107-2: Engineering Mathematics (II)

Midterm-2

Time: 2019-05-21 Tue. 10:10AM-1:00PM (No extension)

Contact Lecturer TA1 TA2

Name Wenson Chang ddd ddd
E-mail wenson@ee.ncku.edu.tw chou8410@gmail.com missyou03021@gmail.com
Location 92A31 92912 92912
Extension 62392 62400-1612 62400-1612

Tools:

• Legendre’s differential equation:

(1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + λy = 0 . (1)

• Bessel’s equation of order v

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − ν 2 )y = 0 . (2)

• Sturm-Liouville differential equation

(ry 0 )0 + (q + λp)y = 0 . (3)

• Considering the general differential equations as

a2 − ν 2 c2
   
2a − 1
y 00 − y 0 + b2 c2 x2c−2 + y=0 . (4)
x x2

Its solutions will be

1. If r1 − r2 = 2ν 6= integer, or = odd integer: The general solution is y(x) = αxa Jν (bxc )+βxa J−v (bxc ),
where α and β are constants.
2. If r1 − r2 = 2ν = even integer: The general solution is y(x) = αxa Jν (bxc ) + βxa Yv (bxc ), where α
and β are constants.
• Zeros of Jν (x) can be summarized by the following theorem.
Theorem 1. Let k > 1 and let ν be a real number. Then, for α sufficiently large, there is a zero of Jν (x)
between α + knπ and α + k(n + 1)π for n = 0, 1, 2, · · · . Further, each zero is simple.

Problem 1(30%)

1. (20%)Put λ = n(n+1) into Legendre’s differential equation, and let y(x) = u(x)Pn (x). Solve the resulting
equation for u(x) to derive the second solution
Z
1
Qn (x) = Pn (x) 2 dx (5)
2
(1 − x ) (Pn (x))

of Legendre’s equation. These functions Qn (x) are called Legendre functions of the second kind, and they
are defined but unbounded on (−1, 1).

1
 2. (10%)Show that
 
1 1+x 3
Q2 (x) = (3x2 − 1) ln − x. (6)
4 1−x 2

Sol:
See attached files.

Problem 2(30%):

1. (15%) Prove the following Bessel inequality.

∞
1 L
Z
1 2 X 2
a0 + (an + b2n ) ≤ (g(x))2 dx . (7)
2 n=1
L −L

2. (6%) What are conditions for the Bessel inequality to become the Parseval’s Theorem?
3. (7%) Write down the Parseval’s Theorem and prove it.
Sol:
PN
1. (15%) First set SN (x) = 21 a0 + n=1 an cos( nπx nπx
L ) + bn sin( L ) and then follow the procedures listed on
pages 37-38 of the lecture notes for ch5.
2. (6%) Let f be continuous on [−L, L] and let f 0 be piecewise continuous. Suppose f (−L) = f (L).
3. (7%) Refer to Proof 5.13 on page 44 of the lecture notes for ch5.

Problem 3(20%):
Prove the orthogonality of the Legendre Polynomials on [−1, 1]
Z 1
Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = 0 if n 6= m .  (8)
−1

Sol:
Refer to pages 9-10 of the lecture notes for ch7(2ed).
Problem 4(20%): We known that y = Jν (kx) is a solution of

x2 y 00 + y 0 + (k 2 x2 − ν 2 )y = 0 .
√
Let k > 1. Now let u(x) = kxJν (kx). Substitute this into Bessel’s equation to get
1
ν2 −
 
00 2 4
u (x) + k − u(x) = 0 . (9)
x2

Now, prove the above Theorem 1.

Sol:
Referring to pages 41-44 of Ch7’s lecture notes.