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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Subject:-Advanced Surveying
Topic:-Tacheometric Surveying
Presented by:-
1. Tacheometric survey(intro)……….....05
2. Fixed hair method…………………..…06
3. Stadia constant…………………....……30
4. Movable hair method…………….........34
5. Tangential method……………………..39
6. Anallatic lens……………………….…...50
7. Subtense bar…………………………....53
8. Field work in tacheometric survey…57
Tacheometric survey
Tachometry is a method of measuring both
horizontal distance and vertical elevation of
a point in the distance, without the use of
sophisticated technology, such as electronic
distance measurement (EDM) or satellite
transmissions.
Fixed hair method
Fixed hair method
•This is a method of finding the
distance and elevation of staff from the
theodolite (Tachometer).
( f0=f ; AB=S;
a’b’=i)
Now total distance(D)=fC+f+d
+f+d
Now as i ,f and d are constants we
can write that the total horizontal
distance
i.e. D= K.S + C
where ,
K= =Multiplying
constant
C=f+d= Additive
constant
Here, vertical distance is zero.
Case 2: When line of sight is
inclined but staff is held
vertically.
(a) Angle of elevation {+}
A` A
B S
C h
C`
α V
α P
O’ Ө Line of axis
P’
O
D
Formula for horizontal
distance
Horizontal distance (D)= L. cos
D ( K .s cos C ) cos
D K .s cos2 C cos
Formula for vertical distance
Vertical distance (V)=L. sin
V ( K .s cos C ) sin
Sin 2
V K .s C sin
2
Formula for elevation of staff
station
Reduced level of Q = Reduced level of
H.I. + V -h
(b) Angle of Depression {-}
O’ D P’
θ Line of
Axis V
A
O B
h
C’
C P
Formula for horizontal
distance
Horizontal distance (D)= L.
D ( KS cos C ) cos
D KS cos2 C cos
Formula for vertical distance
Vertical distance (V)= L.
V K. S sin cos C sin
Sin 2
V K. S C sin
2
Formula for elevation of staff
station
Reduced level of P = Reduced level of
H.I. -V -h
Case 3: When line of sight is
inclined but staff is held normal
to the line of sight.
(a) Angle of elevation {+}
A` A
S
B
h cos θ
C h
C`
α V
α P
O’ Ө Line of axis
P’
h sin θ
L cos θ
O
D
Formula for horizontal
distance
L. cos h sin
Horizontal distance (D)
( K .s C ) cos h sin
O B
C h cosθ
D P P1
L cos θ
h
sinθ
Formula for horizontal
distance
Horizontal distance (D) L. cos h sin
( K .s C ) cos h sin
K.s cos C cos h sin
Formula for vertical distance
Vertical distance (V) L sin
( K .s C ) sin
K.s sin C sin
Formula for elevation of staff
station
Reduced level of Q = Reduced level of
H.I. -V
cos-h
STADIA CONSTANTS
STADIA CONSTANTS
Stadia or tacheometric constants are:-
1. Multiplying constant
f
A where,
i
f =focal length of the
lens
i =stadia intercept
The value of multiplying constant is
generally 100.
2. Additive constant
B=(f+d)
where,
f=focal length of the
lens
d= horizontal distance
between instrument axis to optical
centre of a lens
The value of additive constant. varies
from 0.15 m to 0.60 m.
In tachometric surveying, instrument used is
known as a tachometer.
B
S
h
C1
V
O’ θ1 θ2
C2
O D
O’ -Instrument axis
O – Instrument station
C1 – Staff station
V – vertical distance between lower vane and axis of instrument
S – distance between the targets
θ1 - vertical angle by upper targets
θ2 - vertical angle lower targets
h – height of lower vane above the staff station
Formula
From figure we can say that,
V S D tan 1
V D tan 2
S D (tan 1 tan 2 )
S
D
tan 1 tan 2
S tan 2
V
tan 1 tan 2
RL of station C1 = RL of instrument axis + V - h
Case 2 : Both angles of target are
Angles of Depression
O’ C2
θ1 θ2
V
A
O S
B
h
C1
D
O’ -Instrument axis
O – Instrument station
C1 – Staff station
V – vertical distance between lower vane and axis of instrument
S – distance between the targets
θ1 - vertical angle by upper targets
θ2 - vertical angle lower targets
h – height of lower vane above the staff station
Formula
From figure we can say that,
V D tan 2
V S D tan 1
S D (tan 2 tan 1 )
S
D
tan 2 tan 1
S tan 2
V
tan 2 tan 1
h
O
C1
D
O’ -Instrument axis
O – Instrument station
C1 – Staff station
V – vertical distance between lower vane and axis of instrument
S – distance between the targets
θ1 - vertical angle by upper targets
θ2 - vertical angle lower targets
h – height of lower vane above the staff station
Formula
From figure we can say that,
V D tan 2
S V D tan 1
S
D
tan 1 tan 2
S tan 2
V
tan 1 tan 2
RL of station A = RL of instrument axis - V - h
Anallatic lens
Anallatic lens