CHEMISTRY DA 1

Vedant karnatak
17BEM0049

, 2017
VIT UNIVERSITY
vellore
 Digital Assignment – 1

1.When a sample of water was analysed it is observed to have the following

mineral contaminants. They are CaCO3 = 50 mg/L ; MgCO3 = 100 mg/L ; CaCl2 =

111 mg/L; MgCl2 = 47.6 mg/L; NaCl = 5.86 mg/L. If this hard water is to be softened

by lime-soda process, calculate the amount of lime and soda needed or 20,000

litres of hard water.

Ans-

Impurities Mass Molecular weight CaCO3 equivalent Requirement

CaCO3 50 100 50/100*100 50

MgCO3 100 84 100/84*100 238

CaCl2 111 111 111/111*100 100

MgCl2 47.6 95 47.6/95*100 50.01

For lime =74/100[CaCO3 +2* MgCO3+ MgCl2 ]

=74/100[50+238+50]

=250.12

For soda=106/100[CaCl2+ MgCl2 ]

=106/100[100+50]

=159

For 20,000 litres of water for lime=250.12*20000

=5002400=5.0024kg.
For 20,000 litres of water for soda=159*20000

=3180000=3.1800kg.

2. 2.50 ml of a standard hard water containing 1 mg of pure CaCO 3 per 1 ml, consumed 20

mil of EDTA. 50 ml of a water sample consumed 25 ml of EDTA solution using EBT indicator.

Calculate the total hardness of water sample?

Ans- 50 ml of SHW = 20 ml of EDTA .

1 ml of EDTA = 50/20mg of CaCO3 equivalent

= 2.5 mg of CaCO3 equivalent.

Therefore,
As 50 ml sample water = 25 ml of EDTA
50 ml of sample water = 25*2.5 mg of CaCO3 equivalent
1 ml of sample water = 62.5/50 mg of CaCO3
= 1.25 mg of CaCO3
= 1250 ppm.

3. A water sample contains the following .Mg(HCO3)2 = 95 mg/L; Ca(HCO3)2 = 203 mg/L;

CaSO4 = 1.36 mg/L; CaCl2 = 111 mg/L; MgCl2 = 95 mg/L . Calculate the temporary and

permanent hardness of water

Ans- Given:-

Mg(HCO3)2 = 95mg/L

Ca(HCO3)2 = 203mg/L

CaSO4 = 13.6mg/L

CaCl2 = 111mg/L

Mgcl2 =95mg/L

Calculating the hardness present:-

Mg(HCO3) = 9500/146

= 65.06ppm

Ca(HCO3)2 = 20300/162

= 125.3ppm

CaSO4 = 1360/136

= 10ppm

CaCl2= 11100/111

= 100ppm

Mgcl2 = 9500/95

= 100ppm

Temporary hardness is caused by the carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

salts of calcium and magnesium:-

Therefore, temporary hardness= 65.06+125.3

= 246.31ppm

Permanent hardness is caused by the chlorides and sulphates salts of calcium and
magnesium :-

Therefore , permanent hardness = 100+100+10

= 210ppm

4.Calculate the amount of lime required for softening 50,000 liters of hard water

containing Ca(HCO3)2 = 25 ppm, Mg(HCO3)2 = 144 ppm, CaCl2 = 111 ppm, MgCl2

= 95 ppm, Na2SO4 = 15 ppm, Fe2O3 = 25 ppm.

Ans-
NAME OF THE QUANTITY OF MOLECULEAR L OR S
GIVEN THE GIVEN WEIGHT
 COMPOUND COMPOUND(mg/L)
Ca(HCO3)2 25 162 2500/162 L
=15.43
Mg(HCO3)2 144 145 14400/145 2L
=99.31
CaCl2 111 111 1100/111 S
=100
MgCl2 95 95 9500/95 L+S
=100
NaSO4 15 142 1500/142 -
=10.56
Fe2O3 25 152 2500/152 -
=64.4

Lime required = 0.74[15.43+100+2*99.31]

= 314.05Kg

For 50,000 litres = 314.05*50,000

= 15.7Kg

5. How the scale is removed from the boiler water? Explain internal and external

treatment methods for the removal of scales.

Ans- The removing scale is done by:

1-The scrapper or piece of wood or wire brush.
2-Thermal shocks if they are brittle.
3-By dissolving them by adding chemicals if hard.
4-Frequent blow-down operations.
A] External treatment :
The process of removing hardness -producing salts is called softening of water.
1-Lime-soda process- Soluble calcium and magnesium salts in water are chemically
converted into insoluble compounds by adding calculated amount of lime [Ca(OH)2] and
Soda [Na2CO3].
Calcium carbonate [CaCO3] and Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] so precipitated, are
filtered off.
2-Zeolite process- Zeolite is sodium alumino silicate capable of reversing sodium ions for
calcium and magnesium. Zeolites are known as permutits and in greek it means “boiling
stone”
3-Ion exchange- Ion-exchange resins are insoluble, cross-linked, long chain organic
polymers with a microporous structure and the functional groups attached to the groups are
responsible for the ion-exchanging properties.

B] Internal Treatment:
In this process an ion is prohibited to exhibit its original character by ‘complexing’ or
converting it into other more soluble salt by adding appropriate reagents.
This is done either by a) precipitating the scale forming impurities in the form of sludge or
b)to convert them into compounds ,which will stay in dissolved form in water and thus not
cause harm.
1-Colloidal conditioning:
2-Phosphate conditioning:
3-Carbonate conditioning:
4-Calgon conditioning:
5-Treating with sodium aluminate:
6.Explain the method of determining the hardness of water?

Ans- Hardness is of two types:-

(1) Temporary Hardness

(2) Permanent Hardness
(1) Temporary Hardness :-

Temporary hardness is caused due to the presence of carbonates

 and hydrogen carbonates salts of calcium and magnesium.

Method to determine temporary hardness:-

Temporary hardness is determined by finding the alkalinity of water before and

after boiling. Since temporary hardness is removed on boiling.

Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH2) + CO2

(2) Permanent Hardness :-Permanent hardness is caused due to the presence of

sulphates and chlorides salts of calcium and magnesium.

Method to determine permanent hardness:-

The estimation is done by adding excess of standard Na2CO3 solution to a given volume of
boiled water containing permanent hardness. The chlorides and sulphates form insoluble
carbonates. The residual Na2CO3 is titrated against standard acid and the difference of
Na2CO3 equivalent gives permanent hardness.

Another method known as EDTA method is also used to determine permanent hardness.

EDTA is used as a complexing agent for Ca2+ and Mg2+. Eriochrome black t is used as an
indicator and pH is maintained at pH 10 using ammonia buffer. EBT forms unstable
complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ giving wine red colour. When EDTA is added and the total
Ca2+ and Mg2+ forms complex with it and the indicator becomes free, the colour of the
solution changes from wine red to silver blue at the end point.

7. How will you treat the municipal water for domestic purpose?

Ans-For removing impurities various processes can be done-

Treatment of municipal water for domestic use:-

Municipalities supply portable water , which is suitable for drinking.

Methods used for treatment of Municipal water:-

(1) Sterilization
(2) Dechlorination
(3) Desalination of salt water
(1) Sterilization:-
(a) By addition of bleaching powder:-
Here sterilization is effected by the
HOCl generated by using bleaching
powder.

CaOCl2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2

 Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

Here HOCl is responsible for killing the germs.

(b) Break point chlorination :-

The point at which the residual chlorine
begins to appear after the addition of chlorine
gas is known as break point chlorination. This
free chlorine is responsible for the destruction
of the pathogenic bacteria.
(c) Sterilization by chloramines:-
Chloramine is much more effective than
chlorine in the bacterial action .Here HOCl
and O are responsible for the killing action of
germs.

Cl2 + NH3 Cl.NH2 + HCl

Cl.NH2 + H2O HOCl + NH3

HOCl HCl + [O]

(d) Sterilization by ozone:-

Ozone is an unstable gas and decomposes to
give nascent oxygen. This nascent oxygen
kills bacteria and oxidises the organic matter
present in the water

(2) Dechlorination :-

When during chlorination, break point chlorination is reached, it becomes sometimes

necessary to remove the excess chlorine from the treated water this process is known as
dechlorination.
8. 100 ml of sample water requires 18 ml of EDTA solution for titration. 22 ml of the

same EDTA was required for 100 ml of standard hard water containing 1 g

CaCO3/litre. Calculate hardness of water sample in ppm.

Ans- Given

100mL of SHW = 18mL of EDTA

1mL of EDTA = 100/18 mg of CaCO3 equivalent

= 5.5 mg of CaCO3 equivalent

As, 100mL of sample water = 22mL of EDTA

100mL of sample water = 22 *5.5 mg of CaCO3 equivalent

1mL of sample hard water = 121/100 mg of CaCO3

= 1.21 mg of CaCO3

=1210 ppm

9.A sample water on analysis gave the following data: MgCl2 = 95 mg/L; CaSO4 = 13.6
mg/L; Mg(HCO3)2 = 73 mg/L; MgSO4 = 120 mg/L. Calculate the amount of lime (86%)
pure and soda (83% pure) needed for treatment of million litres of water.
Ans-

NAME OF QUANTITY OF MOLECULEAR L OR S

THE THE GIVEN WEIGHT
GIVEN COMPOUND(mg/L)
COMPOUND
MgCl2 95 95 95/95=1 L+S
1*100=100

Caso4 136 136 136/136=1 S

1*100=100
 Mg(HCO3)2 73 114 73/114=0.6403 2L
0.6403*100=64.0
3
MgSO4 120 120 120/120=1 L+S
1*100=100

Lime required=0.74[100+100+128.06]

=242.76kg

86% pure lime=24276/86

=282.27kg

Soda required=1.06[100+100+100]

=318Kg

83% pure soda=31800/83

=383.13Kg

10.Describe the activated carbon filtration method and reverse osmosis with

diagram.

Ans-
1. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used for removing organic constituents
and residual disinfectants in water supplies.
2.Typical surface area for activated carbon is approximately 1,000 square meters per gram
(m2/gm).
3.However, different raw materials produce different types of activated carbon varying in
hardness, density, pore and particle sizes, surface areas, extractible, ash and pH. These
differences in properties make certain carbons preferable over others in different
applications. 4.Activated carbon filtration can effectively reduce certain organic
compounds and chlorine in drinking water. It can also reduce the quantity of lead,
dissolved radon, and harmless taste- and odor-causing compounds.
5.The two principal mechanisms by which activated carbon removes contaminants from
water are adsorption and catalytic reduction. Organics are removed by adsorption and
residual disinfectants are removed by catalytic reduction.
6. The large surface area of the activated carbon, due to its particle size and pore
configuration, allows for the adsorption to take place.
7.Activated carbon can remove and destroy residual disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine)
through a catalytic reduction reaction.
8.This is a chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons from the activated carbon
surface to the residual disinfectant. In other words, activated carbon acts as a reducing
agent. 9. Activated carbon's removal of chlorine reduces the chlorine to a non-oxidative
chloride ion. 10.AC filters will not remove microbial contaminants (such as bacteria and
viruses), calcium and magnesium (hard water minerals), fluoride, nitrate, and many other
compounds.

1.Reverse osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a

semipermeable membrane into the region of low solute concentration to the high solute
concentration.
2.The excess pressure applied to the side of higher concentration is called as osmotic
pressure. 3.Fresh water to move from concentrated to dilute side from semi-permeable
membrane is called reverse osmosis.
4.Advantages of RO are removing colloidal silica ,long life and can be replaced within few
minutes.

Reverse Osmosis