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    of 7
    ACI JOURNA\ Be Nees Title no. 78-14 Properties of High Strength Concrete Subject to Short-Term Loads by Ramon L. Carrasquillo, Arthur H. Nilson, and Floyd O. Slate Results are summarized from an experimental investigation of the properties of high strength concrete. The materials tested were pro- ‘duced using Type I portland cement, gravel or crushed limestone coarse aggregate, sand from a local deposit, and for some mixes a water-reducing retarding admixture. Water-cement ratios ranged ‘from 0.70 to 0.32, and uniaxial compressive strengths ranged from about 3000 t0 11,000 psi (21 to 76 MPa). Information is given per- taining co compressive strength, strength gain with age, specimen size cffect, effects of drying, stress-strain curves, static modulus of elas- ticity, Poisson's ratio, modulus of rupture, and split cylinder strength. Significant differences were found, in some cases, between the performance of high strength and normal strength concrete. These differences should be recognized and accounted for in the design of structures. The work descrited is a part of a larger investigation of the fun- damental and engineering properties of high strength concrete. Other aspects of the research including effects of sustained loads, micro- cracking, and the correlation of miccocracking with short-term and ong-term engincering properties will be reported in subsequent pa- pers. Keywords: compcesve strength; flexural strength; igh strength concrets ‘of elasiciy; Poisson rao; spl High strength concrete has been defined as that hav- ing a compressive strength in the range from 6000 to 12,000 psi (41 to 83 MPa).* Today there is a clear trend toward use of such material not only for work in which special manufacturing processes can be used, such as for precast construction, but also for certain cast-in-place structures using ready-mixed or site-mixed concrete. It has been shown that the production of concrete in this strength range, using conventional ma- terials with careful quality control, is technically and economically feasible. Remarkably, the use of high strength concrete has preceded full information on its engineering properties, which are significantly different in some respects from those of ordinary strength material. Our understanding of the behavior of concrete under load, as well as em- pirical equations now used to predict such basic prop- erties as modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, are ACI JOURNAL / May-June 1981 based mainly on tests of concrete having compressive strength of about 5000 psi (34 MPa) or less. Extrap- olation to higher strength material is unjustified and may be dangerous. A research program was initiated at Cornell Univer- sity in 1976 to investigate the fundamental properties of high strength concrete, to discover the ways in which it may be the same and how it may be different from concrete in the normal strength range. A program of broad scope was carried out which has included study of both short- and long-term loads, and which attempts not only to establish the differences in me- chanical properties but to explain those differences terms of differences in internal microcracking at dif- ferent stages of loading.'* The present paper summa- rizes information on engineering properties under short-term loading, Subsequent papers will provide i formation on response to sustained loading and will report on microcracking studies for both short-term and long-term loading.” These papers are limited to work on normal weight concrete made using conven- tional production techniques. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Materials Concretes in three strength ranges were studied: high strength with compressive strength f” of at least 9000 psi (62 MPa) at 56 days, medium strength with f! from 6000 to 9000 psi (41 to 62 MPa), and normal strength with ££ from 3000 to 6000 psi (21 to 41 MPa). A de- tailed description of the procedures and criteria for selection of the materials and their proportions is given ACI Ad Hoe Committe on High Strength Concree, minutes of Toronto meeting on Api 12,1978 Received Aug. 8, 1980, and reviewed under Insitute publication policies Copyright © 1981, American Concrete Insite. All il the making of copies ness permission is ob Dretors. Pectinent dicusion will be published in the Nach: Slava if received by Dee. 1, 1981. 602-8061/81/030171-O8 ‘ACI member Ramon L. Carrasqilo is assistant profesor of evil enpcering ‘at the University of Texas at Austin. He recived his BS from the University (of Puerto Rico at Mayaguer ia 1975, and his MS and PAD in 1978 and 1980, respectively, frm Cornell University. Dr. Carasqilo is « member of Com Imitee 369, High Strength Concrete Arthur H. Nilson, FACI, is professor and chaieman of the department of “tructural engineering a1 Cornell University, Ithaca, N-Y. He received bis BS {ram Stanford University in 1948, bis MS from Cornell in 1956, and his PRD {ram the University of Caitrnia a Beckeley in 1967, rior 10 joining the {faculty at Cornell in 1956, he was engaged in professional practice for 6 years. Dr Nilion i « member of Commities 114, Research and Developmen; 363, High Strength Concrete; and 435, Deflection of Concrete Building Structres. ‘He's cosuthor ofthe text Design of Concrete Structures and author of Design of Prenerted Conctle, as well ab sumerous technical paper. He was cO- ‘ecient with Profesor Slate of the ACI Wason Medal for Materials Research in 1976 Floyd 0. Slate, FACI, is professor of civil enginering materials at Cornell University, uhaca, N.Y. Dr. Slate did his undergraduate and graduate work in chemistry at Purdue Unisersty where he was associate with the Joint High vay Research Project uni! 199, when he Joined the faculty at Corel. From 1944 to 1946 he worked on the Manhattan Project. He i the author of the book Comprehensive Bibliography of Cement and Concrete: 1928-1947 and about technical papers. He war » recipient of the ACT Wason Medal for in Reference 2. Only summary information is given here as follows: Cement: Commercially-available portland cement ASTM Type I was used for all mixes. Sand: A local commercial product from glacial al- luvial deposits near Ithaca, N.Y. was used consisting mainly of quartz and (particularly in the larger parti cles) shale, sandstone, and limestone. Coarse ageregate: Two types of coarse aggregate were used, crushed limestone from a local quarry and gravel from the same glacial alluvial deposit as the sand, The maximum size was % in. (19 mm) in each case. Admixture: A polymer-type, non-air-entraining, water-reducing admixture, ASTM C494-71 Type A, was used in the high strength concrete. A Type D may be preferable for larger specimens and for field work. Ice: Crushed ice was added as partial replacement for mixing water, only for the high strength mixes. Mix proportions Three different concrete mixes were developed by trial to produce concretes of normal, medium, and high strength, using each of the two coarse aggregates described above. Mix proportions are given Table 1. Test specimens Both 4 x 8 in. (102 x 203 mm) and 6 x 12 in. (152 x 305 mm) concrete cylinders were used for uniaxial ‘compression tests. Plain concrete beams 4 x 4 x 14 in. (102 x 102 x 356 mm) were used for modulus of rup- ture tests. Conventional compaction was followed ex- cept that a portable vibrating table was used for the medium and high strength specimens. All specimens were cured at approximately 76 F (24 C) and at 95 to 100 percent relative humidity until 2 hr before testing. Method of testing All testing was done according to ASTM standards for each test, except those carried out to study the stress-strain curve in compression. These tests were made using 4-in. x 8-in, (102-mm x 203-mm) cylinders. The specimens were loaded at a constant stroke rate (head-to-head measurement) of 2000 micro-in. (0.05 mm) per min using a very stiff servo-controlled rock testing machine with a capacity of 600,000 Ib (2670 kN) at not more than % of its capacity. A high-speed data acquisition system was used to collect the data includ- ing load and strain readings. Electrical resistance strain ‘gages were used in most cases to measure axial and lateral strains. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Compressive strength The effects of mix proportions and of constituents ‘on the compressive strength of high strength concrete have been discussed by the authors in Reference 2 and will not be repeated here. Strength gain with age The average rate of development of strength for nor- mal, medium, and high strength limestone concrete cylinders is shown in Fig. 1. This figure shows a higher rate of strength gain for high strength concrete at early ages. At later ages the differences are not significant. It is believed that the higher rate of strength develop- ment of high strength concrete at early ages is caused by an increase in the internal curing temperature in the concrete cylinders due to a higher heat of hydration, because of the high cement content in high strength concrete. Typical ratios of 7-day to 95-day strength were 0.60 for normal strength, 0.65 for medium strength, and 0.73 for high strength concrete. Table 1 — Concrete mix proportions ‘Coarse | Strength | Cement content, | Fine aggregates |] Water-cement’ | Admixture? aggregate | level | bag/cu yd | Coarse augres ratio | or/bag of cement | tce Crushed | Normal 33 1:10 0.70 = No limestone | Medium 81 raat oar No High 105 1313, 032 ‘ Yes “P Normal 53 To 0.70 = No Medium arf 0.87 = No High ws | a3 032 ‘ Yes “Based on dry weight of aparesaer ‘the adminture was ot considered as part ofthe mixing water, TASTM Type D water reducer relarer 172 ACI JOURNAL / May-June 1981 Table 2 — Effect of drying on strength wow | te Surength attained when moist cured until text age cist | Drying | Test ve strength, £2 jlus of raplure cured, | period, | age, oS aeeee a days’ | "days | days [Normal strength | High stength | Normal suengih | High suengih o7 | 2s | 28 0.98 os 083 074 o7 | #28 | 28 0.94 0.86 0.74 o7_| 28 | 2x 0.95 0.88 0.74 028 | 29.95] 95 0.99 rr rr 028 | 295 | 95 Lor 0.96 0% = | O83 ss_| 9s | oss 096, 095 031 ‘Normal stength: £@ = 3330 psl @ 28 days: (¢ = 3750 psi @ 98 days High srengih: = 10, ‘average of Ue lets Other investigators“ obtained similar results for the rate of development of strength of high strength con- crete. Specimen size effect The average ratio of compressive strengths of 6-in. x 12-in, (152mm x 305-mm) to 4-in, x 8-in. (102-mm_ x 203-mm) cylinders for the three strength ranges was close to 0.90 regardless of strength and test age. Drying effect The effects of two different drying conditions on concrete compressive strength were studied: moist cur- ing for 7 days followed by drying at 50 percent relative humidity until testing at 28 days, and moist curing for 28 days followed by drying at 50 percent relative hu- midity until testing at 95 days. Three specimens were tested for each of these curing conditions and com- pared to the control condition of continuous moist cur- ing until testing. High strength concrete showed a larger reduction in compressive strength than normal strength concrete when allowed to dry before comple- tion of curing. This is shown in Table 2. High strength concrete showed an average reduction of 10 percent relative to continuous moist curing when moist cured for 7 days and then allowed to dry at about 50 percent relative humidity until testing at 28 days. Under similar conditions, normal strength concrete showed a 4 per- cent strength reduction. If moist curing for 28 days is followed by drying at 50 percent relative humidity until testing at 95 days, high strength concrete showed a 4 percent loss in strength, while no appreciable reduction ‘occurred on the normal strength concrete. ‘Other investigators’ have also found that high strength concrete showed a larger reduction in com- pressive strength due to drying than normal strength concrete. Considerably greater reductions in modulus of rup- ture occurred for all cases, up to 26 percent for high strength concrete dried from the 8th day until testing fon the 28th day. These larger reductions presumably occurred because the mechanism of failure involved direct tension and drying shrinkage cracks were cata strophic in effect. Other investigators!” have also reported that the tensile strength of high strength concrete is affected to a greater extent by changes in the drying conditions than the compressive strength. ACI JOURNAL / May-June 1981 10 pat @ 28 days = 11,560 pi @ 95 days Stress-strain behavior Typical compressive stress-strain curves for normal, medium, and high strength concretes are shown in Fig. Zand 3 for specimens made with limestone and gravel coarse aggregates, respectively. At least three speci- mens were tested from each conerete mix. It is clear that the shape of the stress-strain curve up to maximum stress, for both limestone and gravel con- crete, has a steeper slope and is more nearly linear over a greater range for higher strength material. On the average, the strain at maximum stress is slightly greater for medium and high strength concrete than for nor- mal strength concrete. For a given strength, the aver- age strain at maximum stress was higher for gravel concrete than for limestone concrete. For limestone and gravel concrete with compressive strength of 9000 psi (62 MPa) or more, the descending branch of the stress-strain curve is vertical for all prac- tical purposes. In this connection, it should be noted that the indicated behavior after maximum stress was different in many cases for the same specimen, de- pending on the rate of loading and whether the strain measurements were taken from electrical resistance strain gages, compressometers, or head-to-head mea- surements on the loading apparatus. It also differed 4° 8° UO2mm x 205mm) Cylinder High stengin Mesiuen Strength SS Normot Stengih 2s} Compressive Strength. Tarpressve Strengih ot 95 Days ‘Age, days Fig. 1 — Normalized strength gain with age for lime- stone conereies moist cured until testing 173 12 ——— ®——— 7 |v ran K 10} 7° 460 8 g Medium Srength ¢ 3 3 3 \ 440 g ge 440% Fa ‘ & g 3 \ a a 2

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