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Docshare - Tips - Modul PPG 2 PKB 3105 Topic 1 PDF
Docshare - Tips - Modul PPG 2 PKB 3105 Topic 1 PDF
METHODOLOGY
TOPIC
1 UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE 1 HR
SYNOPSIS
In this topic you will be exposed to the definition and concept of language,
the communication process, the components of language and the factors
affecting language learning and acquisition.
LEARNING OUTCOME
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PKB 3105 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
METHODOLOGY
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PKB 3105 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
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Language is common to all humans. Many social scientists and philosophers say
it’s this ability to use language symbolically that makes us “human.”
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help children understand that speech can come in the form of writing.Therefore,
we must develop children's understanding that writing is a message in the form of
print and that print is constant. We must also show that written language is often
different from spoken language. We must teach that numbers, letters and words
are different. Teachers must also show the difference between a letter, a word and
a sentence. We have to help children understand that a letter or letters represent a
sound within a word. We must show them that words form sentences and
sentences form messages or stories. The understanding of the correct usage of
language will enable and ease the communication process.
Communication Process
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7 Complexity in Organizational Structure: Greater the hierarchy in an
organization (i.e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the chances of
communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the top level can see the
overall picture while the people at low level just have knowledge about their own
area and a little knowledge about other areas.
8. Poor retention: Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One cant
always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or not attentive.
This leads to communication breakdown.
There are a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all. The message
intended by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and
sense and thus communication breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope
up with these communication barriers so as to ensure smooth and effective
communication.
As, in the previous section we have discussed the major barriers of
communication. Let’s talk about how to overcome these barriers of
communication.
1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure
that it is recruiting right individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the
interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written
and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that
the policies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be
proper trainings conducted for required employees (for eg: Voice and
Accent training).
2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be
emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.
3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main
communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is
essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source.
4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference
between “listening” and “hearing”. Active listening means hearing with
proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the
speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the
receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker.
5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of
body language. He/she should not show their emotions while
communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being
delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood
then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not
good.
6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should
not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum.
There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler
the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication.
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7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to
prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work.
They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to
their problems and feedbacks actively.
8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The
contents of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered
constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication
between the superior and subordinate.
9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the
medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally,
like: face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of
communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages.
For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of
communication such as : Memos, Notices etc.
10. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an
organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting
their targets timely without skipping the formal channels of
communication. There should not be much pressure on employees to meet
their targets.
1.3.1 Semantics
1.3.2 Phonology
The system of the sound segments that humans use to build up words.
Each language has a different set of these segments or phonemes, and
children quickly come to recognize and then produce the speech segments
that are characteristic of their native language.
The study of speech structure within a language, including
both the patterns of basic speech units and the accepted rules of
pronunciation, is known as phonology.ii The smallest units of
sound that make up a language are called phonemes. For
example, the word “that” contains three phonemes the “th”
represents one phoneme /th/, the “a” maps to the short a
sound /ă/, and the “t” to its basic sound /t/.
1.3.3 Morphology
2 Moving to the next level of language, we find the study of the
smallest units of meaning, morphemes. Morphemes include
base words, such as “hat,” “dog,” or “love,” as well as
affixes, such as “un-,” “re-,” the plural “s” or “es,” and the
past tense “ed.” Knowledge of the morphology of our
language is critical to vocabulary development and reflects
the smallest building blocks for comprehension.
1.3.4 Syntax
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The study of how individual words and their most basic
meaningful units are combined to create sentences is known as
syntax. As words are grouped together when we communicate,
we must follow the rules of grammar for our language, in other
words, its syntax. It is the knowledge of syntax that allows us to
recognize that the following two sentences, while containing
different word order and levels of complexity, have the same
meaning.
1.3.5 Pragmatics
The system of patterns that determine how humans can use language in
particular social settings for particular conversational purposes. Children
learn that conversations customarily begin with a greeting, require turn
taking, and concern a shared topic. They come to adjust the content of
their communications to match their listener's interests, knowledge, and
language ability.
“‘Pragmatics’ refers to the ways the members of the
speech community achieve their goals using language.”iii The way
we speak to our parents is not the same as the way we interact
with a sibling, for example. The language used in a formal speech
may bear little resemblance to what we would hear at a lunch
with five friends. The conversational style of day-to-day
interactions is quite different from the language used even when
reading a storybook to a toddler. Knowing the difference and
when to use which style is the essence of pragmatics.
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taught those who are using their second language in school. Clearly, some language
learners are successful by virtue of their sheer determination, hard work and
persistence. However there are other crucial factors influencing success that are
largely beyond the control of the learner. These factors can be broadly categorized
as internal and external. It is their complex interplay that determines the speed and
facility with which the new language is learned.
Internal factors
Internal factors are those that the individual language learner brings with him or
her to the particular learning situation.
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External factors
External factors are those that characterize the particular language learning
situation.
"Some students learn a new language more quickly and easily than others."
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Exercise 1
Congratulations!
You have been very diligent in going through topic one. You will be going through
topic two and so on.
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i
ii
iii