Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Two Populations

Chapter 10
Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two

Populations
Note that answers may vary slightly due to rounding. 10.4 a. x1 − x2 = 1.05 – 1.54 = –.49
Section 10.1 σ 12 σ 22
b. σ x1 − x2 = +
n1 n2
10.1 Two samples are independent if they are 2
(5.22) (6.80) 2
drawn from two different populations and = +
the elements of the two samples are not 650 675
= .33230155
related. Example 10−1 in the text provides
an example of independent samples. In two The 95% confidence interval for
dependent samples, the elements of one μ1 − μ 2 is
sample are related to the elements of the ( x1 − x 2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2
second sample. Example 10−2 in the text = –.49 ± 1.96 (.33230155)
provides an example of dependent samples. = –.49 ± .65 = –1.14 to .16
E = zσ x1 − x2 = 1.96(.33230155) = .65
10.2 The sampling distribution of x1 − x2 for
large and independent samples is
10.5 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
approximately normal. The mean of x1 − x2
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the
is μ1 − μ 2 , where μ1 and μ 2 are the
samples are independent, and the
population means. The standard deviation
populations are normally distributed, use
σ 12 σ 22 the normal distribution.
of x1 − x2 is σ x1 − x2 = + , where
n1 n2 Step 3: For α = .05, the critical values of z
are –1.96 and 1.96.
σ 1 and σ 2 are the population standard Step 4:
deviations and n1 and n2 are the sample
σ 12 σ 22
sizes. σ x1 − x2 = +
n1 n2
10.3 a. x1 − x2 = 7.82 – 5.99 = 1.83 (2.35) 2
(3.17) 2
= +
18 15
σ 12 σ 22 (2.35) 2 (3.17) 2 = .98829764
b. σ x1 − x2 = + = +
n1 n2 18 15 ( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z=
= .98829764 σ x1 − x2
The 99% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is (7.82 − 5.99) − 0
= = 1.85
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 .98829764
= 1.83 ± 2.58 (.98829764) Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 1.85 < 1.96.
= 1.83 ± 2.55 = –.72 to 4.38
E = zσ x1 − x2 = 2.58(.98829764) = 2.55
225
226 Chapter 10 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two Populations
10.6 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0 Step 4:

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the σ 12 σ 22
σ x1 − x2 = +
samples are independent, and the sample n1 n2
sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use
(2.35) 2 (3.17) 2
the normal distribution. = +
18 15
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical values of z
= .98829764
are –2.58 and 2.58.
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
Step 4: z=
σ x1 − x2
σ 12 σ 22
σ x1 − x2 = + (7.82 − 5.99) − 0
n1 n2 = = 1.85
.98829764
(5.22) 2 (6.80) 2 Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 1.85 < 2.33.
= +
650 675
= .33230155 10.9 a. x1 − x2 = 101 – 92 = 9 hours
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z=
σ x1 − x2 σ 12 σ 22
b. σ x1 − x2 = + =
(1.05 − 1.54) − 0 n1 n2
= = −1.47
.33230155 (15) 2 (10) 2
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since −1.47 > –2.58. + = 3.38560547 hours
29 27
The 97% confidence interval for
10.7 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
μ1 − μ 2 is
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2
samples are independent, and the sample
sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use = 9 ± 2.17(3.38560547) = 9 ± 7.35
= 1.65 to 16.35 hours
the normal distribution.
Step 3: For α = .05, the critical value of z c. The first two steps and the calculation
is –1.65. of the observed value of the test statistic
Step 4: are the same for both the p-value
approach and critical value approach.
σ 12 σ 22
σ x1 − x2 = + Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0,
n1 n2
2
H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
(5.22) (6.80) 2
= + Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,
650 675
the samples are independent, and the
= .33230155
populations are normally distributed,
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z= use the normal distribution.
σ x1 − x2 ( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
(1.05 − 1.54) − 0 z= 1
= = −1.47 σ x1 − x2
.33230155 9−0
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since −1.47 > –1.65. = = 2.66
3.38560547
p-value approach
10.8 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0 Step 3: From above, z = 2.66.
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the From the normal distribution table, area
samples are independent, and the to the right of z = 2.66 is 1 – .9961 =
populations are normally distributed, use the .0039.
normal distribution. p-value = 2(.0039) = .0078
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of z is Step 4: Reject H0 since .0078 < .02.
2.33.
(continued on next page)
Section 10.1 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples 227
σ 1 and σ 2 Known
(continued) critical value approach
Step 3: For α = .02, the critical values of z
critical value approach
are –2.33 and 2.33.
Step 3: For α = .02, the critical values of
Step 4: From above, z = 19.35.
z are –2.33 and 2.33.
Step 5: Reject H0 since 19.35 > 2.33.
Conclude that the means of all weekly
unemployment benefits in Florida and
Conclude that the claim that the mean
Mississippi paid during 2011 are different.
elapsed times for repellent A and B are
different is true.
10.11 a. x1 − x2 = 7.23 – 6.49 = .74 ounce
10.10 Florida: n1 = 1000, x1 = $219.65,
σ 12 σ 22
σ 1 = $35.15 b. σ x1 − x2 = +
n1 n2
Mississippi: n2 = 900, x 2 = $191.47,
σ 2 = $28.22 (1.22) 2 (1.17) 2
= +
85 78
a. x1 − x2 = 219.65 − 191.47 = $28.18 = .18724473 oz
σ 12 σ 22 μ1 − μ 2 is
b. σ x1 − x2 = +
n1 n2 ( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2
35.15 2 28.22 2 = (7.23 − 6.49) ± 1.96 (.18724473)
= +
1000 900 = .74 ± .37 = .37 to 1.11 oz
= 1.456151186
c. The first two steps and the calculation
The 96% confidence interval for of the observed value of the test statistic
μ1 − μ 2 is are the same for both the p-value
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 approach and critical value approach.
= 28.18 ± 2.05 (1.456151186) Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0,
= 28.18 ± 2.99 = $25.19 to $31.17 H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
c. The first two steps and the calculation Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,
of the observed value of the test statistic the samples are independent, and the
are the same for both the p-value sample sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and
approach and critical value approach. n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution.
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0,
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .74 − 0
H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0 z= =
σ x1 − x2 .18724473
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, = 3.95
the samples are independent, and the p-value approach
sample sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and Step 3: From above, z = 3.95
n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution. From the normal distribution table, area
to the right of z = 3.95 is approximately
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z= 0, so the p-value is 0.
σ x1 − x2 Step 4: Reject H0 since 0 < .01.
28.18 − 0 critical value approach
= = 19.35 Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of
1.456151186
p-value approach z is 2.33.
Step 3: From above, z = 19.35. Step 4: From above, z = 3.95.
From the normal distribution table, area Step 5: Reject H0 since 3.95 > 2.33.
to the right of z = 19.35 is Conclude that the average amount of ice
approximately 0. Therefore, the p-value cream dispensed by male college
is 0. students is larger than the average
Step 4: Reject H0 since .02 > 0. amount dispensed by female college
students.
σ 12 σ 22 Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,

10.12 a. σ x1 − x2 = + the samples are independent, and the
n1 n2
sample sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and
2
(2.7) (2.1) 2
= + n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution.
100 108
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical values of
= .33724373 min
z are −2.58 and 2.58.
Step 4:
μ1 − μ 2 is
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 z= 1
σ x1 − x2
= (19 − 15.5) ± 1.96 (.33724373)
−550 − 0
= 3.5 ± .66 = 2.84 to 4.16 min = = −2.99
183.9295119
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, Step 5: Reject H0 since −2.99 < −2.58.
H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0 Conclude that such mean repair costs
are different for these two types of cars.
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,
the samples are independent, and the c. If α = 0, there can be no rejection
sample sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and region, and we cannot reject H0.
Therefore, the decision would be “do
n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution. not reject H0.”
Step 3: For α = .025, the critical value
of z is 1.96.
σ 12 σ 22
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 10.14 a. σ x1 − x2 = +
Step 4: z = 1 n1 n2
σ x1 − x2
2
3.5 − 0 (1.2) (1.5) 2
= = 10.38 = +
.33724373 200 300
Step 5: Reject H0 since 10.38 > 1.96. = .12124356 min
Conclude that the mean time spent by The 97% confidence interval for
doctors with each patient is lower for μ1 − μ 2 is
this year than for 2004. ( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2
c. If α = 0, there can be no rejection = (4.5 − 4.75) ± 2.17 (.12124356)
region, and we cannot reject H0. = −.25 ± .26 = −.51 to .01 min
Therefore, the decision would be “do
not reject H0.” b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0,
H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
σ 12 σ 22 Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,
10.13 a. σ x1 − x2 = + the samples are independent, and the
n1 n2
2
sample sizes are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and
(800) (1000) 2
= + n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution.
45 51
= $183.9295119 Step 3: For α = .025, the critical value
The 99% confidence interval for of z is −1.96.
μ1 − μ 2 is Step 4:
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −.25 − 0
( x1 − x 2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 z= 1 =
σ x1 − x2 .12124356
= (3300 − 3850) ± 2.58 (183.9295119)
= −2.06
= −550 ± 474.54
Step 5: Reject H0 since −2.06 < −1.96.
= −$1024.54 to − $75.46
Conclude that the mean waiting time for
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, all customers at New Century Bank
branches is less than that at the Public
H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
Bank, and the bank’s claim is true.
σ 1 and σ 2 Unknown but Equal
c. From the normal distribution table, area Section 10.2
to the left of z = –2.06 is .0197.
p-value = .0197 10.16 1. The two samples are independent.
For α = .01, do not reject H0 since 2. The standard deviations of the two
.0197 > .01. For α = .05, reject H0 since populations are unknown but can be
.0197 < .05. assumed to be equal.
3. At least one of the following two
σ 12 σ 22 conditions is fulfilled:
10.15 a. σ x1 − x2 = +
i. Both samples are large (i.e., n1 ≥ 30
n1 n2
and n2 ≥ 30).
(5.5) 2 (6.4) 2
= + ii. If either one or both sample sizes are
27 25
= 1.66095466 calories small, then both populations from which the
The 98% confidence interval for samples are drawn are normally distributed.
μ1 − μ 2 is
10.17 a. x1 − x2 = 13.97 – 15.55 = –1.58
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2
= (141 − 144) ± 2.33 (1.66095466) (n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22
= −3 ± 3.87 = −6.87 to .87 calories b. sp =
n1 + n2 − 2
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, (21 − 1)(3.78) 2 + (20 − 1)(3.26) 2
=
H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0 21 + 20 − 2
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, = 3.53623152
the samples are independent, and the 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p +
populations are normally distributed, n1 n2
use the normal distribution.
1 1
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of = 3.53623152 +
z is −2.33. 21 20
= 1.10486184
Step 4:
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 21 + 20 − 2 = 39
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z= 1 The 95% confidence interval for
σ x1 − x2
μ1 − μ 2 is
−3 − 0
= = −1.81 ( x1 − x 2 ) ± ts x1 − x2
1.66095466
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since = –1.58 ± 2.023 (1.10486184)
−1.81 > −2.33. = –1.58 ± 2.24 = –3.82 to .66
Conclude that the mean number of
calories in the eight-ounce low-fat 10.18 a. x1 − x2 = 90.40 – 86.30 = 4.10
yogurt cups produced by Maine
Mountain Dairy is not less than the (n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22
mean number of calories in the yogurt b. sp =
n1 + n2 − 2
cups produced by the competitor.
Maine Mountain Dairy’s claim is false. (55 − 1)(11.60) 2 + (50 − 1)(10.25) 2
=
55 + 50 − 2
c. From the normal distribution table, area
= 10.97848845
to the left of z = –1.81 is .0351.
p-value = .0351 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p +
For α = .05, reject H0 since n1 n2
.0351 < .05. 1 1
For α = .025, do not reject H0 since = 10.97848845 +
.0351 > .025. 55 50
= 2.14521513
(continued) 10.21 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
df = n1 + n 2 − 2 = 55 + 50 − 2 = 103. Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but
Since df = 103 is very large, we use the assumed to be equal, the samples are
normal distribution to approximate the t independent, the sample sizes are small, and
distribution. the populations are normally distributed, use
The 99% confidence interval for the t distribution.
μ1 − μ 2 is Step 3: From the solution to Exercise 10.17,
df = 39. For α = .01, the critical value of t
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 is –2.426.
= 4.10 ± 2.58 ( 2.14521513) Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.17,
= 4.10 ± 5.53 = –1.43 to 9.63 s x1 − x2 = 1.10486184
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
10.19 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0 t=
s x1 − x2
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but
(13.97 − 15.55) − 0
assumed to be equal, the samples are = = −1.430
independent, the sample sizes are small, and 1.10486184
the populations are normally distributed, use Step 5: Do not reject H0 since
the t distribution. −1.430 > –2.426.
Step 3: From the solution to Exercise 10.17,
df = 39. For α = .05, the critical values of t 10.22 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
are –2.023 and 2.023. Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.17, assumed to be equal, the samples are
s x1 − x2 = 1.10486184 independent, and both samples are large ( n1
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution.
t=
s x1 − x2 However, since df = 103 is very large, we
(13.97 − 15.55) − 0 use the normal distribution to approximate
= = −1.430 the t distribution.
1.10486184
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since Step 3: For α = .05, the critical value of z is
−1.430 > –2.023. 1.65.
10.20 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0 s x1 − x2 = 2.14521513
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but ( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z=
assumed to be equal, the samples are s x1 − x2
independent, and both samples are large ( n1 (90.40 − 86.30) − 0
= = 1.91
≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. 2.14521513
However, since df = 103 is very large, we Step 5: Reject H0 since 1.91 > 1.65.
use the normal distribution to approximate
the t distribution. 10.23 a. From Sample 1: n1 = 13, ∑x = 640.7,
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical values of z ∑x2 = 32,356.61
are –2.58 and 2.58. x1 = Σx n1 = 640.7 13 = 49.28
(∑ x )
2
s x1 − x2 = 2.14521513
∑x 2
−
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) s1 = n
z= 1 n −1
s x1 − x2
(90.40 − 86.30) − 0 (640.7) 2
= = 1.91 32, 356.61 −
2.14521513 = 13
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 1.91 < 2.58. 13 − 1
= 8.06203512
(continued)
From Sample 2: n2 = 12, ∑x = 560, ∑x2 = 26,999.8
x 2 = Σx n2 = 560 12 = 46.67
(∑ x )
2
(560) 2
∑x 2
n
− 26, 999.8 −
12 = 8.87522940
s2 = =
n −1 12 − 1
x1 − x2 = 49.28 – 46.67 = 2.61
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (13 − 1)(8.06203512) 2 + (12 − 1)(8.87522940) 2

b. sp = = = 8.46071122
n1 + n2 − 2 13 + 12 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 8.46071122 + = 3.38699517
n1 n2 13 12
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 13 + 12 – 2 = 23
The 98% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = 2.61 ± 2.500 (3.38699517 ) = 2.61 ± 8.47 = –5.86 to 11.08
c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be equal, the samples are independent, the
sample sizes are small, and the populations are normally distributed, use the t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .01 with df = 23, the critical value of t is 2.500.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2.61 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = .771
s x1 − x2 3.38699517
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since .771 < 2.500.
10.24 a. From Sample 1: n1 = 10, ∑x = 22.57, ∑x2 = 51.6873

x1 = ∑x/ n1 = 22.57/10 = 2.257
(∑ x )
2
(22.57) 2
∑x 2
n
− 51.6873 −
10
s1 = = = .28806056
n −1 10 − 1
From Sample 2: n2 = 12, ∑x = 22.37, ∑x2 = 42.9519
x 2 = ∑x/ n2 = 22.37/12 = 1.864
(∑ x )
2
(22.37) 2
∑ x2 − n
42.9519 −
12
s2 = = = .33716622
n −1 12 − 1
x1 − x2 = 2.257 – 1.864 = .393
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (10 − 1)(.28806056) 2 + (12 − 1)(.33716622) 2

b. sp = = = .3160143695
n1 + n2 − 2 10 + 12 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = .3160143695 + = .1353092692
n1 n2 10 12
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 10 + 12 – 2 = 20
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = .393 ± 2.845 (.1353092692) = .393 ± .385 = .008 to.778
c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Step 3: For α = .025 with df = 20, the critical value of t is –2.086.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .393 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 2.904
s x1 − x2 .1353092692
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 2.976 > –2.086.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (45 − 1)(42.40) 2 + (40 − 1)(50.70) 2

10.25 a. sp = = = 46.4849438 miles
n1 + n2 − 2 45 + 40 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 46.4849438 + = 10.10149191 miles
n1 n2 45 40
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 45 + 40 – 2 = 83. Since df = 83 is very large, we use the normal distribution to
approximate the t distribution. The 95% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (3187 – 3214) ± 1.96(10.10149191) = –27 ± 19.80 = –46.80 to –7.20 miles
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be equal, the samples are independent, and both
samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 83 is very large,
we use the t-value from the last row in Table V. Alternatively, we can use the normal distribution to
approximate the t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of t is –2.326.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −27 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.67
s x1 − x2 10.10149191
Step 5: Reject H0 since –2.67 < –2.326.
Conclude that the mean distance between oil changes is less for all luxury cars than that for all
compact lower price cars.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(52.5) 2 + (22 − 1)(43.8) 2

10.26 a. sp = = = 48.63406214 gallons
n1 + n2 − 2 25 + 22 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 48.63406214 + = 14.21700544 gallons
n1 n2 25 22
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 25 + 22 – 2 = 45.
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (382 – 415) ± 2.412(14.21700544) = –33 ± 34.29 = –67.29 to 1.29 gallons
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be equal, the samples are independent,
the sample sizes are small, and the populations are approximately normally distributed, use the
t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .02 with df = 45, the critical values of t are –2.412 and 2.412.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −33 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.321
s x1 − x2 14.21700544
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since –2.321 > –2.412.
Conclude that the average 10-week recycling volume for all households having 60-gallon containers is
not different from the average volume of all households that have 75-gallon containers.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (27 − 1)(2.2) 2 + (18 − 1)(2.5) 2

10.27 a. sp = = = 2.32323952 mph
n1 + n2 − 2 27 + 18 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 2.32323952 + = .70693927 mph
n1 n2 27 18
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 27 + 18 – 2 = 43.
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (72 – 68) ± 2.416(.70693927) = 4 ± 1.71 = 2.29 to 5.71 mph
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 4−0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 5.658
s x1 − x2 .70693927
Conclude that the mean speeds of cars driven by all men drivers on this highway is greater than that of
cars driven by all women drivers.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(7) 2 + (23 − 1)(6.2) 2

10.28 a. sp = = = 6.62944683 hours
n1 + n2 − 2 25 + 23 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 6.62944683 + = 1.91541987 hours
n1 n2 25 23
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 25 + 23 – 2 = 46.
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (29 – 22) ± 1.679(1.91541987) = 7 ± 3.22 = 3.78 to 10.22 hours
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 7−0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 3.655
s x1 − x2 1.91541987
Conclude that the mean amount of free time for tenth-graders is different than that for twelfth graders.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(11) 2 + (22 − 1)(9) 2

10.29 a. sp = = = 10.11599394 minutes
n1 + n2 − 2 25 + 22 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 10.11599394 + = 2.95716900 minutes
n1 n2 25 22
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 25 + 22 – 2 = 45.
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (44 – 49) ± 2.690(2.95716900) = –5 ± 7.95 = –12.95 to 2.95 minutes
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = –1.691
s x1 − x2 2.95716900
Conclude that the mean relief time for Brand A is not less than that for Brand B.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (10 − 1)(6) 2 + (10 − 1)(5) 2

10.30 a. sp = = = 5.52268051 seconds
n1 + n2 − 2 10 + 10 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 5.52268051 + = 2.46981781 seconds
n1 n2 10 10
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 10 + 10 – 2 = 18
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (203 – 187) ± 2.878(2.46981781) = 16 ± 7.11 = 8.89 to 23.11 seconds
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 16 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 6.478
s x1 − x2 2.46981781
Conclude that the mean time taken by the Piranha to shred 100 sheets is greater than that for the
Crocodile.
c. If α = 0, there can be no rejection region, and we cannot reject H0. Therefore, the decision would be
“do not reject H0.”
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (380 − 1)(.75) 2 + (370 − 1)(.59) 2

10.31 a. sp = = = .67582036
n1 + n2 − 2 380 + 370 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = .67582036 + = .04935933
n1 n2 380 370
Since n1 = 380 and n2 = 370 are very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t
distribution.. Alternatively, we can use we use the t-value from the last row in Table V. The 98%
confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (7.6 – 8.1) ± 2.33 (.04935933) = –.5 ± .12 = –.62 to – .38
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since n1 = 380 and n2 = 370
are very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical values of z are –2.58 and 2.58.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −.5 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –10.13
s x1 − x2 .04935933
Conclude that the mean satisfaction indexes for all customers for the two supermarkets are different.
10.32 Jan 2011: n1 = 400, s1 = $365, x1 = $2635

May 2011: n2 = 500, s 2 = $412, x 2 = $2887
a. x1 − x2 = $2635 − $2887 = −$252
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (400 − 1)(365) 2 + (500 − 1)(412) 2

b. sp = = = $391.8135423
n1 + n2 − 2 400 + 500 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 391.8135423 + = $26.28365145
n1 n2 400 500
distribution. Because df = 400 + 500 − 2 = 898 is not in the t distribution table, we will use the last row
of Table V to obtain the t-value for .01 area in the left tail. This t-value is 2.326. The 98% confidence
interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = −252 ± 2.326 (26.28365145) = −252 ± 61.24 = −$313.24 to − $190.76
c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Note that the test is left-tailed.
samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since n1 = 400 and
n2 = 500 are very large, we can use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
Step 3: Area in the left tail = α = .01
Because df = 400 + 500 − 2 = 898 is not in the t distribution table, we will use the last row of Table V
to obtain the t-value for .01 area in the left tail. This t-value is −2.326.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −252 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −9.588
s x1 − x2 26.28365145
p-value approach
Step 3: From above, t = −9.207588
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of t = −9.588 is approximately 0, so the p-value is 0.
Step 4: Reject H0 since 0 < .01.
Conclude that the average credit limit for all new credit cards issued in January 2011 was lower than
the corresponding average for all credit cards issued in May 2011.
Section 10.3
s12 s 22 (2.26) 2 (5.84) 2

10.33 s x1 − x2 = + = + = 1.62435687
n1 n2 14 15
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 2.26 2 5.84 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ 14 + 15 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 18.34 ≈ 18
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 2.26 2 ⎞ ⎛ 5.84 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 14 ⎟ ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 13 14
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (109.43 – 113.88) ± 2.101(1.62435687) = –4.45 ± 3.41 = –7.86 to –1.04
s12 s 22 (.176) 2 (.068) 2

10.34 s x1 − x2 = + = + = .02731035
n1 n2 48 46
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ .176 2 .068 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
46 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 48
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 61.23 ≈ 61
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ .176 2 ⎞ ⎛ .068 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 48 ⎟ ⎜ 46 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 47 45
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (.863 – .796) ± 2.659(.02731035) = .067 ± .073 = –.006 to .140
10.35 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be unequal, the samples are independent, the
Step 3: From the solution to Exercise 10.33, df = 18.
For α = .05, the critical values of t are –2.101 and 2.101.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.33, s x1 − x2 = 1.62435687
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) (109.43 − 113.88) − 0
t= = = −2.740
s x1 − x2 1.62435687
10.36 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be unequal, the samples are independent,
and both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.34, s x1 − x2 = .02731035
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) (.863 − .796) − 0
t= = = 2.453
s x1 − x2 .02731035
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 2.453 < 2.659.
σ 1 and σ 2 Unknown and Unequal
10.37 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
the sample sizes are small, and the populations are normally distributed, use the t distribution.
For α = .01, the critical value of t is –2.552.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.33, s x1 − x2 = 1.62435687
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) (109.43 − 113.88) − 0
t= = = –2.740
s x1 − x2 1.62435687
10.38 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

Step 3: From the solution to Exercise 10.34, df = 61. For α = .025, the critical value of t is 2.000.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.34, s x1 − x2 = .02731035
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) (.863 − .796) − 0
t= = = 2.453
s x1 − x2 .02731035
s12 s 22 (42.40) 2 (50.70) 2

10.39 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 10.20845102 miles
n1 n2 45 40
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 42.40 2 50.70 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
40 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 45
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 76.39 ≈ 76
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 42.40 2 ⎞ ⎛ 50.70 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 45 ⎟ ⎜ 40 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 44 39
Since df = 76 is very large, we can use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution. We
will use the t-value from the last row in Table V. The 95% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (3187 – 3214) ± 1.960(10.20845102) = −27 ± 20.01 = −47.01 to −6.99 miles
b. Step 1 H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

and both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since
df = 76 is very large, we can use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution. We
will use the t-value from the last row in Table V.
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of t is −2.326.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −27 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.64
s x1 − x2 10.20845102
Conclude that the mean distance between oil changes is lower for all luxury cars than for all compact
lower price cars.
s12 s 22 (28.9) 2 (61.4) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 10.62116859 miles
n1 n2 45 40
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 28.9 2 61.4 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ 45 + 40 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 54.016 ≈ 54
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 28.9 2 ⎞ ⎛ 61.4 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 45 ⎟ ⎜ 40 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 44 39
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (3187 – 3214) ± 2.005(10.62116859) = −27 ± 21.30 = −48.30 to −5.70 miles
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
Step 3: For α = .01 with df = 54, the critical value of t is −2.397.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −27 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.542
s x1 − x2 10.62116859
Conclude that the mean distance between oil changes is lower for all luxury cars than for all compact
lower price cars.
Because the standard error and critical values are both larger, the confidence interval is wider. The
conclusion for the hypothesis test did not change.
s12 s 22 (52.5) 2 (43.8) 2

10.40 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 14.05175499 gallons
n1 n2 25 22
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 52.5 2 43.8 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
22 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 44.89 ≈ 44
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 52.5 2 ⎞ ⎛ 43.8 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 22 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 21
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (382 – 415) ± 2.414(14.05175499) = −33 ± 33.92 = −66.92 to .92 gallons
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

Step 3: For α = .02 with df = 44, the critical values of t are −2.414 and 2.414.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −33 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.348
s x1 − x2 14.05175499
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since −2.348 > −2.414.
Conclude that the average 10-week recycling volume of all households having 60-gallon containers is
not different from the average 10-week recycling volume of all households that have 75-gallon
containers.
s12 s 22 (59.3) 2 (33.8) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 13.87763276 gallons
n1 n2 25 22
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 59.32 33.8 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
22 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 38.93 ≈ 38
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 59.3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 33.8 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 22 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 21
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (382 – 415) ± 2.429(13.87763276) = −33 ± 33.71 = −66.71 to .71 gallons
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −33 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −2.378
s x1 − x2 13.87763276
Conclude that the average 10-week recycling volume of all households having 60-gallon containers is
not different from the average 10-week recycling volume of all households that have 75-gallon
containers.
The standard error and degrees of freedom are both smaller; the confidence interval is slightly
narrower. The conclusion for the hypothesis test did not change.
s12 s 22 (2.2) 2 (2.5) 2

10.41 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .72559044 mph
n1 n2 27 18
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 2.2 2 2.5 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
18 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 27
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 33.28 ≈ 33
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 2.2 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 27 ⎟ ⎜ 18 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 26 17
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (72 – 68) ± 2.445(.72559044) = 4 ± 1.77 = 2.23 to 5.77 mph
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 4−0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 5.513
s x1 − x2 .72559044
Conclude that the mean speed of cars driven by all men drivers on this highway is higher than that of
s12 s 22 (1.9) 2 (3.4) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .88086658 mph
n1 n2 27 18
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.9 2 3.4 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ 27 + 18 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 24.13 ≈ 24
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.9 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3.4 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 27 ⎟ ⎜ 18 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 26 17
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (72 – 68) ± 2.492(.88086658) = 4 ± 2.20 = 1.80 to 6.20 mph
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 4−0
Step 4: t= 1 = = 4.541
s x1 − x2 .88086658
Conclude that the mean speed of cars driven by all men drivers on this highway is higher than that of
s12 s 22 (7) 2 (6.2) 2

10.42 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 1.90559816 hours
n1 n2 25 23
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 7 2 6.2 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ + 23 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 45.94 ≈ 45
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 72 ⎞ ⎛ 6.2 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 23 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 22
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (29 – 22) ± 1.679(1.90559816) = 7 ± 3.20 = 3.80 to 10.20 hours
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 7−0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 3.673
s x1 − x2 1.90559816
s12 s 22 (9.5) 2 (5.1) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 2.1773538 hours
n1 n2 25 23
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 9.5 2 5.12 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
23 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 37.39 ≈ 37
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 9.5 2 ⎞ ⎛ 5.12 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 23 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 22
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (29 – 22) ± 1.687(2.1773538) = 7 ± 3.67 = 3.33 to 10.67 hours
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 7−0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 3.215
s x1 − x2 2.1773538
s12 s 22 (11) 2 (9) 2

10.43 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 2.91921534 minutes
n1 n2 25 22
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 112 9 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25 22 ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 44.78 ≈ 44
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 112 ⎞ ⎛ 92 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 22 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 21
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (44 – 49) ± 2.692(2.91921534) = –5 ± 7.86 = –12.86 to 2.86 minutes
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = –1.713
s x1 − x2 2.91921534
s12 s 22 (13.3) 2 (7.2) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 3.07115021 minutes
n1 n2 25 22
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 13.32 7.2 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
22 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 25
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 37.85 ≈ 37
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 13.32 ⎞ ⎛ 7.2 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎜ 22 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 24 21
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (44 – 49) ± 2.715(3.07115021) = −5 ± 8.34 = −13.34 to 3.34 minutes
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of t is −2.431.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −1.628
s x1 − x2 3.07115021
s12 s 22 (6) 2 (5) 2

10.44 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 2.46981781 seconds
n1 n2 10 10
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 62 52 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 10 10 ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 17.43 ≈ 17
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 62 ⎞ ⎛ 52 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 9 9
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 16 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 6.478
s x1 − x2 2.46981781
Crocodile.
s12 s 22 (7.40) 2 (4.60) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 2.75535842 seconds
n1 n2 10 10
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 7.40 2 4.60 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
10 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 10
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 15.05 ≈ 15
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 7.40 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4.60 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 9 9
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of t is 2.602.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 16 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 5.807
s x1 − x2 2.75535842
Crocodile.
d. If α = 0, there can be no rejection region, and we cannot reject H0. Therefore, the decision would be
“do not reject H0.”
s12 s 22 (.75) 2 (.59) 2

10.45 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .04920441
n1 n2 380 370
distribution. The 98% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (7.6 – 8.1) ± 2.33(.04920441) = –.5 ± .11 = –.61 to –.39
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

n1 = 380 and n2 = 370 are very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the
t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −.5 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –10.16
s x1 − x2 .04920441
s12 s 22 (.88) 2 (.39) 2

c. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .04948713
n1 n2 380 370
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (7.6 – 8.1) ± 2.33(.04948713) = −.5 ± .12 = −.62 to −.38
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
n1 = 380 and n2 = 370 are very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate
the t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .01, the critical values of z are −2.58 and 2.58.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −.5 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = −10.10
s x1 − x2 .04948713
Because the standard error only changed slightly and the critical value is the same, the confidence
interval is very slightly wider. The conclusion for the hypothesis test did not change.
10.46 Jan 2011: n1 = 400, s1 = $365, x1 = $2635

May 2011: n2 = 500, s 2 = $412, x 2 = $2887
a. x1 − x2 = $2635 − $2887 = −$252
s12 s 22 365 2 412 2

b. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 25.93357862
n1 n2 400 500
Since n1 = 400 and n2 = 500 are very large, we can use the normal distribution to approximate the
t distribution. Alternatively, we have
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 365 2 412 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
500 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 400
df = 2 2
= 2 2
≈ 888.67 = 888
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 365 2 ⎞ ⎛ 412 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 400 ⎟ ⎜ 500 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 399 499
Because df = 888 is not in the t distribution table, we will use the last row of Table V to obtain the t-
value for .01 area in the left tail. This t-value is 2.326. The 98% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = −252 ± 2.326 (25.93357862) = −252 ± 60.32 = −$312.32 to − $191.68
Section 10.4 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Paired Samples 245
c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

n1 = 400 and n2 = 500 are very large, we can use the normal distribution to approximate the
t distribution.
Step 3: Area in the left tail = α = .01
Because df = 888 is not in the t distribution table, we will use the last row of Table V to obtain the
t-value for .01 area in the left tail. This t-value is −2.326.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −252 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −9.717
s x1 − x2 25.93357862
p-value approach
Step 3: From above, t = −9.717
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of t = −9.717 is approximately 0, so the p-value is 0.
Step 4: Reject H0 since 0 < .01.
Conclude that the average credit limit for all new credit cards issued in January 2011 was lower than
the corresponding average for all credit cards issued in May 2011.
Section 10.4
10.47 The paired samples procedure is used when two samples are drawn in such a way that for each data value
collected from one sample there is a corresponding data value collected from the second sample, and both
of these data values are collected from the same source.
10.48 a. s d = s d / n = 13.5 / 11 = 4.07040315

df = n – 1 = 11 – 1 = 10
The 99% confidence interval for μd is
d ± ts d = 25.4 ± 3.169(4.07040315) = 25.4 ± 12.90 = 12.50 to 38.30
b. s d = s d / n = 4.8 / 23 = 1.00086919
df = n – 1 = 23 – 1 = 22
d ± ts d = 13.2 ± 2.074(1.00086919) = 13.2 ± 2.08 = 11.12 to 15.28
c. s d = s d / n = 11.7 / 18 = 2.75771645
df = n – 1 = 18 – 1 = 17
d ± ts d = 34.6 ± 1.740(2.75771645) = 34.6 ± 4.80 = 29.80 to 39.40
10.49 a. s d = s d / n = 6.3 / 12 = 1.81865335

df = n – 1 = 12 – 1 = 11
d ± ts d = 17.5 ± 3.106(1.81865335) = 17.5 ± 5.65 = 11.85 to 23.15
b. s d = s d / n = 14.7 / 27 = 2.82901632
df = n – 1 = 27 – 1 = 26
d ± ts d = 55.9 ± 2.056(2.82901632) = 55.9 ± 5.82 = 50.08 to 61.72
c. s d = s d / n = 8.3 / 16 = 2.075
df = n – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15
d ± ts d = 29.3 ± 1.753(2.075) = 29.3 ± 3.64 = 25.66 to 32.94
10.50 a. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

Step 2: Since the samples are dependent, σ d is unknown, the sample is small, and the
population of paired differences is normally distributed, use the t distribution.
Step 3: df = n – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 2.5 / 9 = .83333333
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (6.7 – 0)/.83333333 = 8.040
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0
Step 2: Since the samples are dependent, σ d is unknown, the sample is small, and the population of
paired differences is normally distributed, use the t distribution.
Step 3: df = n – 1 = 22 – 1 = 21
For α = .05, the critical value of t is 1.721.
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 6.4 / 22 = 1.36448458
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (14.8 – 0)/1.36448458 = 10.847
c. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0
Step 3: df = n – 1 = 17 – 1 = 16
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 4.8 / 17 = 1.16417100
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (–9.3 – 0)/1.16417100 = –7.989
10.51 a. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

Step 3: df = n – 1 = 26 – 1 = 25
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 3.9 / 26 = .76485293
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (9.6 – 0)/.76485293 = 12.551
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0

Step 3: df = n – 1 = 15 – 1 = 14
For α = .01, the critical value of t is 2.624.
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 4.7 / 15 = 1.21353478
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (8.8 – 0)/1.21353478 = 7.252
c. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0
Step 3: df = n – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19
Step 4: s d = s d / n = 2.3 / 20 = .51429563
t = (d − μ d ) / sd = (–7.4 – 0)/.51429563 = –14.389
10.52 Before After d d2

8 10 –2 4
5 8 –3 9
4 5 –1 1
9 11 –2 4
6 6 0 0
9 7 2 4
5 9 –4 16
∑d = –10 ∑d2 = 38
d = ∑d /n = –10/7 = –1.43
(∑ d ) 2 (−10) 2
∑d − 38 −
2
sd = n = 7 = 1.98805959
n −1 7 −1
s d = s d / n = 1.98805959 / 7 = .75141590
df = n – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6
a. The 95% confidence interval for μd is
d ± ts d = –1.43 ± 2.447(.75141590) = –1.43 ± 1.84 = –3.27 to .41
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (–1.43 – 0)/.75141590 = –1.903
Conclude that attending the course does not increase the mean score of employees.

103 100 3 9
97 95 2 4
111 104 7 49
95 101 –6 36
102 96 6 36
96 91 5 25
108 101 7 49
∑d = 24 ∑d2 = 208
d = ∑d /n = 24/7 = 3.43 minutes
(∑ d ) 2 (24) 2
∑d − 208 −
2
sd = n = 7 = 4.57737708 minutes
n −1 7 −1
s d = s d / n = 4.57737708 / 7 = 1.73008592 minutes
df = n – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6
d ± ts d = 3.43 ± 3.707(1.73008592) = 3.43 ± 6.41 = –2.98 to 9.84 minutes
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0

paired differences isapproximately normally distributed, use the t distribution.
Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (3.43 – 0)/1.73008592 = 1.983
Conclude that taking the dietary supplement does not result in faster mean times in the time trials.
10.54
Non- Non-
Subject Dominant dominant d d2 Subject Dominant dominant d d2
1 59 53 6 36 10 47 38 9 81
2 32 30 2 4 11 40 35 5 25
3 27 24 3 9 12 36 36 0 0
4 18 20 –2 4 13 21 25 –4 16
5 42 40 2 4 14 51 48 3 9
6 12 12 0 0 15 30 30 0 0
7 29 24 5 25 16 32 31 1 1
8 33 34 –1 1 17 14 14 0 0
9 22 22 0 0 18 26 27 –1 1
∑d = 28 ∑d = 216
2
d = ∑d /n = 28/18 = 1.56 pounds

(∑ d ) 2 (28) 2
∑d − 216 −
2
sd = n = 18 = 3.18493184 pounds
n −1 18 − 1
s d = s d / n = 3.18493184 / 18 = .75069563 pounds
df = n – 1 = 18 – 1 = 17
d ± ts d = 1.56 ± 2.898(.75069563) = 1.56 ± 2.18 = –.62 to 3.74 pounds
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0

paired differences is approximately normally distributed, use the t distribution.
Step 3: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (1.56 – 0)/.75069563 = 2.078
1.740 < 2.078 < 2.110; hence .025 < p-value < .05
Step 4: Do not reject H0 since p-value > .01.
Conclude that the average paired difference for the maximum weight for the dominant arm minus the
maximum weight for the non-dominant arm is not positive.
10.55 Contestant First pie Last pie d d2

1 49 49 0 0
2 59 74 15 225
3 66 92 26 676
4 49 93 44 1936
5 63 91 28 784
6 70 73 3 9
7 77 103 26 676
8 59 59 0 0
9 64 85 21 441
10 69 94 25 625
11 60 84 24 576
12 58 87 29 841
13 71 111 40 1600
∑d = 281 ∑d2 = 8389
d = ∑d /n = 281/13 = 21.62 seconds
(∑ d ) 2 (281) 2
∑d − 8389 −
2
sd = n = 13 = 13.88967519 seconds
n −1 13 − 1
s d = s d / n = 13.88967519 / 13 = 3.85230278 seconds
df = n – 1 = 13 – 1 = 12
d ± ts d = 21.62 ± 2.179(3.85230278) = 21.62 ± 8.39 = 13.23 to 30.01 seconds
b. Step 1: H0: μd ≥ 15, H1: μd < 15

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (21.62 – 15)/3.85230278 = 1.718
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since −1.356 < 1.718.
Conclude that the average time taken to eat the ninth pie is at least fifteen seconds more than the
average time taken to eat the first pie.
10.56 Without With d d2

24.6 26.3 –1.7 2.89
28.3 31.7 –3.4 11.56
18.9 18.2 .7 .49
23.7 25.3 –1.6 2.56
15.4 18.3 –2.9 8.41
29.5 30.9 –1.4 1.96
∑d = –10.3 ∑d = 27.87
2
d = ∑d /n = –10.3/6 = –1.72 mpg

(∑ d ) 2 (−10.30) 2
∑d − 27.87 −
2
sd = n = 6 = 1.42746862 mpg
n −1 6 −1
s d = s d / n = 1.42746862 / 6 = .58276162 mpg
df = n – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5
d ± ts d = –1.72 ± 4.032(.58276162) = –1.72 ± 2.35 = –4.07 to .63 mpg
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (–1.72 – 0)/.58276162 = –2.951
Conclude that the use of the gasoline additive increases the mean gasoline mileage.
10.57
Time Filter I Filter II d d2 Time Filter I Filter II d d2
1 24 26 –2 4 11 11 9 2 4
2 31 30 1 1 12 8 10 –2 4
3 35 33 2 4 13 14 17 –3 9
4 32 28 4 16 14 17 16 1 1
5 25 23 2 4 15 19 16 3 9
6 25 28 –3 9 16 19 18 1 1
7 29 24 5 25 17 25 27 –2 4
8 30 33 –3 9 18 20 22 –2 4
9 26 22 4 16 19 23 27 –4 16
10 18 18 0 0 20 32 31 1 1
∑d = 5 ∑d2 = 141
d = ∑d /n = 5/20 = .25 ppm
(∑ d ) 2 (5) 2
∑d − 141 −
2
sd = n = 20 = 2.71205884 ppm
n −1 20 − 1
s d = s d / n = 2.71205884 / 20 = .60643479 ppm
df = n – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19
d ± ts d = .25 ± 2.093(.60643479) = .25 ± 1.27 = –1.02 to 1.52 ppm
Section 10.5 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions For Large and 251
Independent Samples
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0
Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (.25– 0)/.60643479 = .412
Conclude that the average paired difference for concentration levels is not different from zero.
Section 10.5
10.58 The sampling distribution of pˆ1 − pˆ 2 for two large samples is approximately normal, with its mean equal
p1q1 p 2 q 2
to p1 − p 2 , and standard deviation equal to + , where p1 and p2 are the population
n1 n2
proportions, q1 = 1 − p1 , q 2 = 1 − p 2 , and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes.
10.59 Two samples are considered large enough for the sampling distribution of the difference between two
sample proportions to be approximately normal when n1 p1 , n1q1 , n2 p 2 , and n2 q 2 are all greater than 5.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.55)(.45) (.62)(.38)

10.60 s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .04475489
n1 n2 300 200
The 99% confidence interval for p1 − p 2 is
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.55 – .62) ± 2.58(.04475489) = –.07 ± .115 = –.185 to .045
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.81)(.19) (.77)(.23)

10.61 s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .05215042
n1 n2 100 150
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.81 – .77) ± 1.96(.05215042) = .04 ± .102 = –.062 to .142
10.62 Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

Step 2: Since n1 pˆ1 , n1qˆ1 , n2 pˆ 2 , and n2 qˆ 2 are all greater than 5, use the normal distribution.
n pˆ + n2 pˆ 2 300(.55) + 200(.62)
Step 4: p = 1 1 = = .578 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .578 = .422
n1 + n 2 300 + 200
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.578)(.422) ⎜ +
⎝ 300 200 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .04508474
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) (.55 − .62) − 0
z= = = –1.55
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .04508474
10.63 Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

n pˆ + n2 pˆ 2 100(.81) + 150(.77)
Step 4: p = 1 1 = = .786 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .786 = .214
n1 + n 2 100 + 150
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.786)(.214) ⎜ + ⎟⎠ = .05294714
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 100 150
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) (.81 − .77) − 0
z= = = .76
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .05294714
10.64 Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0

Step 3: For α = .01, the critical value of z is –2.33.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.62, s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = .04508474.
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) (.55 − .62) − 0
z= = = –1.55
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .04508474
10.65 Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 > 0

Step 3: For α = .02, the critical value of z is 2.05.
Step 4: From the solution to Exercise 10.63, s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = .05294714.
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) (.81 − .77) − 0
z= = = .76
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .05294714
10.66 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 305/500 = .61 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 348/600 = .58

pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = .61 – .58 = .03
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.61)(.39) (.58)(.42)

b. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02969512
n1 n2 500 600
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= .03 ± 2.17(.02969512) = .03 ± .064 = –.034 to .094
c. H0: p1 − p 2 = 0; H1: p1 − p 2 > 0

Independent Samples
x1 + x2 305 + 348
d. p= = = .594 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .594 = .406
n1 + n2 500 + 600
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = pq ⎜ + ⎟ = (.594)(.406) ⎜ + ⎟ = .02973664
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 500 600 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) .03 − 0
z= = = 1.01
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02973664
e. Do not reject H0 since 1.01 < 1.96.
10.67 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 290/1000 = .29 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 396/1200 = .33

pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = .29 – .33 = –.04
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.29)(.71) (.33)(.67)

b. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .01975222
n1 n2 1000 1200
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= –.04 ± 2.33(.01975222) = –.04 ± .046 = –.086 to .006
c. H0: p1 − p 2 = 0; H1: p1 − p 2 < 0
x1 + x2 290 + 396
d. p= = = .312 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .312 = .688
n1 + n2 1000 + 1200
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.312)(.688) ⎜ + ⎟ = .01983774
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 1200 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) −.04 − 0
z= = = –2.02
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .01983774
e. Do not reject H0 since –2.02 > –2.33.
10.68 n1 = 1000, pˆ 1 = .115, qˆ1 = 1 − .115 = .885

n2 = 2000, pˆ 2 = .146, qˆ 2 = 1 − .146 = .854
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.115)(.885) (.146)(.854)

a. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .0128108157
n1 n2 1000 2000
The z-value for Table IV for a 98% confidence level is 2.33.
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.115 − .146) ± 2.33 (.0128108157 ) = −.031 ± .030 = −.061 to − .001
b. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0

Note that this is a left-tailed test.
Step 3: For α = .025, the critical value of z is −1.96.
n pˆ + n2 pˆ 2 1000 (.115) + 2000 (.146)
Step 4: p = 1 1 = = .136 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .136 = .864
n1 + n2 1000 + 2000
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .136 (.864) ⎜ + ⎟ = .013276144
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 2000 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) (.115 − .146) − 0
z= = = −2.34
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .013276144
Conclude that the proportion of all people living in multi-generational households below the poverty
level is less than the proportion of all people living in other types of households below the poverty
level.
c. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0
Step 3: From above, z = −2.34.
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of z = −2.34 is .0096, so the p-value = .0096
Step 4: Reject H0 since .0096 < .025.
The conclusion is the same as in part b.
10.69 Independents: n1 = 1200, pˆ 1 = .29, qˆ1 = 1 − .29 = .71

Democrats: n2 = 1300, pˆ 2 = .27, qˆ 2 = 1 − .27 = .73
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.29)(.71) (.27 )(.73)

a. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .0179777284
n1 n2 1200 1300
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.29 − .27 ) ± 2.17 (.0179777284 ) = .02 ± .039 = −.019 to .059
b. The first two steps and the calculation of the observed value of the test statistic are the same for both
the p-value approach and critical value approach.
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0
n1 pˆ 1 + n2 pˆ 2 1200 (.29) + 1300 (.27 )
p= = = .28 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .28 = .72
n1 + n2 1200 + 1300
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .28 (.72) ⎜ + ⎟ = .0179743407
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1200 1300 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) .02 − 0
z= = = 1.11
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .0179743407
p-value approach
From the normal distribution table, area to the right of z = 1.11 is 1 – .8665 = .1335, so the
p-value = 2(.1335) = .2670
Step 4: Do not reject H0 since .2670 > .01.
Independent Samples
(continued)
Conclude that the percentages of Independents and Democrats who rate the healthcare system as being
excellent or good are the same.
10.70 Jan 2011: n1 = 1800, pˆ 1 = .79, qˆ1 = 1 − .79 = .21

Jan 2012: n2 = 1900, pˆ 2 = .83, qˆ 2 = 1 − .83 = .17
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.79)(.21) (.83)(.17)

a. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .0129007684
n1 n2 1800 1900
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.79 − .83) ± 2.33 (.0129007684 ) = −.04 ± .030 = −.070 to − .010
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0
n1 pˆ 1 + n2 pˆ 2 1800 (.79) + 1900 (.83)
p= = = .811 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .811 = .189
n1 + n2 1800 + 1900
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .811(.189) ⎜ + = .0128774282
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1800 1900 ⎟⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) −.04 − 0
z= = = −3.11
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .0128774282
p-value approach
Step 3: From above, z = –3.11.
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of z = –3.11 is .0009, so the p-value = .0009
Conclude that the percentage of all U.S. adults who were using the internet in January 2011 is less than
the percentage of all U.S. adults who used the internet in January 2012.
10.71 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 53/400 = .133 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 51/470 = .109
pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = .133 − .109 = .024
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.133)(.867) (.109)(.891)

b. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02224666
n1 n2 400 470
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.133 – .109) ± 1.96(.02224666) = .024 ± .044 = –.020 to .068
c. The first two steps and the calculation of the observed value of the test statistic are the same for both
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0
x1 + x2 53 + 51
p= = = .120 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .120 = .880
n1 + n2 400 + 470
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.120)(.880) ⎜ +
⎝ 400 470 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .02210613
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) .024 − 0
z= = = 1.09
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02210613
p-value approach
From the normal distribution table, area to the right of z = 1.09 is 1 – .8621 = .1379.
p-value = 2(.1379) = .2758
Conclude that the proportions of cars that fail the emissions test at the two stations are not different.
10.72 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 246/600 = .41 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 266/700 = .38

pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = .41 – .38 = .03
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.41)(.59) (.38)(.62)

b. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02719813
n1 n2 600 700
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.41 – .38) ± 2.33(.02719813) = .03 ± .063 = –.033 to .093
c. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

x + x2 246 + 266
Step 4: p = 1 = = .394 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .394 = .606
n1 + n2 600 + 700
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.394)(.606) ⎜ +
⎝ 600 700 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .02718513
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) .03 − 0
z= = = 1.10
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02718513
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since 1.10 < 2.58
Conclude that the proportions of all men and all women shoppers at these supermarkets who prefer to
buy national brand products over the store brand are not different.
Independent Samples
10.73 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 160/500 = .32 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 66/300 = .22
pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = .32 – .22 = .10
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.32)(.68) (.22)(.78)

b. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .03173641
n1 n2 500 300
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.32 – .22) ± 2.58(.03173641) = .10 ± .082 = .018 to .182
c. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

x + x2 160 + 66
Step 4: p = 1 = = .283 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .283 = .717
n1 + n2 500 + 300
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.283)(.717) ⎜ +
⎝ 500 300 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .03289669
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) .10 − 0
z= = = 3.04
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .03289669
Conclude that the proportions of all men and all women who play the lottery often are different.
10.74 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 364/400 = .91 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 279/300 = .93

pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.91)(.09) (.93)(.07)
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02053655
n1 n2 400 300
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.91 – .93) ± 2.17(.02053655) = –.02 ± .045 = –.065 to .025
b. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0

x + x2 364 + 279
Step 4: p = 1 = = .919 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .919 = .081
n1 + n2 400 + 300
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.919)(.081) ⎜ +
⎝ 400 300 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .02083813
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) −.02 − 0
z= = = –.96
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02083813
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since –.96 > –1.96.
Conclude that the proportion of all orders placed at the warehouse on the West Coast that are mailed
within 72 hours is not lower than the corresponding proportion for the warehouse on the East Coast.
10.75 a. pˆ 1 = x1 / n1 = 280/800 = .35 and pˆ 2 = x 2 / n2 = 279/900 = .31

pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.35)(.65) (.31)(.69)
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02284823
n1 n2 800 900
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.35 – .31) ± 2.33(.02284823) = .04 ± .053 = –.013 to .093
b. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 > 0

x + x2 280 + 279
Step 4: p = 1 = = .329 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .329 = .671
n1 + n2 800 + 900
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.329)(.671) ⎜ + ⎟⎠ = .02283061
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 800 900
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) (.35 − .31) − 0
z= = = 1.75
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02283061
Conclude that the proportion of all sales for which at least one item is returned is not higher for
Store A than for Store B.
Supplementary Exercises
σ 12 σ 22 (1.80) 2 (1.35) 2
10.76 a. σ x1 − x2 = + = + = .48466483 policy
n1 n2 20 25
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 = (11 − 9) ± 2.58(.48466483) = 2 ± 1.25 = .75 to 3.25 policies
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the samples are independent, and the populations are
normally distributed, use the normal distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2−0
Step 4: z = 1 = = 4.13
σ x1 − x2 .48466483
Conclude that the claim that persons with a business degree are better salespersons than those who
have a degree in another area is true.
10.77 non-union: n1 = 1500, x1 = $909, σ 1 = $70

union: n2 = 2000, x2 = $1035, σ 2 = $90
σ 12 σ 22 70 2 90 2
a. σ x1 − x2 = + = + = $2.704933764
n1 n2 1500 2000
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 = (909 − 1035) ± 1.96 (2.704933764) = −126 ± 5.30 = −131.30 to − 120.70
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the samples are independent, and the sample sizes are
large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution.
Step 3: For α = .025, the critical value of z is −1.96.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −126 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = −46.58
σ x1 − x2 2.704933764
Conclude that the mean weekly earnings of female workers who are not union members are less than
those of female workers who are union members.
Chapter 10 Supplementary Exercises 259
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (48 − 1)(10.95) 2 + (42 − 1)(12.37) 2

10.78 a. sp = = = $11.63317669
n1 + n2 − 2 48 + 42 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 11.63317669 + = $2.45795719
n1 n2 48 42
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (31.47 – 35.28) ± 1.65(2.45795719) = –3.81 ± 4.06 = –$7.87 to $0.25
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be equal, the samples are independent, and
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 88 is very
large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
Step 3: For α = .05, the critical value of t is –1.65.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −3.81 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –1.55
s x1 − x2 2.45795719
Conclude that the average weekly spending reduction for all families of four with discretionary
incomes between $300 and $400 per week is not less than the average weekly spending reduction for
all families of five with discretionary incomes between $300 and $400 per week.
10.79 accountants/auditors: n1 = 1650, x1 = $70,130, s1 = $14, 400

loan officers: n2 = 1820, x 2 = $67, 960, s 2 = $13, 600
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (1649)(14, 400)2 + (1819)(13, 600)2

a. sp = = = $13, 986.09954
n1 + n2 − 2 1650 + 1820 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 13, 986.09954 + = $475.4268293
n1 n2 1650 1820
( x1 − x 2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (70,130 − 67,960) ± 2.33 (475.4268293)
= 2170 ± 1107.74 = $1062.26 to $3277.74
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since n1 = 1650 and
n2 = 1820 are very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2170
Step 4: z = 1 = = 4.56
s x1 − x2 475.4268293
Conclude that the average salary of accountants and auditors is higher than that of loan officers.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (36 − 1)(1.1) 2 + (37 − 1)(1) 2

10.80 a. sp = = = 1.05048614 minutes
n1 + n2 − 2 36 + 37 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 1.05048614 + = .24592328 minute
n1 n2 36 37
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 36 + 37 – 2 = 71
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (5.1 – 4.2) ± 2.647(.24592328) = .9 ± .65 = .25 to 1.55 minutes
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .9 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 3.66
s x1 − x2 .24592328
Conclude that the mean evacuation time is smaller at closing time than during fire drills.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (80 − 1)(10.30) 2 + (58 − 1)(8.97) 2

10.81 a. sp = = = 9.76465012 cards
n1 + n2 − 2 80 + 58 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 9.76465012 + = 1.68398120 cards
n1 n2 80 58
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (28.55 – 33.67) ± 1.96(1.68398120) = –5.12 ± 3.30 = –8.42 to –1.82 cards
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 136
is very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5.12 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –3.04
s x1 − x2 1.68398120
Conclude that the average number Christmas cards mailed out by all households in Town A is different
from the corresponding average for Town B.
s12 s 22 (10.95) 2 (12.37) 2

10.82 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = $2.47815017
n1 n2 48 42
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 10.95 2 12.37 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
42 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 48
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 82.62 ≈ 82
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 10.95 2 ⎞ ⎛ 12.37 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 48 ⎟ ⎜ 42 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 47 41
(continued)
Since df = 82 is very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (31.47 – 35.28) ± 1.65(2.47815017) = –3.81 ± 4.09 = –$7.90 to $0.28
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be unequal, the samples are independent, and
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 82 is
very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −3.81 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –1.54
s x1 − x2 2.47815017
s12 s 22 (7.17) 2 (15.80) 2

b. s x1 − x2 = + = + = $2.64855211
n1 n2 48 42
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 7.17 2 15.80 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ 48 + 42 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 55.53 ≈ 55
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 7.17 2 ⎞ ⎛ 15.80 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 48 ⎟ ⎜ 42 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 47 41
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (31.47 – 35.28) ± 1.673(2.64855211) = –3.81 ± 4.43 = –$8.24 to $0.62
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution.
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −3.81 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = –1.439
s x1 − x2 2.64855211
10.83 a. accountants/auditors: n1 = 1650, x1 = $70,130, s1 = $14, 400

loan officers: n2 = 1820, x 2 = $67, 960, s 2 = $13, 600
s12 s 22 14, 400 2 13, 600 2
s x1 − x2 = + = + = 476.7589547
n1 n2 1650 1820
( x1 − x 2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (70,130 − 67,960) ± 2.33 (476.7589547 )
= 2170 ± 1110.85 = $1059.15 to $3280.85
(continued)
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since
t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2170
Step 4: z = 1 = = 4.55
s x1 − x2 476.7589547
b. accountants/auditors: n1 = 1650, x1 = $70,130, s1 = $16, 700
loan officers: n2 = 1820, x 2 = $67, 960, s 2 = $7900
s12 s 22 16, 700 2 7900 2
s x1 − x2 = + = + = 450.9051466
n1 n2 1650 1820
( x1 − x 2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (70,130 − 67,960) ± 2.33 (450.9051466)
= 2170 ± 1050.61 = $1119.39 to $3220.61
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since
t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2170
Step 4: z = 1 = = 4.81
s x1 − x2 450.9051466
s12 s 22 (1.1) 2 (1) 2

10.84 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .24624812 minute
n1 n2 36 37
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.12 12 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ 36 + 37 ⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 69.95 ≈ 69
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 36 ⎟ ⎜ 37 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 35 36

(continued)
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .9 − 0
Step 4: t= 1 = = 3.655
s x1 − x2 .24624812
s12 s 22 (1.33) 2 (.72) 2

b. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .25129051 minute
n1 n2 36 37
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.332 .72 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
37 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 36
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 53.57 ≈ 53
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 1.33 2 ⎞ ⎛ .72 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 36 ⎟ ⎜ 37 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 35 36
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .9 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = 3.581
s x1 − x2 .25129051
s12 s 22 10.32 8.97 2

10.85 a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 1.64723462 cards
n1 n2 80 58
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 10.3 2 8.97 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
58 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 80
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 131.42 ≈ 131
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 10.32 ⎞ ⎛ 8.97 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 80 ⎟ ⎜ 58 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 79 57
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (28.55 – 33.67) ± 1.96(1.64723462) = –5.12 ± 3.23 = –8.35 to –1.89 cards
(continued)
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 131
is very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5.12 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –3.11
s x1 − x2 1.64723462
s12 s 22 (6.85) 2 (11.97) 2

b. s x1 − x2 = + = + = 1.74839686 cards
n1 n2 80 58
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 6.85 2 11.97 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
58 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 80
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 83.87 ≈ 83
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ 6.85 2 ⎞ ⎛ 11.97 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 80 ⎟ ⎜ 58 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 79 57
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (28.55 – 33.67) ± 1.96(1.74839686) = –5.12 ± 3.43 = –8.55 to –1.69 cards
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
both samples are large ( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the t distribution. However, since df = 83 is
very large, we use the normal distribution to approximate the t distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −5.12 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = –2.93
s x1 − x2 1.74839686
10.86 Guest Brand X Brand Y d d2

A 12 9 3 9
B 23 20 3 9
C 18 21 –3 9
D 36 27 9 81
E 8 6 2 4
F 27 18 9 81
G 22 15 7 49
H 32 25 7 49
∑d = 37 ∑d2 = 291
d = ∑d /n = 37/8 = 4.63 bites
(∑ d ) 2 (37) 2
∑d − 291 −
2
sd = n = 8 = 4.138236339 bites
n −1 8 −1
s d = s d / n = 4.13823634 / 8 = 1.46308749 bites
df = n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7
d ± ts d = 4.63 ± 2.365(1.46308749) = 4.63 ± 3.46 = 1.17 to 8.09 bites
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (4.63– 0)/1.46308749 = 3.165
Conclude that the mean number of bites on the arm with Brand X and the mean number of bites on the
arm with Brand Y are different for all such guests.

43 49 –6 36
57 56 1 1
48 55 –7 49
65 77 –12 144
81 89 –8 64
49 57 –8 64
38 36 2 4
69 64 5 25
58 69 –11 121
∑d = –44 ∑d = 508
2
d = ∑d /n = –44/9 = –4.89
(∑ d ) 2 (−44) 2
∑d − 508 −
2
sd = n = 9 = 6.05071162
n −1 9 −1
s d = s d / n = 6.05071162 / 9 = 2.01690387
df = n – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
d ± ts d = –4.89 ± 2.306(2.01690387) = –4.89 ± 4.65 = –9.54 to –.24
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (–4.89– 0)/2.01690387 = –2.425
Conclude that the course does not make any statistically significant improvement in the memory of all
students.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.24)(.76) (.18)(.82)

10.88 a. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .02004113
n1 n2 800 850
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.24 – .18) ± 1.96(.02004113) = .06 ± .039 = .021 to .099
b. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

n pˆ + n2 pˆ 2 800(.24) + 850(.18)
Step 4: p = 1 1 = = .209 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .209 = .791
n1 + n 2 800 + 850
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.209)(.791) ⎜ + ⎟ = .02002852
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 800 850 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) .06 − 0
z= = = 3.00
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .02002852
Conclude that the proportions of all men and all women in this age group living with parent(s) are
different.
c. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0
From the normal distribution table, area to the right of z = 3.00 is 1 – .9987 = .0013.
p-value = 2(.0013) = .0026
10.89 30-49: n1 = 562, pˆ 1 = .16, qˆ1 = 1 − .16 = .84

50-64: n 2 = 624, pˆ 2 = .18, qˆ 2 = 1 − .18 = .82
a. Let p̂1 = the proportion of social media users in the 30−49 age group who cite connecting with others
with common hobbies or interests as a major reason for using social networking sites. Let p̂ 2 = the
proportion of social media users in the 50−64 age group who cite connecting with others with common
hobbies or interests as a major reason for using social networking sites.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.16)(.84) (.18)(.82)
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .0218101896
n1 n2 562 624
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.16 − .18) ± 1.96 (.0218101896) = −.02 ± .043 = −.063 to .023
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0
n1 pˆ 1 + n2 pˆ 2 562 (.16) + 624 (.18)
p= = = .171 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .171 = .829
n1 + n2 562 + 624
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .171(.829) ⎜ + ⎟ = .0218956182
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 562 624 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) −.02 − 0
z= = = −.91
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .0218956182
p-value approach
Step 3: From above, z = –.91.
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of z = –3.11 is .1814, so the
p-value = 2(.1814) = .3628
Step 4: From above, z = –.91.
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since –2.58 < –.91.
Conclude that the percentage of social media users in the 30−49 age group who cite connecting with
others with common hobbies or interests as a major reason for using social networking sites was not
significantly different from the corresponding percentage of users in the 50−64 age group.
10.90 40-49: n1 = 1055, pˆ 1 = .50, qˆ1 = 1 − .50 = .50

50 or over: n2 = 1240, pˆ 2 = .56, qˆ 2 = 1 − .56 = .44
a. Let p̂1 = the proportion of women in the 40−49 age group who say that women of their age with no
special risk factors for breast cancer should have an annual mammogram. Let p̂2 = the proportion of
women in the 50 or over age group who say that women of their age with no special risk factors for
breast cancer should have an annual mammogram.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.50)(.50) (.56)(.44)
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .0208728652
n1 n2 1055 1240
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.50 − .56) ± 2.33 (.0208728652) = −.06 ± .049 = −.109 to − .011
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 < 0
This is a left-tailed test.
n1 pˆ 1 + n2 pˆ 2 1055 (.50 ) + 1240 (.56)
p= = = .532 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .532 = .468
n1 + n2 1055 + 1240
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .532 (.468) ⎜ + = .0208993614
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1055 1240 ⎟⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) −.06 − 0
z= = = −2.87
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .0208993614
(continued)
p-value approach
From the normal distribution table, area to the left of z = –2.87 is .0021, so the
p-value = .0021
Step 3: For α/2 = .01, the critical value of z is –2.33.
Step 4: From above, z = −2.87.
The proportion of women in the 40−49 age group who say that women of their age with no special risk
factors for breast cancer should have an annual mammogram is less than the corresponding percentage
of women in the 50 and over age group.
10.91 men: n1 = 1350, pˆ 1 = .52, qˆ1 = 1 − .52 = .48

women: n2 = 1480, pˆ 2 = .43, qˆ 2 = 1 − .43 = .57
a. Let p̂1 = the proportion of men who say that working part time hinders their career opportunities. Let
p̂2 = the proportion of women who say that working part time hinders their career opportunities.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.52)(.48) (.43)(.57 )
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .018721565
n1 n2 1350 1480
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.52 − .43) ± 1.96 (.018721565) = .09 ± .037 = .053 to .127
Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0
This is a two-tailed test.
n1 pˆ 1 + n2 pˆ 2 1350 (.52) + 1480 (.43)
p= = = .473 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .473 = .527
n1 + n2 1350 + 1480
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p q ⎜ + ⎟ = .473 (.527 ) ⎜ + = .0187901979
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠ ⎝ 1350 1480 ⎟⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p 2 ) .09 − 0
z= = = 4.79
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .0187901979
p-value approach
From the normal distribution table, area to the right of z = 4.79 is approximately 0, so the
p-value = 2(0) = 0
Step 4: Reject H0 since α = .02 > 0.
We conclude the the proportions of men and women who say that working part time hinders their
career opportunities are different.
10.92 We are assuming that the populations are normally distributed and σ 1 = σ 2 = 2 , so we can use the normal
distribution for the following computation.
a. E = zσ x1 − x2 = 1.5, so σ x1 − x2 = 1.5/z = 1.5/1.65 for a 90% confidence level.
σ 12 σ 22 σ 12 + σ 22
σ x1 − x2 = + = , where n = n1 = n2 .
n1 n2 n
σ 12 + σ 22 (2) 2 + (2) 2
Hence, n = = = 9.68 ≈ 10.
(σ x1 − x2 ) 2 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
2
⎜⎝ ⎟
1.65 ⎠
For this estimate 10 cars are required.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of x1 − x2 = μ1 − μ 2 = 33–30 = 3 mpg and the standard
σ 12 σ 22 (2) 2 (2) 2
deviation of x1 − x2 is σ x1 − x2 = + = + = 1.26491106 mpg.
n1 n2 5 5
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 0−3
Then, for x1 − x2 = 0, z = = = –2.37.
σ x1 − x2 1.26491106
Hence, P( x1 − x2 ≥ 0) = P( z ≥ −2.37) = 1 − P( z < −2.37) = 1 − .0089 = .9911 .
10.93 μ1 = 200, σ 1 = 10, n1 = 1, μ 2 = 210, σ 2 = 12, n2 = 1

Since the distances are normally distributed with the above means and standard deviations, we can use
the normal distribution despite the fact that the samples are small. Then,
σ 12 σ 22 (10) 2 (12) 2
σ x1 − x2 = + = + = 15.62049935 and μ x1 − x2 = 200 – 210 = –10.
n1 n2 1 1
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 0 − (−10)
Then, for x1 − x2 = 0, z = = = .64.
σ x1 − x2 15.62049935
Hence, P( x1 − x2 ≥ 0) = P( z ≥ .64) = 1 − P( z < .64) = 1 − .7389 = .2611 .
10.94 H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0
s12 s 22 3.5 2 32
a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .14577380
n1 n2 1000 1000
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ 1 − μ 2 ) (15.4 − 15.0) − 0
distribution. Then, for x1 − x2 = .4, z = = = 2.74. Hence,
s x1 − x 2 .14577380
P( x1 − x2 ≥ .4) = P( z ≥ 2.74) = 1 − P( z < 2.74) = 1 − .9969 = .0031 and p-value = .0031.
b. Since p-value = .0031 < .025, reject H0. Thus, the result is statistically significant.
c. The 95% confidence interval for μ1 – μ2 is
( x1 − x2 ) ± zs x1 − x2 = (15.4 – 15.0) ± 1.96(.14577380) = .4 ± .29 = .11 to .69 minute
d. Part c implies that in 95% of all cases the insomniacs fall asleep less than a minute earlier with the new
pill than with the old pill. The result is not of great practical significance.
2 2 2
10.95 E = ts d ≤ 2 mpg, so t ≤ = = n . Thus, we look for the smallest value of n for which
sd 3 / n 3
2
t≤ n with 90% confidence.
3
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
critical values of t 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860
2 0.9428 1.1547 1.3333 1.4907 1.6330 1.7638 1.8856 2.000

n
3
Nine cars should be tested.
10.96 Salesperson Difference in number of contacts Difference in gas mileage

(Before – After) (Before – After)
A 1 –1
B 3 –3
C –5 1
D 4 –2
E –6 –5
F 5 –4
G 8 –3
For number of contacts:
∑d = 10, ∑d2 = 176, and d = ∑d /n = 10/7 = 1.43
(∑ d ) 2 (10) 2
∑d − 176 −
2
sd = n = 7 = 5.19156826 contacts
n −1 7 −1
s d = s d / n = 5.19156826 / 7 = 1.96222836 contacts
df = n – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6
d ± ts d = 1.43 ± 1.943(1.96222836) = 1.43 ± 3.81 = –2.38 to 5.24 contacts
Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0
Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (1.43 – 0)/1.96222836 = .729
Conclude that the mean number of contacts is not reduced.
For gas mileage:
∑d = –17, ∑d2 = 65, and d = ∑d /n = –17/7 = –2.43
(∑ d ) 2 (−17) 2
∑d − 65 −
2
sd = n = 7 = 1.98805959 mpg
n −1 7 −1
s d = s d / n = 1.98805959 / 7 = .75141590 mpg
df = n – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6
d ± ts d = –2.43 ± 1.943(.75141590) = –2.43 ± 1.46 = –3.89 to –.97 mpg
(continued)
Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0
Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (–2.43 – 0)/.75141590 = –3.234
Conclude that the mean gas mileage after the governors are installed is higher than the mean gas mileage
before governors are installed.
Suggestions
The 90% confidence intervals suggest that the number of contacts could be decreasing, increasing or
remaining constant and that gas mileage (in mpg) is increasing. The conclusions from the hypothesis tests
with .05 significance levels indicate that the decrease in number of contacts is not statistically significant
while the increase is gas mileage is statistically significant. The recommendation would then be to install
the governors on all salespersons’ cars.
10.97 a. The 90% confidence interval for p1 – p2 is ( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zσ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 with E = zσ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 . Then,

.05
1.65σ pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = .05 and σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = .
1.65
p1q1 p 2 q 2 (.5)(.5) (.5)(.5) (2)(.5) 2
We also have σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = where n1 = n2 = n.
n1 n2 n n n
(2)(.5) 2 (2)(.5) 2
Hence, n = = = 544.5 ≈ 545
(σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) 2 ⎛ .05 ⎞
2
⎜⎝ ⎟
1.65 ⎠
b. p1 = .30, p 2 = .23, n1 = n2 = 100

μ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = p1 − p 2 = .30 − .23 = .07
(.30)(.70) (.23)(.77)
σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = .06221736
100 100
0 − .07
Then, for pˆ1 − pˆ 2 = 0, z = = –1.13.
.06221736
Hence, P( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ≥ 0) = P ( z ≥ −1.13) = 1 − P ( z < −1.13) = 1 − .1292 = .8708.
10.98 a. No, a paired sample test would not be appropriate in this case. Different groups of cars are used in the
two samples, so the samples are independent.
b. From Sample 1: n1 = 6, ∑x = 140.4, ∑x2 = 3432.36
x1 = ∑x/ n1 = 140.4/6 = 23.40
(∑ x )
2
(140.4) 2
∑ x2 − n 6
3432.36 −
s1 = = = 5.42217668
n −1 6 −1
From Sample 2: n2 = 6, ∑x = 150.7, ∑x2 = 3957.61
x 2 = ∑x/ n2 = 150.7/6 = 25.12
(∑ x )
2
(150.7) 2
∑x 2
−
n
3957.61 −
6
s2 = = = 5.87415242
n −1 6 −1
(continued)
Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0
the sample sizes are small, and the populations approximately are normally distributed, use the
t distribution.
Step 3: df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 6 + 6 – 2 = 10
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (6 − 1)(5.42217668) 2 + (6 − 1)(5.87415242) 2
Step 4: s p = = = 5.65268373
n1 + n2 − 2 6+6−2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 5.65268373 + = 3.26357847
n1 n2 6 6
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) (23.40 − 25.12) − 0
t= = = –.527
s x1 − x2 3.26357847
Step 5: Do not reject H0 since –.527 > –2.228.
Conclude that the mean gas mileage is not lower without the additive.
c. The conclusions are different since H0 was rejected in Exercise 10.56 but in part b of this exercise, H0
was not rejected.
10.99 We need to obtain sample information about the incidence of brain tumors in people who do not use
cellular phones and the incidence of brain tumors in people who do use cellular phones. Since the
occurrence of brain tumor is a fairly rare event, very large samples (perhaps tens of thousands) of healthy
people from each group (people who use cellular phones and those who do not) must be used. For each
group, we would count the number of people that develop a brain tumor over some period of time (say a
year or two). The hypotheses would be H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 where
p1 = P(brain tumor if do not use cellular phones) and p2 = P(brain tumor if use cellular phones).
If the concern is about product liability, the worst mistake would be to conclude cellular phones do not
increase the risk of brain tumor when they really do. This would be a Type II error. A higher α level
would be appropriate since a higher α level means a lower level for β, the probability of a Type II error.
The test is based on the standard normal distribution with the following test statistic.
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) ⎛1 1 ⎞
z= where, s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = pq ⎜ + ⎟ .
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ⎝ 1
n n 2⎠
σ 12 σ 22
10.100 a. We require zσ x1 − x2 ≤ 5 where σ x1 − x2 = + .
n1 n2
σ 12 σ 22 (15) 2 (10) 2 325
Let n = n1 = n2 , so σ x1 − x2 = + = + =
n1 n2 n n n
325 1.65 325 (1.65) 2 (325)
For the 90% confidence level, 1.65 ≤ 5 , so n≥ , and n ≥ = 35.39 ≈ 36 .
n 5 (5) 2
Thus, use a sample size of 36 for each class.
b. H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
For α = .05, the critical values of z are –1.96 and 1.96.
σ 12 σ 22 (15) 2 (10) 2
Using n1 = n2 = 36 (from part a), we obtain σ x1 − x2 = + = + = 3.00462606
n1 n2 36 36
points. To reject H 0 , we require that z is either less than –1.96 or greater than 1.96, which can be
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) x1 − x 2 − 0
written as | z | > 1.96. Then, > 1.96 and > 1.96 . Hence,
σ x1 − x2 3.00462606
x1 − x 2 > 5.89 . Thus, the sample means must differ by at least 5.89 points in order to conclude that
the two population means are different.
c. A paired sample test would be inappropriate in this case because different groups of students are used
in the two samples, so the samples are independent. If the same group of students were taught by both
instructors, then a paired sample test would also be inappropriate because if a person is taught
something by one instructor, that would influence the effectiveness of the instruction by the other
instructor.
σ 12 σ 22 (.4) 2 (.7) 2
10.101 σ x1 − x2 = + = + = .14146063
n1 n2 25 36
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −.15 − (1.3 − 1.5)
a. For x1 − x2 = −.15 : z = = =.35
σ x1 − x2 .14146063
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) .15 − (1.3 − 1.5)
For x1 − x2 = .15 : z = = = 2.47
σ x1 − x2 .14146063
Then,
P ⎡⎣ −.15 < ( x1 − x 2 ) < .15⎤⎦ = P (.35 < z < 2.47 ) = P ( z < 2.47 ) − P ( z < .35)
= .9932 − .6368 = .3564.
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 0 − (1.3 − 1.5)
b. For x1 − x2 = 0 : z = = = 1.41
σ x1 − x2 .14146063
P( x1 − x2 > 0) = P( z > 1.41) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.41) = 1 − .9207 = .0793
c. P ⎡⎣{−.15 < ( x1 − x 2 ) < .15} | x1 = 2.0⎤⎦ = P ⎡⎣ −.15 < (2.0 − x2 ) < .15⎤⎦ = P [1.85 < x2 < 2.15]
σ x2 = σ 2 / n2 = .7 / 36 = .11666667
x2 − μ 2 1.85 − 1.5
For x 2 = 1.85: z = = = 3.00
σ x2 .11666667
x2 − μ 2 2.15 − 1.5
For x 2 = 2.15: z = = = 5.57
σ x2 .11666667
Hence, P(1.85 < x 2 < 2.15) = P(3.00 < z < 5.57) = P(z < 5.57) − P(z < 3.00) = 1 − .9987 = .0013.
d. If the assumption is reasonable, it means that there is not a lot of difference in the average amount of
weight loss between the two diets. Hence, it does not matter which diet is selected.
10.102 Let x1 = the number of male voters in 100 who favor the candidate and x 2 = the number of female voters
in 100 who favor the candidate. Let p̂1 and p̂2 be the corresponding sample proportions. Then,
p1q1 p 2 q 2 (.65)(.35) (.40)(.60)
σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .06837397, and
n1 n2 100 100
⎛ x − x 2 10 ⎞ ⎛ x1 x ⎞
P( x1 > x 2 + 10) = P[( x1 − x 2 ) ≥ 10] = P ⎜ 1 ≥ ⎟ = P ⎜⎝ − 2 ≥ .10 ⎟ = P[( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) ≥ .10]
⎝ 100 100 ⎠ 100 100 ⎠
( pˆ − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) .10 − (.65 − .40)
For p̂1 – p̂2 = .10: z = 1 = = −2.19
σ pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .06837397
Hence, P( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ≥ .10) = P( z ≥ −2.19) = 1 − P( z < −2.19) = 1 − .0143 = .9857 .
Self-Review Test
1. a
2. Two samples are independent if they are drawn from two different populations and the elements of the two
samples are not related. Example 10.1 in the text provides an example of independent samples. In two
dependent samples, the elements of one sample are related to the elements of the second sample. Example
10.2 in the text provides an example of dependent samples.
σ 12 σ 22 (.8) 2 (1.3) 2
3. a. σ x1 − x2 = + = + = .22315914
n1 n2 40 50
( x1 − x2 ) ± zσ x1 − x2 = (7.6 − 5.4) ± 2.58(.22315914) = 2.2 ± .58 = 1.62 to 2.78
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known, the samples are independent, and the sample sizes are large
( n1 ≥ 30 and n2 ≥ 30), use the normal distribution.
( x − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) 2.2 − 0
Step 4: z = 1 = = 9.86
σ x1 − x2 .22315914
Conclude that the mean stress score of all executives is higher than that of all professors.
(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (20 − 1)(.54) 2 + (25 − 1)(.8) 2

4. a. sp = = = .69717703 hour
n1 + n2 − 2 20 + 25 − 2
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = .69717703 + = .20915311 hour
n1 n2 20 25
df = n1 + n2 − 2 = 20 + 25 – 2 = 43
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (2.3 – 4.6) ± 2.017(.20915311) = –2.3 ± .42 = –2.72 to –1.88 hours
Chapter 10 Self-Review Test 275
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −2.3 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = –10.997
s x1 − x2 .20915311
Conclude that the mean time spent per week playing with their children by all alcoholic fathers is less
than that of nonalcoholic fathers.
s12 s 22 (.54) 2 (.8) 2

5. a. s x1 − x2 = + = + = .20044950 hour
n1 n2 20 25
2 2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞ ⎛ .54 2 .8 2 ⎞
⎜n +n ⎟ ⎜ +
25 ⎠⎟
⎝ 1 2⎠ ⎝ 20
df = 2 2
= 2 2
= 41.94 ≈ 41
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞ ⎛ .54 2 ⎞ ⎛ .8 2 ⎞
⎜n ⎟ ⎜n ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎜ 25 ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
+ +
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 19 24
( x1 − x2 ) ± ts x1 − x2 = (2.3 – 4.6) ± 2.020(.20044950) = −2.3 ± .40 = −2.70 to −1.90 hours
b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown but assumed to be unequal, the samples are independent, the
( x − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 ) −2.3 − 0
Step 4: t = 1 = = −11.474
s x1 − x2 .20044950
Conclude that the mean time spent per week playing with their children by all alcoholic fathers is less
than that of nonalcoholic fathers.
6. Zeke’s Elmer’s d d2
1058 995 63 3969
544 540 4 16
1349 1175 174 30,276
1296 1350 –54 2916
676 605 71 5041
998 970 28 784
1698 1520 178 31,684
∑d = 464 ∑d2 = 74,686
d = ∑d /n = 464/7 = $66.29
(∑ d ) 2 (464) 2
∑d − 74, 686 −
2
sd = n = 7 = $85.56618157
n −1 7 −1
s d = s d / n = 85.56618157 / 7 = $32.34097672
df = n – 1 = 7 – 1 = 6
(continued)
d ± ts d = 66.29 ± 3.707(32.34097672) = 66.29 ± 119.89 = –$53.60 to $186.18
b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

Step 4: t = (d − μ d ) / s d = (66.29– 0)/32.34097672 = 2.050
Conclude that the mean estimate for repair costs at Zeke's is not different than the mean estimate at
Elmer’s.
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 (.57)(.43) (.55)(.45)

7. a. s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = + = + = .03330090
n1 n2 500 400
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) ± zs pˆ − pˆ
1 2
= (.57 – .55) ± 2.17(.03330090) = .02 ± .072 = –.052 to .092
b. Step 1: H0: p1 − p 2 = 0, H1: p1 − p 2 ≠ 0

n pˆ + n2 pˆ 2 500(.57) + 400(.55)
Step 4: p = 1 1 = = .561 and q = 1 – p = 1 – .561 = .439
n1 + n 2 500 + 400
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
p q ⎜ + ⎟ = (.561)(.439) ⎜ +
⎝ 500 400 ⎟⎠
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 = = .03329047
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 ) .02 − 0
z= = = .60
s pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 .03329047
Conclude that the proportion of all male voters who voted in the last presidential election is not
different from that of all female voters.

Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Two Populations

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Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Two Populations

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Chapter 10

Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two

10.6 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0 Step 4:

σ 12 σ 22 Step 2: Since σ 1 and σ 2 are known,

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (13 − 1)(8.06203512) 2 + (12 − 1)(8.87522940) 2

c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

10.24 a. From Sample 1: n1 = 10, ∑x = 22.57, ∑x2 = 51.6873

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (10 − 1)(.28806056) 2 + (12 − 1)(.33716622) 2

c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (45 − 1)(42.40) 2 + (40 − 1)(50.70) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(52.5) 2 + (22 − 1)(43.8) 2

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (27 − 1)(2.2) 2 + (18 − 1)(2.5) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(7) 2 + (23 − 1)(6.2) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (25 − 1)(11) 2 + (22 − 1)(9) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (10 − 1)(6) 2 + (10 − 1)(5) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (380 − 1)(.75) 2 + (370 − 1)(.59) 2

10.32 Jan 2011: n1 = 400, s1 = $365, x1 = $2635

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 (400 − 1)(365) 2 + (500 − 1)(412) 2

c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

s12 s 22 (2.26) 2 (5.84) 2

s12 s 22 (.176) 2 (.068) 2

10.35 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

10.36 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

10.38 Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

s12 s 22 (42.40) 2 (50.70) 2

b. Step 1 H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

s12 s 22 (28.9) 2 (61.4) 2

s12 s 22 (52.5) 2 (43.8) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

s12 s 22 (59.3) 2 (33.8) 2

s12 s 22 (2.2) 2 (2.5) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

s12 s 22 (1.9) 2 (3.4) 2

s12 s 22 (7) 2 (6.2) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

s12 s 22 (9.5) 2 (5.1) 2

s12 s 22 (11) 2 (9) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

s12 s 22 (13.3) 2 (7.2) 2

s12 s 22 (6) 2 (5) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 > 0

s12 s 22 (7.40) 2 (4.60) 2

s12 s 22 (.75) 2 (.59) 2

b. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0

s12 s 22 (.88) 2 (.39) 2

10.46 Jan 2011: n1 = 400, s1 = $365, x1 = $2635

s12 s 22 365 2 412 2

c. Step 1: H0: μ1 − μ 2 = 0, H1: μ1 − μ 2 < 0

10.48 a. s d = s d / n = 13.5 / 11 = 4.07040315

10.49 a. s d = s d / n = 6.3 / 12 = 1.81865335

10.50 a. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

10.51 a. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd ≠ 0

b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0

10.52 Before After d d2

b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd < 0

10.53 Before After d d2

b. Step 1: H0: μd = 0, H1: μd > 0