deve “The dime hoa of amino ben ug the Eolighicament wth the work of Cesare cana, whose aim was to reform an arbaray and ‘system of criminal ste. Bentham, best known for his concept of Inodonisue calculus, was another leading ge ‘The hadonitie calculus summanzed the ‘aotion of human nature as eons, sam crmminal as ataisc “hwombacks" 10 an ener ceolunonary penod who could be idenifed by a mumer of bck stigma. Other easly posiuvists wncuded Raffael Garo: fl an Enea fem Gash was rte in developing a “natural” defwstion of crime and {generating categonos of criminals for the pur ‘pose of determining what should be done With them Fem was instrumental in formulating the ‘concept of seta defense as the only jstifeation oe pomishment Deterrence theanes are concerned with the pe: vention of crime They dlferentate between speciic deterrence—the effect of punibhment cen those directly experiencing it—and general ‘deterence—the effec! of the threat of punish: ‘meat on the general population Peicepnial deterence theory posts that before pa cca ‘cin affex an offenders behavior he or she must he conscousl aware that tenets Awarence of increased penalties MronglyInfluences the behavior ofthe gene‘ public (gen feral deterrence) but does not scem t0alfetthe behavior ofthe crimmally involve (Our discussion cf the death penalty noted the dt Sicaly herent in showing whetbet or not con sutes a deterent ts rarely imposed and even ‘more rarely caied out Studies by economists tendo show that is a dewentent while midis by sociologists and clmunologsts tend 10 show that TF humans are prinaniy muivaed by the hedanis tic ealeuhus simple detertence the answer fo the cme problem? © What advannges (or disadvantages) does postivism | offers over classics? 1s Ferns sox defense ritionale for punshanent preferable 12 one emphasiring rebuhiticon af ‘ottenden? | Use any seach engate a tyre in “Becca pre venting cume,’ How do Becca's ideas compare ‘Biological and psychologiel posse. hap // ‘cuminoogy 5x edy/simtheory/weeks im Enlightenment Canographic ermnologsss Frce wil Panciple of uty lasieal school Gena] deterenve Rational Compstat Hedonism Recdinsay Conese Hedonic calculus Secu defense Crimunatond Tasane caminal Speciic deterrence } eterna alin school of erainoleay Detexence Pereepesal deterrence theory {8 not The Gonumitee om Deterrence and the Death Penaty concladed that the save bas ot been seed ether way ‘The question of whether the Uted States shat rst" on crime depends on what counties we compare wt with. We may be toogier than other ‘ester nations f our measure te incarcertion rates, Dut we are softer than non-Western eon toe that recace busbasc punishments ‘with thowe of the posts on preventing cme? What 1 Beccias idea of “eal ei” and how does compare with Gavoalo? ‘What i that prevents most peop from com ing serious eumes that docs not prevent ciminals from doing so “Would you ite to see the eiminal penalties applied by the Chines and the Saudi Arabians applied in the United Stazes in orcs ro redneck to a ‘minum? ‘The clases school hap/ermanology fse-edu/ ‘rmtheocy/neek3 ham Pras CHAPTER = Crime as Choice Rationality, Emotion, and Criminal Behavior ‘iisa given that wel strive to maximize our pleasure and to mimmizeour pon and that we all dense satgies we below to be reasonable to atan ths goal Most people go about ths by easing that if they want the fer motel things Iie such a8 «lems parked in ft ofthe marion on the hl) shared with aknd, considerate, ond beautiful wife or ndsome husband and «couple of hel and intligant cure, hey must preprethemsehes by working ond study. ing hod and setting into @lcrotve caret. Ths s exactly what Bil Gates did, and now he's the works nchest man. OF ue, Gots isa product of oly upper middleclass intact home, and hes remarkably nteligent (is biography hts his 10m the 150-160 range), ambioous, and consaentous 501s no wonder that he neve reasoned that koclng off the lca convenience str or sling crack was in is best mterest Cates had much too much ols, and uch thoughts probably never cessed his mind anyway. Then we have Chars Monson, te legitimate son fa 16-yearld runaway gi who raised hm ma series cf arungy motels unl once su hin Tora phe of ber Char ao ware t maximce he plasure and minimise hs por, but he eo “nt ha ts was best achieved by stealing, robbing, burglarang, and founding ] pie cut featuring an abundance oF, igs and rock rl As of 2014, Manson was 0 year 58 af those years have been spent ocd upinyuvenle and adult Facies Was Manson tupd and maconal? Na prison tstina showed him to have un 1Qof 109 Wiech notin Gate's league, itn the bright average range. athe was he unaware that his Mestye would leod to the pais of mprsonment ‘ven his mumerausncarcraions before hs death sentence or munde (commuted tien prson mn 1972) Chae spl raised the ths and its ofcrme because tay were immedi, while punishment was oni dstant mayb," and he had ery lero oc anynay. Ths, while eveyone asthe same base generl motive behind the behav now diferent people ‘hon "the good if and what they conscer tobe the osimal wy 0 achieve depends on host of developmental personality, leetinal and environmental actos that impinge onthe tonal decsons. Keep ths in mind as you ead about “nme as hole" ths chatar