Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

CHAPTER 8

Section 8.1

8.1.1
√ √
a) The confidence level for x̄−2 .14 σ / n≤μ≤ x̄+2. 14 σ / n is determined by the value of z0
which is 2.14. From Table III, (2.14) = P(Z < 2.14) = 0.9838 and the confidence level is 2(0.9838-0.5) =
96.76%.
√ √
b) The confidence level for x̄−2 . 49 σ / n≤μ≤ x̄+2 . 49 σ / n is determined by the value of z0
which is 2.49. From Table III, (2.49) = P(Z < 2.49) = 0.9936 and the confidence level is 2(0.9936-0.5) =
98.72%.
√ √
c) The confidence level for x̄−1 .85 σ / n≤μ≤ x̄+1. 85 σ / n is determined by the by the value of
z0 which is 1.85. From Table III, (1.85) = P(Z < 1.85) = 0.9678 and the confidence level is 2(0.9678-0.5)
= 93.56%.

d) One-sided confidence interval (upper bound) with z α = 2. Therefore, α = P(Z > 2) = 0.0228 and
confidence = 1 – α = = 0.9772 = 97.72%

e) One-sided confidence interval (lower bound) with z α = 1.96. Therefore, α = P(Z < 1.96) = = 0.9750 =
97.50%

8.1.2 a) A z = 1.29 would result in a 90% one-sided confidence interval.

b) A z = 1.65 would result in a 95% one-sided confidence interval.
c) A z = 2.33 would result in a 99% one-sided confidence interval.

8.1.3 a) Sample mean from the first confidence interval = 38.02 + (61.98-38.02)/2 = 50
Sample mean from the second confidence interval = 39.95 + (60.05-39.95)/2 = 50

b) The 95% CI is (38.02, 61.98) and the 90% CI is (39.95, 60.05). The higher the confidence
level, the wider the CI.

8.1.4 a) Find n for the length of the 95% CI to be 40. Za/2 = 1.96
1/2 length=(1 . 96 )(20 )/ √ n=20
(1. 96 )(20 )=20 √ n
(1. 96 )(20 )
=√ n
20
n=( 1 . 96 )2 =3 .84
Therefore, n = 4.

b) Find n for the length of the 99% CI to be 40. Za/2 = 2.58

1/2 length=(2.58)(20 )/ √ n=20
(2.58 )(20)=20 √n
n=( 2.58 )2=6.66
Therefore, n = 7.

8.1.5 a) The 99% CI on the mean calcium concentration would be wider.

8-1
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

b) No, that is not the correct interpretation of a confidence interval. The probability that  is between 0.49
and 0.82 is either 0 or 1.

c) Yes, this is the correct interpretation of a confidence interval. The upper and lower limits of the
confidence limits are random variables.

8.1.6 95% Two-sided CI on the true mean yield: where x = 90.480,  = 3 , n=5 and z0.025 = 1.96
x̄−z 0 .025 σ / √ n≤μ≤ x̄+z 0 . 025 σ / √ n
90 . 480−1. 96 (3)/ √ 5≤μ≤90 . 480+1 . 96(3 )/ √5
90 . 48−2. 63≤μ≤90 . 48+2. 63
87 . 85≤μ≤93 . 11

8.1.7 a) 99% Two-sided CI on the true mean piston ring diameter

For  = 0.01, z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58 , and x = 74.036,  = 0.001, n=15

74.0353    74.0367

b) 99% One-sided CI on the true mean piston ring diameter

For  = 0.01, z = z0.01 =2.33 and x = 74.036,  = 0.001, n=15
σ
x̄−z 0 .01 ≤μ
√n
74 . 036−2. 33 ( 0.√15001 )≤μ
74.03574 

The lower bound of the one-sided confidence interval is greater than the lower bound of the two-sided
interval even though the level of significance is the same. This is because for a one-sided confidence
interval the probability in the left tail ( is greater than the probability in the left tail of the two-sided
confidence interval (.

8.1.8 a) 95% two sided CI on the mean compressive strength

z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and x = 3250, 2 = 1000, n=12

3250−1. 96
31. 62
√12 ( )
≤μ≤3250+1. 96
31. 62
√ 12 ( )
3250−17 .89≤μ≤3250+17. 89
3232 .11 ≤μ≤3267 . 89
b) 99% Two-sided CI on the true mean compressive strength
z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

x̄−z 0 .005 ( ) σ
√n
≤μ≤ x̄+z 0 . 005 ( )
σ
√n

8-2
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

3250−2. 58
31 . 62
√12 ( )
≤μ≤3250+2. 58
31 .62
√ 12 ( )
3250−23. 55≤μ≤3250+23 . 55
3226 . 45 ≤μ≤3273 .6
The 99% CI is wider than the 95% CI, as would be expected.

8.1.9 99% confidence that the error of estimating the true compressive strength is less than 15 psi
For  = 0.01, z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58 , and  =31.62 , E=15

n= ( ) (
z a/2 σ 2 2 .58(31 . 62) 2
E
=
15
=29 .6≃30 )
Therefore, n ≥ 30

8.1.10 If n is doubled in Eq 8-7:

x̄−z α / 2 ( ) σ
√n ( )
≤μ≤ x̄+ z α / 2
σ
√n
z α /2 σ
√2 n
=
z α /2 σ 1
=
z α /2 σ
1. 414 √n 1 . 414 √n ( ) z σ
=(0 . 707 ) α /2
√n ( )
The interval is reduced by 0.293 or 29.3%

If n is increased by a factor of 4
z α /2 σ
√4 n
=
z α /2 σ
2√ n
=
z α /2 σ
2√ n
=
( )
1 z α /2 σ
2 √n
The interval is reduced by 0.5.

8.1.11 To decrease the length of the CI by one half, the sample size must be increased by 4 times (2 2).
z α /2 σ / √n=0 .5 l
Now, to decrease by half, divide both sides by 2.
( z α / 2 σ / √ n )/2=(l/2 )/2
( z α / 2 σ /2 √ n )=l/4
( z α / 2 σ / √ 22 n )=l/ 4
Therefore, the sample size must be increased by 22 = 4

8.1.12 a) 95% CI for μ , n=5 σ=0.66 x̄=3 . 372, z=1. 96

x̄−zσ / √n≤μ≤ x̄+zσ / √ n
3.372−1.96(0.66/ √5)≤μ≤3.372+1.96(0.66/ √ 5)
2.79≤μ≤3.95
b) Width is 2 zσ/ √ n=0. 55 , therefore
2 2
n=[2 zσ /0.55] =[2(1.97)(0.66)/0.55 ] =22.13
Round up to n = 23.

8.1.13 a) 99% two sided CI on the mean temperature

8-3
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

z/2 = z0.005 = 2.57, and x̄ = 13.77,  = 0.5, n=11

x̄−z 0 .005
( √σn )≤μ≤ x̄+ z ( √σn )0 . 005

13 .77−2 .57
0.5
√ 11 ( )
≤μ≤13 .77+2. 57
0.5
√11 ( )
13 .383 ≤μ≤14 . 157
b) 95% lower-confidence bound on the mean temperature
For  = 0.05, z = z0.05 =1.65 and x̄ = 13.77,  = 0.5, n =11
σ
x̄−z 0 .05 ≤μ
√n
13 .77−1 .65
(0√ .511 )≤μ
13 .521≤μ
c) 95% confidence that the error of estimating the mean temperature for wheat grown is less than 2 degrees
Celsius.
For  = 0.05, z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96, and  = 0.5, E = 2

n= ( ) (
z a/2 σ 2 1. 96 (0 .5 ) 2
E
=
2
=0 .2401 )
Round up to the next integer. Therefore n = 1.

d) Set the width to 1.5 degrees Celsius with  = 0.5, z0.025 = 1.96 solve for n.
2E = total length of the CI = 1.5
E = 1.5 / 2 = 0.75

n= ( ) (
z a/2 σ 2 1. 96 (0 .5 ) 2
E
=
0 .75
=1. 707 )
Therefore, n = 2.

Section 8.2

sum 251. 848

= = =25. 1848
8.2.1 a) Mean N 10
Variance=( stDev)2 =1 .605 2=2 . 5760
b) 95% confidence interval on mean
n=10 x̄ =25. 1848 s=1 . 605 t 0.025 ,9 =2.262

( s√n )≤μ≤x̄ +t (√s n )

x̄−t 0. 025 , 9 0. 025, 9

25 .1848−2 .262
( 1.√10605 )≤μ≤25 .1848+2 . 262(1√ .605
10 )
24 . 037≤μ≤26 . 333

8-4
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

8.2.2 For 1-tailed t-tests:

t 0.025 ,15=2.131 t 0.05 , 10=1.812 t 0. 10, 20=1 .325
t 0. 005 ,25=2. 787 t 0.001, 30=3 .385

8.2.3 95% confidence interval on mean tire life

n=16 x̄=60 , 139. 7 s=3645 . 94 t 0.025 ,15=2.131

( s√n )≤μ≤x̄ +t ( s√n )

x̄−t 0. 025 ,15 0. 025 ,15

60139 .7−2 .131 ( ) (√ 16 )

3645 .94 3645 . 94
≤μ≤60139. 7+2. 131
√16
58197 . 33≤μ≤62082. 07

8.2.4
t
a) 0.05 ,14
=1.761 t
b) 0.01 , 19
=2.539 t
c) 0.001, 24
=3. 467

8.2.5 99% upper confidence interval on mean SBP

n=14 x̄=118. 3 s=9 . 9 t 0. 01 , 13=2 .650

(√n )
μ≤ x̄ +t 0 .005 , 13
s

μ≤118 .3+2. 650 (

√14 )
9. 9

μ≤125 . 312
8.2.6 95% confidence interval on mean peak power
n=7 x̄=315 s=16 t 0. 025 ,6 =2 . 447

( s√n )≤μ≤ x̄ +t (√s n )

x̄−t 0. 025 , 6 0. 025, 6

315−2. 447 ( )≤μ≤315+2 . 447 (

√7 )
16 315
√7
300 . 202≤μ≤329 . 798

8.2.7
n=10 x̄ =317 .2 s=15 . 7 t 0.005 ,9 =3 . 250

8-5
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

( √n )
x̄−t 0. 005 , 9
s
(√ n )
≤μ≤ x̄+t 0. 005, 9
s

317 . 2−3 . 250 ( )≤μ≤317 . 2+3 . 250 (

√ 10 )
15 .7 15 .7
√ 10
301 .06≤μ≤333. 34
Assume that the data are a random sample from a normal distribution.

8.2.8 90% CI on the mean frequency of a beam subjected to loads

x̄=231 . 67, s= 1 . 53, n=5, t α /2,n-1 =t . 05 , 4 =2. 132

x̄−t 0. 05 , 4
( √n )
s
≤μ≤ x̄ +t 0. 05 , 4
( √n )
s

231 .67−2 .132

1. 53
√5 ( )
≤μ≤231. 67−2. 132
1 .53
√5 ( )
230 . 2 ≤μ≤233 . 1
By examining the normal probability plot, it appears that the data are normally distributed.
Normal Probability Plot for frequencies
ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 231.67
95
StDev 1.36944
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

226 231 236

Data

8.2.9 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.

8-6
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

Normal Probability Plot for Strength

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99 ML Estimates
Mean 2259.92
95
StDev 34.0550
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

2150 2250 2350

Data

b) 95% two-sided confidence interval on mean comprehensive strength

n=12 x̄=2259 . 9 s=35 . 6 t 0.025 ,11=2 .201

(√s n )≤μ≤x̄+t ( s√n )

x̄−t 0. 025 ,11 0 . 025, 11

2259 . 9−2 . 201 (

√ 12 ) ( √12 )
35 .6 35 .6
≤μ≤2259 . 9+2 .201

2237 . 3≤μ≤2282. 5
c) 95% lower-confidence bound on mean strength

( √ n )≤μ
x̄−t 0. 05 , 11
s

2259 . 9−1 .796 (

√ 12 )
35 .6
≤μ

2241 . 4≤μ

8.2.10 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.

8-7
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

Probability Plot of Speed

Normal - 95% CI
99
Mean 4.313
StDev 0.4328
95 N 13
AD 0.233
90
P-Value 0.745
80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10

1
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Speed

b) 95% confidence interval on mean speed-up

n=13 x̄ =4 . 313 s=0 . 4328 t 0. 025 ,12=2 . 179

( √n )
x̄−t 0. 025 ,12
s
(√ n )
≤μ≤ x̄ +t 0. 025, 12
s

4 .313−2 .179 (
√13 ) ( √13 )
0 . 4328 0 . 4328
≤μ≤4 . 313+2 .179

4 .051≤μ≤4 . 575
c) 95% lower confidence bound on mean speed-up
n=13 x̄ =4 . 313 s=0 . 4328 t 0.05 , 12=1.782

(√ n )≤μ
x̄−t 0. 05 , 12
s

4 .313−1. 782 (
√13 )
0 . 4328
≤μ

4 .099≤μ
8.2.11a) The data appear to be normally distributed.

b) 99% two-sided confidence interval on mean percentage enrichment

For  = 0.01 and n = 12, t/2,n-1 = t0.005,11 = 3.106, x̄= 2 .9017 s=0 . 0993

(√ n )
x̄−t 0. 005 ,11
s
( √n )
≤μ≤ x̄+t 0 . 005, 11
s

2 . 902−3 .106 ( )≤μ≤2. 902+3 .106 (

√ 12 )
0 . 0993 0 . 0993
√ 12
2 .813≤μ≤2. 991

8.2.12 a) 95% CI for μ , n=12, { x̄=2. 082 , s = 0 .1564 ¿ , t0.025, 11 = 2.201

8-8
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

x̄−ts/ √ n≤μ≤ x̄ +ts/ √ n

2 .082−2. 210(0 . 1564 / √12 )≤μ≤2 . 082+2. 210(0 . 1564 / √12)
1 .98≤μ≤2. 18
b) The lower bound of 95% confidence interval is greater than the historical average of 1.95. Therefore,
there is evidence that this clinic performs more CAT scans than the mean of all clinics in the system.

A one-sided confidence interval would be more appropriate to answer this question. The one-sided interval
follows.

t0.05, 11 = 1.7959
x̄−ts/ √ n≤μ
2 .082−1. 7959(0 . 1564/ √ 12)≤μ
2 .00≤μ
and the same conclusion is provided by this interval.

Section 8.3

8.3.1 95% confidence interval for  given n = 51, s = 0.37

First find the confidence interval for 2
For  = 0.05 and n = 51, 71.42 and 32.36
2 2
50(0 . 37 ) 50(0 .37 )
≤σ 2 ≤
71 . 42 32. 36
0.096  2  0.2115

Take the square root of the endpoints of this interval to obtain

0.31 <  < 0.46

8.3.2
χ 20 . 05 , 10=18 .31 χ 20 . 025, 15=27 . 49 χ 20 . 01 ,12=26. 22
χ 20 . 95 , 20=10 .85 χ 20 . 99 , 18=7 . 015 χ 20 . 995, 16=5 . 14
χ 20 . 005, 25=46 .93
8.3.3 The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.

8-9
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

Probability Plot of Mean Temp

Normal - 95% CI
99
Mean 21.41
StDev 0.9463
95 N 8
AD 0.352
90
P-Value 0.367
80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10

1
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Mean Temp

95% confidence interval for 

n=8 s=0 . 9463
χ 2α /2, n−1 = χ 20 . 025, 7 =16 . 01 and χ 21−α /2, n−1= χ 20. 975 ,7 =1 .69
7( 0. 9463 )2 2 7(0 . 9463 )2
≤σ ≤
16 . 01 1 .69
2
0 . 392≤σ ≤3 . 709
0 . 626<σ <1. 926
8.3.4 95% confidence interval for 
n=17 s=0 . 09
χ 2α /2, n−1 = χ 20 . 025, 16=28 . 85 and χ 21−α /2, n−1= χ 20. 975 ,16=6 .91
16(0 . 09 )2 2 16(0 . 09)2
≤σ ≤
28 . 85 6 . 91
2
0 . 0045≤σ ≤0 .0188
0 . 067<σ <0 .137
8.3.5 95% confidence interval for 
n=15 s=0 . 00831
χ 21−α , n−1= χ 20. 95 , 14=6.53
2
2 14 (0 . 00831)
σ≤
6 . 53
2
σ ≤0 . 000148
σ ≤0 . 0122
The data do not appear to be normally distributed based on an examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for σ is not valid.

8-10
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

8.3.6 95% confidence interval for 

n=41 s=15 . 99
χ 2α /2, n−1 = χ 20 . 025, 40=59 . 34 χ 2
and 1−α /2, n−1
2
= χ 0. 975 , 40=24 . 43
40 (15. 99 )2 2 40(15 .99 )2
≤σ ≤
59 .34 24 . 43
2
172 .35≤σ ≤418. 633
13 .13<σ <20 . 46
The data do not appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot
below. Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for σ is invalid.

Probability Plot of TimeOfTumor

Normal - 95% CI
99
Mean 88.78
StDev 15.99
95 N 41
AD 1.631
90
P-Value <0.005
80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10

1
40 60 80 100 120 140
TimeOfTumor

8.3.7 95% two sided confidence interval for , n=39 s=0 . 6295
χ 2α /2, n−1 = χ 20 . 025, 38=55 . 896 and χ 21−α /2, n−1= χ 20. 975 ,38=22. 878
( n−1) s 2 2 ( n−1 ) s
2
≤σ ≤
χ 2α / 2 , n−1 χ 21−α / 2, n−1
38( 0 .6295 )2 38( 0. 6295 )2
≤σ 2≤
55. 896 22 . 878
2
0 .265≤σ ≤0 . 658
0 .514 <σ < 0. 811

Section 8.4

8.4.1 a) 95% confidence interval for the proportion of college graduates in Ohio that voted for George Bush.
412
^p= =0. 536
768 n=768 z α /2 =1. 96

8-11
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

^p−z α /2
n √
p^ (1− p^ )
≤ p≤ ^p +z α /2
n√
p^ (1− ^p )

0 . 536−1 . 96
768
0 . 501≤ p≤0. 571
√
0. 536(0 . 464 )
≤ p≤0 . 536+1 . 96
768 √
0 . 536(0 . 464 )

b) 95% lower confidence bound on the proportion of college graduates in Ohio that voted for George
Bush.

^p−z α
n √
p^ (1− p^ )
≤p

0 . 536−1 . 645
0 . 506≤ p
768 √
0 . 536(0 . 464 )
≤p

8.4.2 a) 95% Confidence Interval on the proportion of such tears that will heal.
^p=0. 676 n=37 z α /2 =1. 96
^p−z α /2
n √
p^ (1− p^ )
≤ p≤ ^p +z α /2
n √
p^ (1− ^p )

0 . 676−1 . 96
37
0 . 5245≤ p≤0 .827
√
0 .676 (0. 324 )
≤p≤0 . 676+1 .96
37 √
0 . 676(0 . 324 )

b) 95% lower confidence bound on the proportion of such tears that will heal.

^p−z α
n√
p^ (1− p^ )
≤p

0 . 676−1 . 64
0 . 549≤ p
37 √
0 .676 (0 .33 )
≤p

8.4.3 a) 95% Confidence Interval on the proportion of rats that are under-weight.
12
^p= =0 . 4
30 n=30 z α /2 =1. 96

^p−z α /2
n √
^p (1− p^ )
≤ p≤ ^p +z α /2
√p^ (1− ^p )
n

0 .4−1 .96
0 .225≤ p≤0 .575
√
0 .4 (0 .6 )
30
≤p≤0 . 4+1. 96
√0 . 4 (0. 6 )
30

b) E = 0.02,  = 0.05, z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 and = 0.4as the initial estimate of p,

8-12
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

n= ( )
z α /2 2
E
p^ (1− ^p )= ( )
1 .96 2
0 . 02
0 . 4 (1−0 . 4 )=2304 . 96
,
n  2305.

c) E = 0.02,  = 0.05, z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 at least 95% confident

n= ( )
z α /2 2
E
(0 . 25)=
1. 96 2
0 .02 ( )
(0 . 25)=2401
.

8.4.4 The worst case would be for p = 0.5, thus with E = 0.05 and  = 0.01, z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58 we obtain a
sample size of:

n=( ) z α /2 2
E
p (1− p)=
0 . 05( )
2 .58 2
0 . 5(1−0 . 5)=665 .64
, n  666

466
^p= =0 . 932
8.4.5 a) 500 n=500 z α /2 =1. 96

^p−z α /2
n √
p^ (1− p^ )
≤ p≤ ^p + z α /2
n √
p^ (1− ^p )

0 . 932−1 . 96
√
0. 932(0 . 068 )
500
0 . 910≤ p≤0 . 954
≤ p≤0. 932+1 . 96
500 √
0. 932(0 . 068 )

b) E = 0.01,  = 0.05, z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96 and = 0.932 as the initial estimate of p,

( )
2

( 10 .96
. 01 )
zα / 2 2
n= p^ ( 1− ^p )= 0 . 932( 1−0 . 932)=2434 . 65
E ,
n  2435

c) E = 0.01,  = 0.05, z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96

Here we assume the proportion value that generates the greatest variance; namely p = 0.5.

n= ( )
z α /2 2
E
(0 . 25)=
1. 96 2
0 .01 ( )
(0 . 25)=9604
,
n  9604

180
^p= =0 . 9
8.4.6 a) 200 n=200 z α /2 =1. 96

8-13
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

^p−z α /2
n√
p^ (1− p^ )
≤ p≤ ^p +z α /2
√p^ (1− ^p )
n

0 . 9−1 . 96
√
0. 9 (0. 1)
200
0 . 858≤ p≤0 . 942
≤ p≤0. 9+1 . 96
√0. 9 (0. 1)
200

b) No, the claim of 93% is within the confidence interval for the true proportion of germinated seeds.

Section 8.6

8.6.1 95% prediction interval on the life of the next tire given = 60139.7 s = 3645.94 n = 16
for =0.05 t/2,n-1 = t0.025,15 = 2.131

√ 1
x̄−t 0. 025 ,15 s 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤ x̄+t 0 . 025, 15 s 1+
n √1
n

√1
60139 .7−2 .131 (3645 . 94 ) 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤60139 .7+2. 131(3645. 94 ) 1+
52131 .1≤ xn+1 ≤68148 .3
16
1
16 √
The prediction interval is considerably wider than the 95% confidence interval (58,197.3    62,082.07).
This is expected because the prediction interval includes the variability in the parameter estimates as well
as the variability in a future observation.

8.6.2 90% prediction interval the value of the natural frequency of the next beam of this type that will be tested.
given x = 231.67, s =1.53 For  = 0.10 and n = 5, t/2,n-1 = t0.05,4 = 2.132

√ 1
√
x̄−t 0. 05 , 4 s 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤ x̄+t 0 . 05 , 4 s 1+
n
1
n
1
√
231 .67−2 .132(1 .53 ) 1+ ≤x n+1≤231. 67−2. 132(1. 53 ) 1+
228 .1≤x n+1≤235 . 2
5
1
5 √
The 90% prediction interval is wider than the 90% CI.

8.6.3 Given = 317.2 s = 15.7 n = 10 for =0.05 t/2,n-1 = t0.005,9 = 3.250

√ 1
√
x̄−t 0. 005 , 9 s 1+ ≤x n+1≤ x̄ +t 0 .005 , 9 s 1+
n
1
n

√
1
317 . 2−3 . 250(15. 7 ) 1+ ≤x n+1≤317 . 2−3 . 250(15 .7 ) 1+
263 .7≤x n+1 ≤370. 7
10
1
10 √
The prediction interval is wider.

8-14
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

8.6.4 90% prediction interval on the next specimen of concrete tested

given = 2260 s = 35.57 n = 12 for  = 0.05 and n = 12, t/2,n-1 = t0.05,11 = 1.796

1
√
x̄−t 0. 05 , 11 s 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤ x̄+t 0 . 05 , 11 s 1+
n √1
n

√
1
2260−1. 796(35 . 57) 1+ ≤x n+1≤2260+1. 796(35 . 57) 1+
2193 .5≤x n+1≤2326 . 5
12
1
12 √
8.6.5 90% prediction interval for enrichment data given x̄ = 2.9 s = 0.099 n = 12 for  = 0.10
and n = 12, t/2,n-1 = t0.05,11 = 1.796

√1
√
x̄−t 0. 05 , 12 s 1+ ≤x n+1≤ x̄+t 0. 05 , 12 s 1+
n
1
n
1
√
2 . 9−1 .796 (0. 099 ) 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤2 . 9+1. 796(0 . 099 ) 1+
2 .71≤x n+1 ≤3 . 09
12
1
12 √
The 90% confidence interval is
1
n √
≤μ≤ x̄+t 0. 05 ,12 s
x̄−t 0.05 , 12 s
1
n √
2 . 9−1 .796(0. 099)
2 .85≤μ≤2. 95
1
12 √
≤μ≤2 . 9−1 .796(0 .099)
1
12 √
The prediction interval is wider than the CI on the population mean with the same confidence.

The 99% confidence interval is

1
x̄−t 0. 005 ,12 s
n √
≤μ≤ x̄+t 0 . 005,12 s
1
n √
2 . 9−3 .106 (0 .099 )
2 .81≤μ≤2 . 99
1
12 √
≤μ≤2 . 9+3 .106 (0 .099 )
1
12 √
The prediction interval is even wider than the CI on the population mean with greater confidence.

8.6.6 To obtain a one sided prediction interval, use t,n-1 instead of t/2,n-1
Because we want a 95% one sided prediction interval,
t/2,n-1 = t0.05,24 = 1.711 and = 4.05 s = 0.08 n = 25

8-15
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

√ 1
x̄−t 0. 05 , 24 s 1+ ≤x n+1
n
4 .05−1 .711(0 .08 ) 1+
3 . 91≤x n+1
√ 1
≤x
25 n+1

The prediction interval bound is lower than the confidence interval bound of 4.023 mm

8.6.7 95% tolerance interval on the life of the tires that has a 95% CL
Given = 60139.7 s = 3645.94 n = 16 we find k=2.903

x̄−ks , x̄+ks
60139.7−2.903 ( 3645.94 ) , 60139.7+2.903 ( 3645.94 )
(49555 .54 , 70723.86 )
95% confidence interval (58,197.3    62,082.07) is narrower than the 95% tolerance interval.

8.6.8 99% tolerance interval on the brightness of television tubes that has a 95% CL
Given = 317.2 s = 15.7 n = 10 we find k = 4.433
x̄−ks, x̄+ks
317.2−4.433 ( 15.7 ) , 317.2+4.433 ( 15 .7 )
(247.60, 386.80)
The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
301 .06≤μ≤333. 34
8.6.9 90% tolerance interval on the comprehensive strength of concrete that has a 90% CL
Given = 2260 s = 35.57 n = 12 we find k=2.404

x̄−ks, x̄+ks
2260−2.404 ( 35.57 ) , 2260+2.404 ( 35 .57 )
(2174 .5, 2345.5 )
The 90% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% confidence interval on the population mean
2237 . 3≤μ≤2282. 5
8.6.10 99% tolerance interval on rod enrichment data that have a 95% CL
Given x̄ = 2.9 s = 0.099 n = 12 we find k=4.150

x̄−ks , x̄+ks
2.9−4.150 ( 0.099 ) , 2.9+4.150 ( 0.099 )
(2.49 , 3.31 )
The 99% tolerance interval is much wider than the 95% CI on the population mean (2.84    2.96)

8-16
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

Supplemental Exercises

8.S7 Where
α 1 +α 2 =α . Let α =0 . 05
Interval for
α 1=α 2 =α /2=0 . 025
√ √
The confidence level for x̄−1 . 96 σ / n≤μ≤ x̄+1. 96 σ / n is determined by the value of z0 which
is 1.96.
From Table III, we find (1.96) = P(Z<1.96) = 0.975 and the confidence level is 95%.
Interval for
α 1=0. 01 , α 2=0 . 04

The confidence interval is x̄−2 .33 σ / √ n≤μ≤ x̄+1 . 75 σ / √ n , the confidence level is the same
because α =0 . 05 . The symmetric interval does not affect the level of significance; however, it does
affect the width. The symmetric interval is narrower, indicating a greater precision.

8.S8 a) The data appear to follow a normal distribution based on the normal probability plot because the data fall
along a straight line.

b) It is important to check for normality of the distribution underlying the sample data because the
confidence intervals to be constructed have the assumption of normality (especially since the sample size is
less than 30 and the central limit theorem does not apply).

c) No, with 95% confidence, we cannot infer that the true mean is 14.05 because this value is not contained
within the given 95% confidence interval.

d) As with part b, to construct a confidence interval on the variance, the normality assumption must hold
for the results to be valid.

e) Yes, it is reasonable to infer that the variance could be 0.35 since the 95% confidence interval on the
variance contains this value.

f) i) & ii) No, doctors and children would represent two completely different populations not represented by
the sample population of Canadian Olympic hockey players. Because neither doctors nor children were the
target of this study or part of the sample taken, the results should not be extended to these groups.

8.S9 μ=50 , σ 2=5

2
a) For n=16 find P( s ≥7 . 44 ) or P( s2 ≤2 .56 )

(
P( S2 ≥7 . 44 )=P χ 215≥
15( 7 . 44 )
5 2 )
=0. 05≤P ( χ 215≥22 . 32)≤0. 10
2
≥7 . 44 ) = 0.0997
Using computer software P( S

(
P( S2 ≤2 .56 )=P χ 215≤
15(2 .56 )
5 )
=0 . 05≤P ( χ 215≤7 . 68 )≤
0.10
2
Using computer software P( S ≤2 .56 ) = 0.064
2
b) For n=30 find P( S ≥7 . 44 ) or P( S2 ≤2 .56 )

8-17
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

P( S2 ≥7 . 44 )=P χ 229≥( 29(7 . 44 )

5 )
=0. 025≤P ( χ 229≥43 .15 )≤0. 05
2
Using computer software P( S ≥7 . 44 ) = 0.044

P( S2 ≤2 .56 )=P χ 229≤( 29(2 . 56)

5 )
=0. 01≤P ( χ 229≤14 . 85 )≤0 . 025
2
Using computer software P( S ≤2 .56 ) = 0.014.

c) For n=71 P( s2 ≥7 . 44 ) or P( s2 ≤2 .56 )

(
P( S2 ≥7 . 44 )=P χ 270≥
70(7 . 44 )
5 )
=0. 005≤P ( χ 270≥104 . 16 )≤0 . 01
2
Using computer software P( S ≥7 . 44 ) =0.0051

P( S2 ≤2 .56 )=P χ 270≤ ( 70(2 .56 )

5 )
=P ( χ 270≤35 .84 )≤0 . 005
2
Using computer software P( S ≤2 .56 ) < 0.001

d) The probabilities decrease as n increases. As n increases, the sample variance should approach the
population variance; therefore, the likelihood of obtaining a sample variance much larger than the
population variance decreases.

e) The probabilities decrease as n increases. As n increases, the sample variance should approach the
population variance; therefore, the likelihood of obtaining a sample variance much smaller than the
population variance decreases.

8.S10
a) Normal probability plot for the coefficient of restitution.

b) 99% CI on the true mean coefficient of restitution

x = 0.624, s = 0.013, n = 40 ta/2, n-1 = t0.005, 39 = 2.7079
s s
x̄−t 0. 005 ,39 ≤μ≤ x̄+t 0. 005, 39
√n √n
0 .013 0 . 013
0 . 624−2. 7079 ≤μ≤0 .624 +2 .7079
√ 40 √ 40
0 . 618≤μ≤0 .630
c) 99% prediction interval on the coefficient of restitution for the next baseball that will be tested.
1
√
x̄−t 0. 005 ,39 s 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤ x̄+t 0 . 005, 39 s 1+
n
1
n √
1
√
0 . 624−2. 7079(0 . 013) 1+ ≤x n+1≤0 . 624+2. 7079(0 . 013) 1+
0 . 588≤x n+1 ≤0 .660
40
1
40 √
d) 99% tolerance interval on the coefficient of restitution with a 95% level of confidence

8-18
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

( x̄−ks, x̄+ks)
(0.624−3.213(0.013), 0.624+3.213(0.013))
(0.582, 0.666)
e) The confidence interval in part (b) is for the population mean and we may interpret this to imply that
99% of such intervals will cover the true population mean. For the prediction interval in part (c), 99% of
such intervals will cover a future baseball’s coefficient of restitution. For the tolerance interval in part (d),
95% of such intervals will cover 99% of the true distribution.

8.S11 95% Confidence Interval on the proportion of baseballs with a coefficient of restitution that exceeds 0.635.
8
^p= =0 .2 z α =1. 65
40 n=40

^p−z α
n √
^p (1− p^ )
≤p

0 . 2−1 .65
0 . 0956≤ p
40 √
0 . 2(0. 8 )
≤p

8.S12 a) The normal probability shows that the data are mostly follow the straight line, however, there are some
points that deviate from the line near the middle.

Normal Probability Plot for 8-81

ML Estimates - 95% CI

99

95
90

80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10
5

0 5 10
Data

b) 95% CI on the mean dissolved oxygen concentration

x = 3.265, s = 2.127, n = 20 ta/2, n-1 = t0.025, 19 = 2.093
s s
x̄−t 0. 025 ,19 ≤μ≤ x̄ +t 0. 025, 19
√n √n
2 . 127 2 .127
3 .265−2 . 093 ≤μ≤3 .265 +2. 093
√20 √ 20
2 .270≤μ≤4 . 260
c) 95% prediction interval on the oxygen concentration for the next stream in the system that will be tested

8-19
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

√ 1
x̄−t 0. 025 ,19 s 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤ x̄+t 0 . 025, 19 s 1+
n
1
n√
√
1
3 .265−2 .093 (2. 127 ) 1+ ≤x n+1 ≤3 . 265+2 .093 (2. 127 ) 1+
−1 .297≤x n+1≤7 . 827
20
1
20 √
d) 95% tolerance interval on the values of the dissolved oxygen concentration with a 99% level of
confidence
( x̄−ks, x̄+ks)
(3.265−3.168(2.127), 3.265+3.168(2.127))
(−3.473, 10.003)
e) The confidence interval in part (b) is for the population mean and we may interpret this to imply that
95% of such intervals will cover the true population mean. For the prediction interval, 95% of such
intervals will cover a future oxygen concentration. For the tolerance interval, 99% of such intervals will
cover 95% of the true distribution

8.S13 99% Confidence Interval on the population proportion

n=1600 x=8 ^p=0.005 z/2=z0.005=2.58

^p−z a /2
n √
p^ (1− p^ )
≤p≤ ^p +z a /2
√
^p (1− p^ )
n

0 . 005−2 . 58
√
0 . 005(1−0. 005 )
1600
0 . 0004506≤ p≤0 . 009549
≤ p≤0 .005+2. 58
1600 √
0. 005 (1−0 . 005)

b) E = 0.008,  = 0.01, z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

n=
E ( )
z α /2 2
p (1− p)= (
2 .58 2
0 . 008 )
0 . 005(1−0. 005 )=517 . 43
, n  518

c) E = 0.008,  = 0.01, z/2 = z0.005 = 2.58

n=
E ( )
z α /2 2
p (1− p)= (
2 .58 2
0 . 008 )
0 . 5(1−0 . 5)=26001. 56
, n  26002
d) A bound on the true population proportion reduces the required sample size by a substantial amount. A
sample size of 518 is much smaller than a sample size of over 26,000.

8.S14 a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on examination of the normal probability plot below.

8-20
Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, 7th edition 2017

Probability Plot of Energy

Normal - 95% CI
99
Mean 5.884
StDev 0.5645
95 N 10
AD 0.928
90
P-Value 0.011
80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20

10

1
4 5 6 7 8
Energy

b) 99% upper confidence interval on mean energy (BMR)

n=10 x̄ =5. 884 s=0 .5645 t 0.005 ,9 =3 . 250

( √n )
x̄−t 0. 005 , 9
s
(√ n )
≤μ≤ x̄+t 0. 005, 9
s

5 . 884−3. 250 ( )≤μ≤5 .884 +3 . 250 (

√ 10 )
0. 5645 0 . 5645
√10
5 .304≤μ≤6 . 464

8-21