1.

Use the 𝜒 2 -distribution table to determine the values of 𝜒 2 𝛼⁄2 that would be used to
construct confidence intervals for a population variance for the following combinations:
a) 𝛼 = 0.10 , 𝜈 = 25
b) 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 15
c) 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 10
d) 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 30
Jawab:
Dalam penentuan nilai confidence interval dari distribusi X2 dapat digunakan rumus
dibawah ini :

a. 𝛼 = 0.10 , 𝜈 = 25
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 90%
2 2
𝑋𝑣,( 𝛼 = 𝑋25,0.05 = 37.653
)
2

2 2
𝑋𝑣,(1−𝛼 = 𝑋25,0.95 =14.611
)
2

25𝑠 2 25𝑠 2
≤ 𝜎2 ≤
37.653 14.611

b. 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 15
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 95%
2 2
𝑋𝑣,( 𝛼 = 𝑋15,0.025 = 27.488
)
2

2 2
𝑋𝑣,(1−𝛼
)
= 𝑋15,0.975 = 6.262
2

15𝑠 2 15𝑠 2
≤ 𝜎2 ≤
27.488 6.262

c. 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 10
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 95%
2 2
𝑋𝑣,( 𝛼 = 𝑋10,0.025 = 20.483
)
2

2 2
𝑋𝑣,(1−𝛼 = 𝑋10,0.975 = 3.2470
) 2

10𝑠 2 10𝑠 2
≤ 𝜎2 ≤
20.483 3.2470
 d. 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 30
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 99%
2 2
𝑋𝑣,( 𝛼 = 𝑋10,0.025 = 53.672
)
2

2 2
𝑋𝑣,(1−𝛼
)
= 𝑋10,0.975 = 13.787
2

30𝑠 2 30𝑠 2
≤ 𝜎2 ≤
53.672 13.787

2. Use the 𝑡-distribution table (Table D.2) to determine the values of 𝑡𝛼⁄2 that would be used
to construct confidence intervals for a population variance for the following combinations:
a) 𝛼 = 0.10 , 𝜈 = 25
b) 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 15
c) 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 10
d) 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 40
Jawab:
Dalam penentuan confidence interval dari distribusi t menggunakan rumus dibawah ini
𝑠
Confidence interval = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝑣,(𝛼) 𝑠𝑥̅ dan 𝑠𝑥̅ =
2 √𝑛

a. 𝛼 = 0.10 , 𝜈 = 25
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 90%
𝑡𝑣,(𝛼) = 𝑡25,0.05 = 1.708
2
𝑠
Confidence interval = 𝑥̅ ± (1.708 × )
√𝑛
𝑠 𝑠
𝑥̅ - (1.708 × ) ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ + (1.708 × )
√𝑛 √𝑛

b. 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈 = 15
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 95%
𝑡𝑣,(𝛼) = 𝑡15,0.025 = 2.131
2
𝑠
Confidence interval = 𝑥̅ ± (2.131× )
√𝑛
𝑠 𝑠
𝑥̅ - (2.131 × ) ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ + (2.131 × )
√𝑛 √𝑛
 c. 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 10
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 99%
𝑡𝑣,(𝛼) = 𝑡10,0.005 = 3.169
2
𝑠
Confidence interval = 𝑥̅ ± (3.169× )
√𝑛
𝑠 𝑠
𝑥̅ - (3.169 × ) ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ + (3.169× )
√𝑛 √𝑛

d. 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈 = 40
Confidence level = (1-𝛼)*100% = 99%
𝑡𝑣,(𝛼) = 𝑡40,0.005 = 2.704
2
𝑠
Confidence interval = 𝑥̅ ± (2.704 × )
√𝑛
𝑠 𝑠
𝑥̅ - (2.704 × ) ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ + (2.704 × )
√𝑛 √𝑛

3. Use the 𝐹-distribution table (Table D.2) to determine the values of 𝐹𝛼,𝜈1,𝜈2 that would be
used to construct confidence intervals for a population variance for the following
combinations:
a) 𝛼 = 0.20 , 𝜈1 = 24, 𝜈2 = 2
b) 𝛼 = 0.01 , 𝜈1 = 24, 𝜈2 = 2
c) 𝛼 = 0.05 , 𝜈1 = 60, 𝜈2 = 20
d) 𝛼 = 0.80 , 𝜈1 = 2, 𝜈2 = 24
Jawab:
a. α = 0.20 , ν1 = 24, ν2 = 2
Fα,ν1,ν2 = F0.2,24,2 = 4,44
b. α = 0.01 , ν1 = 24, ν2 = 2
Fα,ν1,ν2 = F0.01,24,2 = 99.5

c. α = 0.05 , ν1 = 60, ν2 = 20
Fα,ν1,ν2 = F0.05,60,20 = 195

d. α = 0.80 , ν1 = 2, ν2 = 24

1
F1-α,ν2,ν1 = F0.8,2,24 = F0.8,2,24 =
𝐹0.2,24,2
 F0.8,2,24 = 0.23

4. A least squares adjustment is computed twice on a data set. When the data are minimally
constrained with 10 degrees of freedom, a variance of 1.07 is obtained. In the second run,
the fully constrained network has 12 degrees of freedom with a standard deviation of 1.53.
The a priori estimates for the reference variances in both adjustments are 1; that is, 12 = 22
= 1.
a) What is the 95% confidence interval for the ratio of the two variances? Is there reason
to be concerned about the consistency of the control? Justify your response statistically.
Jawab :

α = 0.05 --> α/2 = 0.25

Critical values of F0.25,10,12 , F0.25,12,10

Confidence Interval:

1 s1 2 σ1 2 s1 2
. < < 𝐹
𝐹0.25,10,12 s2 2 σ2 2 s2 2 0.25,12,10

1 1.07 σ1 2 1.07
. < < 3.62
3.37 2.34 σ2 2 2.34

0.14 < 1 < 1.66

Since 1 is within the interval there is no reason to believe that σ1 2 ≠ σ2 2 at

a 95% confidence interval level.

b) What is the 95% confidence interval for the reference variance in the minimally
constrained adjustment? The population variance is 1. Does this interval contain 1?

α = 0.05 --> α/2 = 0.025

Critical values for x2 = x2(0.025,10), x2(0.975,10)

Values x2(0.025,10) = 20.48

Values x2(0.975,10) = 3.25

10x1.07 10x1.07
< σ2 <
20.48 3.25

0.522 < σ2 < 3.29

Since the interval contains 1, so 95% of the observations should fall within 0.522 and
3.29.

c) What is the 95% confidence interval for the reference variance in the fully constrained
adjustment? The population variance is 1. Does this interval contain 1?

α = 0.05 --> α/2 = 0.025

Critical values for x2 = x2(0.025,12), x2(0.975,12)

Values x2(0.025,12) = 23.34

Values x2(0.975,12) = 4.40

12x2.34 12x2.34
< σ2 <
23.34 4.40

1.2 < σ2 < 6.38

95% of the observations should fall within 1.20 and 6.38. The interval does not
contain 1, so this is expected 5% of the time.
5. The calibrated length of a baseline is 402.167 m. An average distance of 402.151 m with
a standard deviation of ±0.0055 m is computed after the line is observed five times with
an EDM.

(a) What is the 95% confidence interval for the measurement?

ν = n-1 = 5-1 = 4

α = 0.05 --> α/2 = 0.025

t0.025=2.776

With :

0.0055 0.0055
402.151 - 2.776 < µ < 402.151 + 2.776
√5 √5

402.144 < µ < 402.158

(b) At a 95% level of confidence, can you state that the EDM is working properly?
Justify your response statistically.
Since 402.167 does not lie within the confidence interval, we can not say with
confidence that the EDM is working properly

(c) At a 90% level of confidence can you state that the EDM is working properly? Justify
your response statistically.

α = 0.1 --> α/2 = 0.05

t0.05=2.132

ν = n-1 = 5-1 = 4

With :
 0.0055 0.0055
402.151 - 2.132 < µ < 402.151 + 2.132
√5 √5

402.146 < µ < 402.156

Since 402.167 does not lie within the confidence interval, we still can not say

with confidence that the EDM is working properly

6. A mean length of 1023.573 m with a standard deviation of ±0.0056 m is obtained for a

distance after five observations. Using the technical specifications, it is found that the
standard deviation for this observation should be ±0.0043 m.
(a) Perform a statistical test to check the repeatability of the instrument at a level of
significance of 0.05.
(b) Perform a statistical test to check the repeatability of the instrument at a level of
significance of 0.01.

Jawab :

(a) 𝑥̅ = 1023.573 𝑚
𝑠 = ± 0.0056 𝑚
𝜎 = ± 0.0043
𝜎 2 = 1.849 × 10−5
Check the repeatability of the instrument at a level of significance of 0.05 :
• Formulate hypothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜎 2 ≠ 1.849 × 10 −5 (Alternative hypothesis)
𝐻0 = 𝜎 2 = 1.849 × 10 −5 (Alternative hypothesis)
• There are 2 tailed test
• Level of significant and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05 → 1 – 𝛼 = 95%
𝑛 = 5
𝑣 = 𝑛−1 = 4
• Critical value (𝑋 2 )
𝑋 2 𝑣,𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 4,0.025 = 11.1433
𝑋 2 𝑣,1−𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 4,0.975 = 0.484419
 • Rejection region

• Statistical test (𝑋 2 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒)

𝑉.𝑆 2 4.0.00562
𝑋 2 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 6.78420768 = 6.784
𝜎2 0.00432

• Compare the statistical test against the critical value

0.484 < 6.784 < 11.143, don’t lie in rejection region.
Therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 0.05 significant level.
• Our sample is compatible with supposed population mean at 0.05 level of
significant. Therefore it follows that the observations agree with result using
technical spesifications.
(b) 𝑥̅ = 1023.573 𝑚
𝑠 = ± 0.0056 𝑚
𝜎 = ± 0.0043
𝜎 2 = 1.849 × 10−5
Check the repeatability of the instrument at a level of significance of 0.01 :
• Formulate hypothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜎 2 ≠ 1.849 × 10 −5 (Alternative hypothesis)
𝐻0 = 𝜎 2 = 1.849 × 10 −5 (Alternative hypothesis)
• There are 2 tailed test
• Level of significant and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05 → 1 – 𝛼 = 95%
𝑛 = 5
𝑣 = 𝑛−1 = 4
• Critical value (𝑋 2 )
𝑋 2 𝑣,𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 4,0.005 = 14.8602
𝑋 2 𝑣,1−𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 4,0.995 = 0.206990
 • Rejection region

• Statistical test (𝑋 2 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒)

𝑉.𝑆 2 4.0.00562
𝑋 2 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 6.78420768 = 6.784
𝜎2 0.00432

• Compare the statistical test against the critical value

0.206990 < 6.784 < 14.8602, do not lie in rejection region.
Therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 0.01 significant level.
• Our sample is compatible with supposed population mean at 0.01 level of
significant. Therefore it follows that the observations agree with result using
technical spesifications.
7. A least squares adjustment is computed twice on a data set. When the data are minimally
constrained with 24 degrees of freedom, a reference variance of 0.89 is obtained. In the
second run, the fully constrained network, which also has 24 degrees of freedom, has a
reference variance of 1.15. The a priori estimate for the reference variance in both
adjustments is 1; that is, 𝜎1 2 = , 𝜎2 2 =1.
(a) Are the two variances statistically equal at a 0.05 level of significance?
(b) Is the minimally constrained adjustment reference variance statistically equal to 1 at
a 0.05 level of significance?
(c) Is the fully constrained adjustment reference variance statistically equal to 1 at a
0.05 level of significance?
(d) Is there a statistical reason to be concerned about the presence of errors in either the
control

Jawab :

(a) Compare two variances :

𝑉𝐴 = 24
 𝑆𝐴2 = 0.89
𝑉𝐵 = 24
𝑆𝐵2 = 1.15
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜎𝐴 2 ≠ 𝜎𝐵 2
𝐻0 = 𝜎𝐴 2 = 𝜎𝐵 2
• There are two tailed test
• Significant level and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05
𝑉𝐴 = 24 (Denominator)
𝑉𝐵 = 24 (Numerator)
Because of 2 tailed test, so :
𝐹𝑉𝐵,𝑉𝐴,𝛼/2 =𝐹24,24,0.025 = 2.27
1 1
𝐹VB,VA,1−α/2 =𝐹24,24,0.975 =
𝐹24,24,0.025
=
2.27
= 0.4405

• Rejection region

The rejection region is F < 0.4405 and F > 2.27

• Determine F-score
S𝐴 2 1.15
F-score = = = 1.292134 = 1.292
S𝐵 2 0.89

• Comparing the statistical test

0.4405 < 1.2921 < 2.27, therefore F does not lie in the rejection region.
Therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 0.05 significant level
• There is no significant difference between two variances at 95% confidence.
Therefore, two variances statistically equal at 0.05 level of significant.
(b) The minimally constrained
 𝑉𝐴 = 24
𝑆𝐴2 = 0.89
Compare two variances :
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜎𝐴 2 ≠ 1
𝐻0 = 𝜎𝐴 2 = 1
• There are two tailed test
• Significant level and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05
V = 24
• Critical value
𝑋 2 𝑣,𝛼 = 𝑋 2 24,0.025 = 39.3641
2

𝑋 2 𝑣,1−𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 24,0.975 = 12.4011

• Confident Interval
𝑉. 𝑆 2 2
𝑉. 𝑆 2
𝐶𝐼 = ≤ 𝜎 ≤
𝑋 2 𝑣,𝛼/2 𝑋 2 𝑣,1−𝛼/2
24 × 0.89 24 × 0.89
𝐶𝐼 = ≤1≤
39.3641 12.4011
𝐶𝐼 = 0.5426 ≤ 1 ≤ 1.7224
• Rejection region
Because the null hypothesis will be rejected if 𝜎𝐴 2 ≠ 𝜎𝐵 2 , since the test of
𝜎𝐴 2 ≠ 𝜎𝐵 2 by using 𝑋 2 . So, the rejected areas are :
𝑋 2 < 0.5426 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 2 > 1.7224
• Comparing the statistical test
0.5426 ≤ 1 ≤ 1.7224, therefore F does not lie in the rejection region.
Therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 0.05 significant level
• There is no significant difference between two variances at 95% confidence.
Therefore, two variances statistically equal at 0.05 level of significant.
(c) Fully constrained
𝑉𝐵 = 24
𝑆𝐵2 = 1.15
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜎𝐵 2 ≠ 1
 𝐻0 = 𝜎𝐵 2 = 1
• There are two tailed test
• Significant level and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05
V = 24
• Critical value
𝑋 2 𝑣,𝛼 = 𝑋 2 24,0.025 = 39.3641
2
2
𝑋 𝑣,1−𝛼/2 = 𝑋 2 24,0.975 = 12.4011
• Confident Interval
𝑉. 𝑆 2 2
𝑉. 𝑆 2
𝐶𝐼 = 2 ≤𝜎 ≤ 2
𝑋 𝑣,𝛼/2 𝑋 𝑣,1−𝛼/2
24 × 1.15 24 × 1.15
𝐶𝐼 = ≤1≤
39.3641 12.4011
𝐶𝐼 = 0.7011 ≤ 1 ≤ 2.2256
• Rejection region
Because the null hypothesis will be rejected if 𝜎𝐴 2 ≠ 𝜎𝐵 2 , since the test of 𝜎𝐴 2 ≠
𝜎𝐵 2 by using 𝑋 2 . So, the rejected areas are :
𝑋 2 < 0.7011 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 2 > 2.2256
• Comparing the statistical test
0.7011 ≤ 1 ≤ 2.2256, therefore F does not lie in the rejection region.
Therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 0.05 significant level
• There is no significant difference between two variances at 95% confidence.
Therefore, two variances statistically equal at 0.05 level of significant.
(d) In the answer of point (b) and (c), we compare the minimally and fully constrained
adjustment reference variance statistically equal to 1 and the statistics result is equal
to 1. Maybe it can work if the population variance is 1, so the interval can still contain
1. There is no reason to be concerned about the presence of errors in either the control
or the observations.

8. An EDM is placed on a calibration baseline and the distance between two monuments is
determined to be 1200.012 m ± 0.047 m after 10 observations. The length between the
monuments is calibrated as 1200.005 m. Is the instrument measuring the length properly
at:
(a) 0.01 level of significance?
(b) 0.05 level of significance?
(c) 0.10 level of significance?

Jawab :

𝜇 = 1200.005 𝑚

𝑥̅ = 1200.012 𝑚

𝑠 = 0.047 𝑚

𝑛 = 10

(a) 0.01 level of significance

𝛼 = 0.01
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜇 ≠ 1200.005
𝐻0 = 𝜇 = 1200.005
• There are two tailed test
• Level of significant and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.01
𝑛 = 10 → 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1 = 9
• Critical value
𝑡v,α/2 = 𝑡9,0.005 = 3.250
• Rejection region

The rejection region is t > 3.250 and t < -3.250

 • Determine t-score
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 1200.012 − 1200.005
𝑡 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 0.47098 = 0.471
𝜎𝑥̅ 0.047⁄
√10
• Compare the statistical test agains the critical value
-3.250 < 0.471 < 3.250. So, we do not reject H0 at the 0.01 significant level.
• This measurement compatible with calibrated length of a distance. It’s means
that the instrument measuring the length properly at 0.01 level of significance
(b) 0.05 level of significance
𝛼 = 0.05
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜇 ≠ 1200.005
𝐻0 = 𝜇 = 1200.005
• There are two tailed test
• Level of significant and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.05
𝑛 = 10 → 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1 = 9
• Critical value
𝑡v,α/2 = 𝑡9,0.025 = 2.262
• Rejection region

The rejection region is t > 2.262 and t < -2.262

• Determine t-score
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 1200.012 − 1200.005
𝑡 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 0.47098 = 0.471
𝜎𝑥̅ 0.047⁄
√10
• Compare the statistical test agains the critical value
 -2.62 < 0.471 < 2.262. So, we do not reject H0 at the 0.05 significant level.
• This measurement compatible with calibrated length of a distance. It’s means
that the instrument measuring the length properly at 0.05 level of significance
(c) 0.10 level of significance
𝛼 = 0.10
• Formulate hyphothesis
𝐻1 = 𝜇 ≠ 1200.005
𝐻0 = 𝜇 = 1200.005
• There are two tailed test
• Level of significant and degree of freedom
𝛼 = 0.10
𝑛 = 10 → 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1 = 9
• Critical value
𝑡v,α/2 = 𝑡9,0.05 = 1.833
• Rejection region

The rejection region is t > 1.833 and t < -1.833

• Determine t-score
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 1200.012 − 1200.005
𝑡 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = = 0.47098 = 0.471
𝜎𝑥̅ 0.047⁄
√10
• Compare the statistical test agains the critical value
-1.833< 0.471 < 1.833. So, we do not reject H0 at the 0.10 significant level.
• This measurement compatible with calibrated length of a distance. It’s means
that the instrument measuring the length properly at 0.10 level of significance