Project Design

For design and construction of any structure, the following steps may
be followed:
1. Initial planning.
2. Initial design.
3. Final design.

Proportioning Drawings and

Analysis
of elements specifications.
4. Contract
5. Fabrication and construction
6. Operation and maintenance.

Aim of Structural Design

To Produce:
A safe and economical structure to
achieve a certain function.

A structure that is easy to build and

maintain.

A structure that is aesthetically

pleasing.
Design Procedure
1. Selection of type and layout of structure.

• Structural design involves application of engineering judgment to produce

structural system that will adequately satisfy the client/owner’s needs.
2. Determination of service loads.
• Estimate the different loads acting on the structure during its service lifetime.

3. Based on material properties, structural function, environmental considerations and

aesthetics, geometrical modifications in the analysis model are made.

4. Design of each member of the structure and design of each connection between
those different structural elements.
5. A structural analysis is carried out to determine the internal straining actions
(forces and moments) acting on each element of the structure.
6. For design of members and its selection, the following should be taken into
consideration:

• Strength: where maximum • Construction requirements.

stress should be less than the • Economic aspects.
allowable stress. • Aesthetic aspects.
• Stiffness: deflection and • Easy connections.
deformations should be less
than the allowable values.
 Steel Halls
Components
1. Cover
2. Roof Purlins
3. Side Purlins (Side Girts)
4. Main Frame
• Rigid Frame
• Column - Truss
• Truss Frame
5. Horizontal Bracing
6. Vertical Bracing
7. End Gable
8. Eave Struts
Main Frame Types
Main Frame Types
General Layout
Given area (L x B), and required
to construct a factory (for
example) over the shown area.
1. For main system (truss, frame, frame truss… etc), should be placed in the short
direction.
2. Spacing between main systems ( = 6 ± 2 = 4 – 8 ).
3. Depth of main truss: = ( ) ÷ (12 − 16), where: L = Span of main truss.
4. Slope of truss upper chord:
• Z: 1…….. Ranges from (5:1) to (20:1)
5. Panel length (a):
• a = 1.50 – 2.00 meters = spacing between purlins
To get (h)…….
Take Z:1 = 10:1
Then calculate h= H – [(L/2) x (1/Z)]
If h ˂ 1.25 meters…….. Then, reduce slope to 1:2, then get (h).
If h ˂ 1.25 meters…….. Then, take h = 1.25 meters and slope 20:1
Then calculate new (H).
 Purlins
1. It is the direct support to the covering material (steel sheets), and there are two
types:

a) Rolled sections: Weight = 15 – 30 kg/m

b) Cold formed sections: Weight = 7 – 15 kg/m

Covering materials
1. They are corrugated galvanized steel sheets that have three types
a) Single layer covering materials:
Weight = 5 – 8 kg/m2
Span not exceeds 1.75 meters.
Covering materials
b) Double layer covering materials:
Weight = 12 – 18 kg/m2
Span not exceeds 2.00 meters.

b) Decking for concrete slabs:

Weight = 5 – 8 kg/m2
Bracing:
Which are used to:
a) Resist any horizontal force in the long direction (Wind Load)…….. (Vertical
Bracing)
b) Main supporting element during erection)…………………………. (Vertical
Bracing)
c) Reduce the buckling length of upper chord members in the outside plane...
(Longitudinal bracing).
c) Brace (tie) the whole structure in the long direction ………………..
(Longitudinal bracing).
Horizontal Bracing:
a) Used every 25 – 30 meters in the log direction.

b) Horizontal bracing acts as a horizontal truss to resist the wind load and transmit it
to the vertical bracing.

Vertical Bracing:
a) Used at each horizontal bracing.

b) It is the support for the horizontal bracing, it acts as a vertical truss to transmit the
reaction of the horizontal bracing to the foundation.
Longitudinal Bracing:
a) Used to connect all trusses to work as a space truss in order to reduce the
deflection.
b) Used to connect the lower chord members in the out of plane.