Integral Calculus

Indefinite Integral

Definition

Given a function, an anti-derivative of f(x) is any function F(x) such that

F′(x)=f(x)

If F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most general anti-derivative of f(x) is called an
indefinite integral and denoted,

∫f(x)dx = F(x) + c, c is any constant

In this definition the ∫ is called the integral symbol, f(x) is called the integrand, x is called the
integration variable and “c” is called the constant of integration.

Properties of Indefinite Integral

1. ∫kf(x)dx = k ∫f(x)dx where k is any number.

2. ∫-f(x)dx = -∫f(x)dx
3. ∫f(x)±g(x)dx = ∫f(x)dx±∫g(x)dx

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫dx = x+c
2. ∫adx = ax +c where a is any number
3. ∫
4. ∫ | |

Integral of Exponential Functions

5. ∫
6. ∫

Integral of Trigonometric Functions

7. ∫sinudu=−cosu+c
8. ∫cosudu=sinu+c
9. ∫tanudu=lnsecu+c or −lncosu+c
 10. ∫cotudu=lnsinu+c
11. ∫secudu=ln(secu+tanu)+c
12. ∫cscudu=ln(cscu−cotu)+c
13. ∫ udu=tanu+c
14. ∫ udu=−cotu+c
15. ∫secutanudu=secu+c
16. ∫cscucotudu=−cscu+c

Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

17. ∫ √
18. ∫ √

19. ∫

Integration by Parts

∫ ∫

Integration by Algebraic Substitution (Examples only)

Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

When the integrand involves:

1.
2.
3.
Integration by Partial Fraction
Analytic Geometry

Definition

A branch of mathematics which uses algebraic equations to describe the size and
position of geometric figures on a coordinate system.

In the coordinate plane there are two perpendicular axes (lines) going through the origin: the x-
axis (horizontal, or east-west), and the y-axis (vertical, or north-south). Every point P in the
coordinate plane can now be located using two numbers, or coordinates, an x-coordinate and
a y-coordinate. These coordinates are usually written as an ordered pair, (x, y). The value
of x tells how far to go to the right of the origin, if x > 0, or left if x < 0. The value of y tells how
far to go up (y > 0) or down (y < 0). The numbers x and y don't have to be whole numbers; they
could be negative, fractional, or in general any real number.

If a point P has coordinates (x, y), then you can identify the point by the notation P(x, y).

Distance Between Two Points

Given P( ) and Q( )

Midpoint

( )
Line

Slope of a Line

- Tangent of inclination
m = tanθ
- passing through two given points, P(x1, y1) and Q(x2,y2) is equal to the difference of the
ordinates divided by the differences of the abscissas taken in the same order.

Parallel Lines

Two non-vertical lines are parallel if, and only if, their slopes are equal.

Ax +By +C1 = 0
Ax+By+C2 = 0

Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

√
Perpendicular Lines

Two slant lines are perpendicular if, and only if, the slope of one is the negative
reciprocal of the slope of the other.

Ax +By +C1 = 0

Bx-Ay+C2 = 0

Angle Formed Between Two Intersecting Lines

Locus

- is the path of a point which moves in accordance with a given condition.

Conics

Circle

The locus of point that moves such that its distance from a fixed point called the center is constant. The
constant distance is called the radius, r of the circle.

General Equation(A=C)

Standard Equation

Center at C(0,0)

Center at C(h,k)

Eccentricity is approaching 0

Parabola

The locus of point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed
line. The fixed point is called focus and the fixed line is called directrix.

General Equation

Axis Vertical
 Axis Horizontal

Standard Equations

Vertex at V(h,k)

Length of Latus Rectum (LR)

LR = 4a

Ecentricity = 1

Ellipse

The locus of point that moves such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points calles the
foci is constant. The constant sum is the length of the major axis, 2a.

General Equation (A≠C, but of the same sign)

Standard Equation (Center at C(h,k))

Major Axis - Horizontal

Major Axis – Vertical

Length of Latus Rectum (LR)

 LR =

Focal Distance (c)

c=√

Eccentricity (e) e<1

e=

Hyperbola

Hyperbola can be defined as the locus of point that moves such that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points called the foci is constant. The constant difference is the length
of the transverse axis, 2a.

General Equation (A and C have opposite sign)

Transverse Axis - Horizontal

Transverse Axis – Vertical

Standard Equation (Center at C(h,k)

Transverse Axis – Horizontal

Transverse Axis – Vertical

Length of Latus Rectum (LR)

LR =

Eccentricity (e) e>1

e=
Equation of Asymptotes

y –k = m(x-h)

where:

transverse axis- horizontal

m=±

transverse axis- vertical

m=±