UNIT NO.

1 TOOTHED GEARING

INTRODUCTION

The motion and power transmitted by gears is kinematically equivalent to that transmitted
by friction wheels or discs. In order to understand how the motion can be transmitted by two
toothed wheels, consider two plain circular wheels A and B mounted on shafts, having sufficient
rough surfaces and pressing against each other as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Let the wheel A be keyed
to the rotating shaft and the wheel B to the shaft, to be rotated. A little consideration will show
(that when the wheel A is rotated by a rotating shaft) it will rotate the wheel B in the opposite
direction as shown in Fig. 1 (a). The wheel B will be rotated (by the wheel A) so long as the
tangential force exerted by the wheel A does not exceed the maximum frictional resistance
between the two wheels. But when the tangential force (P) exceeds the frictional resistance (F),
slipping will take place between the two wheels. Thus the friction drive is not a positive drive.

Fig. 1

In order to avoid the slipping, a number of projections (called teeth) as shown in Fig. 1
(b), are provided on the periphery of the wheel A, which will fit into the corresponding recesses
on the periphery of the wheel B. A friction wheel with the teeth cut on it is known as toothed
wheel or gear. The usual connection to show the toothed wheels is by their pitch circles.

1 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drive:

The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to
belt, rope and chain drives:

Advantages

1. Gear drive is a positive drive (no slip) i.e. it transmits exact velocity ratio from one shaft to
another shaft.

2. It can transmit very large power.

3. It has high transmission efficiency.

4. It has reliable service.

5. It require less space.

Disadvantages

1. Manufacturing cost of gear is high, since special tools and machinery is required for gear
manufacturing.

2. Maintenance cost of gear drive is also high due to lubrication requirements.

3. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation.

2 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

CLASSIFICATION OF TOOTHED WHEELS OR GEARS:

The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows:

A) According to the position of axes of the shafts

B) According to the peripheral velocity of the gears
C) According to the type of gearing
D) According to position of teeth on the gear surface

A) According to the position of axes of the shafts

Classification of gears according to the position of shaft axis

Parallel shaft Intersecting shaft Non parallel and

Non intersecting shaft

Spiral Worm and

Spur Helical Bevel gears
gears Worm gears
gears gears

Straight bevel Spiral

gears bevel gears

3 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Spur gears:

 Spur gears are used when the axis of two shafts are parallel to each other.
 These gears have teeth parallel to the axis of the wheel as shown in Fig.2
 They are simple in construction, easy to manufacture.
 They have highest efficiency and excellent precision rating.
 They are used in high speed & high load application in all types of trains & a wide range
of velocity ratios. Hence, they find wide applications right from clocks, household
gadgets, motor cycles, automobiles, & railways to aircrafts.

Fig. 2

Helical gears:

 In helical gears the teeth are at some angle called helix angle , with respect to axis of
the shaft as shown in Fig. 3
 Helical gears are used for parallel shaft drives. They have teeth inclined to the axis hence
for the same width, their teeth are longer than spur gears & have higher load carrying
capacity. Their contact ratio is higher than spur gears but their efficiency is slightly lower
than spur gears.
 Helical gears run quieter as compared to spur gears since the contact between teeth is
gradual.
 Therefore, transmission of load is gradual which results in low impact stresses &
reduction in noise. For this reason, the helical gears are used for high speed transmission.

4 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 They are recommended for very high speeds & loads. Thus these gears find wide
applications in automotive gearboxes.

Fig. 3
 However the disadvantage of use of helical gear is that they induce axial thrust in one
direction on the bearings. So in order to eliminate the effect of axial thrust double helical
gear is used which is also called as Herring-bone gear as shown in Fig. 4
 Their applications are limited to high capacity reduction drives like that of cement mills
& crushers.

Fig. 4

5 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 The terms related to helical gears are as follows:
1. Normal pitch. It is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a helix
on the pitch cylinder normal to the teeth. It is denoted by PN.
2. Axial pitch. It is the distance measured parallel to the axis, between similar faces of
adjacent teeth. It is the same as circular pitch and is therefore denoted by Pc. If  is the
helix (or spiral) angle, then circular pitch,
PC = PN / cos

Note: The above terms are also present in spiral gears only difference is that in spiral
gears  is spiral angle.

6 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Bevel gears:

When power is required to be transmitted from one shaft to another shaft which are intersecting
to each other then Bevel gears are used.

1)Straight bevel gears:

 In straight bevel gears the teeth are formed straight on the cones, & they are parallel to
the axis of the gear as shown in Fig.5
 The application of the straight bevel drives is in automotive differential gear box, right
angle drives of blender & conveyors.

Fig.5

Spiral bevel gears:

 In a spiral bevel gear, the teeth are formed at an angle with respect to its axis as shown in
Fig.6
 Spiral bevel gears are also used for transmitting power between intersecting shafts.
 Because of the spiral tooth, the contact length is more & contact ratio is more.
7 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)
  They operate smoother than straight bevel gears & have higher load capacity. But their
efficiency is slightly lower than straight bevel gear.
 The application of the spiral bevel drives is in automobile differential.

Fig.6

Spiral gears:

 Spiral gears are used to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft which are non-
parallel & non intersecting as shown in Fig.7
 It is also called as skew gears or crossed helical gears.
 The pitch surfaces of the spiral gears are cylindrical and the teeth have point contact.
 They are used for light load & low speed application such as instruments, sewing
machine etc. Spiral gears are also used in textile machinery.

Fig.7

8 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Worm & worm wheel:

 Worm & worm wheel are used to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft which
are non intersecting & their axis are normally right angles to each other.
 Worm & worm wheels are used for large speed reduction upto 100:1.

Fig.8
B) According to the peripheral velocity of the gears
a) Low velocity- The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity
gears
(b) Medium velocity- gears having velocity between 3 and 15 m/s are known as medium
velocity gears.
(c) High velocity- the velocity of gears is more than 15 m/s, then these are called high
speed gears.

C) According to the type of gearing.

The gears, according to the type of gearing may be classified as :
(a) External gearing,
(b) Internal gearing, and
(c) Rack and pinion.
 In external gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh externally with each other as shown
in Fig.9 (a) The larger of these two wheels is called spur wheel and the smaller wheel is

9 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 called pinion. In an external gearing, the motion of the two wheels is always unlike, as
shown in Fig. 9 (a).
 In internal gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other as
shown in Fig. 9 (b). The larger of these two wheels is called annular wheel and the
smaller wheel is called pinion. In an internal gearing, the motion of the two wheels is
always like, as shown in Fig. 9 (b).
 Sometimes, the gear of a shaft meshes externally and internally with the gears in a
straight line, as shown in Fig. 9(c). Such type of gear is called rack and pinion. The
straight line gear is called rack and the circular wheel is called pinion. A little
consideration will show that with the help of a rack and pinion, we can convert linear
motion into rotary motion and vice-versa.

(C) Rack and pinion

Fig.9
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 D) According to position of teeth on the gear surface.
The teeth on the gear surface may be
(a) straight,
(b) inclined, and
(c) curved.

GEOMETRY OF GEAR

Fig. 10

Term used in gear:

1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch diameter.
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
4. Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced at
the pitch circle.
11 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)
5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to two gear
teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually denoted by.
The standard pressure angles are 14.5 and 20°.
6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
7. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the
pitch circle.
9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root
circle.
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pc.
Mathematically,
Circular pitch, Pc = D/T
Where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and T = Number of teeth on the wheel.

11. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimeters.
It is denoted by pd .
Mathematically, Diametral pitch Pd = T / D
Where T = Number of teeth, and D = Pitch circle diameter.
12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. It is
usually denoted by m. Mathematically, Module, m = D /T
13. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circles of a
gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
14. Working depth. It is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It
is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.
15. Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
16. Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the
pitch circle.
17. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured
along the pitch circle. Theoretically, the backlash should be zero, but in actual practice some

12 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

backlash must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal
expansion.

CONDITION FOR CONSTANT VELOCITY RATIO OF TOOTHED

WHEELS– LAW OF GEARING:
Consider the portions of the two teeth, one on the wheel 1 (or pinion) and the other On
the wheel 2, as shown by thick line curves in Fig. 11. Let the two teeth come in Contact at point
Q, and the wheels rotate in the directions as shown in the figure.
Let TT be the common tangent and MN be the
common normal to the curves at the Point of contact Q.
From the centers O1 and O2 , draw O1M and O2N
perpendicular to MN.
Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of the point Q on the
wheels 1 and 2 respectively. If The teeth are to remain in
contact while transmitting motion, then the components of
these velocities along the common normal MN must be
equal.

= Fig. 11

Also from similar triangles O1MP and O2NP,

Combining equations (i) and (ii), we have

13 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 From above, we see that the angular velocity ratio is inversely proportional to the ratio of
the distances of the point P from the centres O1 and O2, or the common normal to the two
surfaces at the point of contact Q intersects the line of centres at point P which divides the centre
distance inversely as the ratio of angular velocities.
Therefore in order to have a constant angular velocity ratio for all positions of the wheels,
the point P must be the fixed point (called pitch point) for the two wheels.
In other words, the common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth
must always pass through the pitch point.
This is the fundamental condition which must be satisfied while designing the profiles for
the teeth of gear wheels. It is also known as law of gearing.

VELOCITY OF SLIDING OF TEETH:

The sliding between a pair of teeth in contact at Q occurs along the common tangent TT
to the tooth curves as shown in Fig. 12. The velocity of sliding is the velocity of one tooth
relative to its mating tooth along the common tangent at the point of contact.
The velocity of point Q, considered as a point on wheel 1, along the common tangent T T
is represented by EC. From similar triangles QEC and O1MQ,

or
EC =

Similarly, the velocity of point Q, considered as a point on wheel 2, along the common
tangent T T is represented by ED. From similar triangles QCD and O2 NQ,

or
ED =
14 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)
Let VS Velocity of sliding at Q.
VS ED EC
2. QN 1.MQ
2 (QP PN) 1 (MP QP)
(1 2 ) QP 2. PN 1.MP ……….(i)

Since

Or
Fig. 12

Therefore eq.(i) becomes

∴VS = (1 2 )QP

15 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

FORMS OF TEETH:
There are two forms of teeth
1) Cycloidal teeth
2) Involute teeth
Comparison between involute & cycloidal gear:
Involute gear or teeth
1) The profile of involute gears is the
single curvature.
2) The pressure angle from start of
engagement of teeth to the end of
engagement remains constant, which
results into smooth running.
3) The center distance of involute gear can
be varied within limits without
changing the velocity ratio.
4) Manufacturing of involute gears is easy
due to single curvature of tooth profile.
5) The strength of involute teeth is less
due to radial flanks.
6) The involute gears have interference
problem.
7) More wear of tooth surface.
16
Cycloidal gear or teeth
1) The profile of cycloidal gears is double
curvature i.e. epicycloid &
hypocycloid.
2) The pressure angle varies from start of
engagement of teeth to the end of
engagement, which results into less
smooth running.
3) The center distance of cycloidal gear is
kept to be constant to keep velocity
ratio constant.
4) Manufacturing of cycloidal gears is
difficult due to double curvature of
tooth profile.
5) The strength of cycloidal teeth is
comparatively more due to wider
flanks.
6) The cycloidal gears do not have any
interference problem.
7) Less wear as convex face engages with
concave flank.
Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)
SYSTEMS OF GEAR TEETH:

The following four systems of gear teeth are commonly used in practice :

1. 14.5  Composite system,

2. 14.5  Full depth involute system,

3. 20° Full depth involute system, and

4. 20° Stub involute system.

 The 14.5 composite systems is used for general purpose gears. It is stronger but has no
interchangeability. The tooth profile of this system has cycloidal curves at the top and
bottom and involute curve at the middle portion. The teeth are produced by formed
milling cutters or hobs.
 The tooth profile of the 14.5 full depth involute systems was developed for use with gear
hobs for spur and helical gears.
 The tooth profile of the 20° full depth involute system may be cut by hobs. The increase
of the pressure angle from 14.5  to 20° results in a stronger tooth, because the tooth
acting as a beam is wider at the base.
 The 20° stub involute system has a strong tooth to take heavy loads

17 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

LENGTH OF PATH OF CONTACT
Length of path contact is the length of common normal cut off by addendum circles of
the wheel & the pinion.

Let ,

rA = O1L = radius of addendum circle of pinion

RA = O2K = radius of addendum circle of wheel

r = O1P = radius of pitch circle of pinion

R = O2P = radius of pitch circle of wheel

Consider a pinion driving the wheel as shown in fig.13

Fig. 13

When the pinion rotates in clockwise direction the contact between a pair of involute
teeth begins at K (on the flank near to the base circle of pinion) & ends at L (on the flank near to
the base circle of wheel).

18 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 MN be the common normal at point of contact & the common tangent to the base circles.

The point K is the intersection of the addendum circle of wheel & the common tangent,
& the point L is the intersection of the addendum circle of pinion & the common tangent. Thus
the length of path of contact is KL which is sum of the parts of path of contact KP & PL.

The part of the path of contact KP is known as path of approach & the part of path of
contact PL is path of recess.

∴ KL = KP+PL ----------(1)

To find radius of base circle of pinion & wheel.

Consider O1MP & O2NP,

O1M represents radius of base circle of pinion

∴ O1M = O1P cos

∴ O1M = r cos ------------(2)

O2N represents radius of base circle of wheel

∴ O2N = O2P cos

∴ O2N = R cos ------------(3)

To find KP & PL

But,

KP = KN - PN ---------(4)

& PL = ML – MP ----------(5)

Consider O2KN &  O2NP

From, O2KN

(O2K)2 =(O2N)2 + (KN)2

19 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 ∴ KN 2 = (O2K)2 - (O2N)2

KN = √ O K O N

∴KN √ o -------------(6)

From,  O2NP

PN = O2P sin

∴ PN in -----------(7)

Put, eqn (6) & eqn (7) in eqn(4)

∴ Length of path of approa h,

KP = √ o - R sin -------------(8)

Similarly, from O1ML

(O1L)2 =(O1M)2 + (ML)2

∴ ML 2= (O1L)2 - (O1M)2

ML = √ O L O M

∴ ML √ r r o -------------(9)

& From,  O2NP

MP = O1P sin

∴ MP r in -----------(10)

Put, eqn (9) & eqn (10) in eqn(5)

∴Length of path of re e ,

PL = √ r r o - r sin -------------(11)

Put, eqn (8) & eqn (11) in eqn(1)

∴ Length of path of contact is

KL = √ 𝐑 𝐀 𝟐 𝐑𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + √ 𝐫𝐀 𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 - (R+r) sin

20 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

LENGTH OF ARC OF CONTACT
Length of arc of contact is the path traced by a point on pitch circle from beginning to the
end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.

In Fig.13 the arc of contact is EPF or GPH. Considering the arc of contact GPH, it is
divided into two parts i.e. arc GP and arc PH. The arc GP is known as arc of approach and the
arc PH is called arc of recess. The angles subtended by these arcs at O1 are called angle of
approach and angle of recess respectively.

∴ Length of arc of approach = =

& Length of arc of recess = =

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝑲𝑳

∴ Length of arc of contact = =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬

CONTACT RATIO
The contact ratio or the number of pairs of teeth in contact is defined as the ratio of the
length of the arc of contact to the circular pitch.

∴ Contact ratio =

where Pc = Circular pitch   m, m = Module.

21 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

INTERFERENCE IN INVOLUTE GEARS:
Fig.14 shows a pinion with centre O1, in mesh with wheel with cenre O2. MN be the
common tangent to the base circle. KL is the length of path of contact between the two mating
teeth.

Fig. 14

Now, consider if radius of the addendum circle of pinion is increased to O1N then the
point of contact ‘L’ will move from L to N. When this radius is further increased then the point
of contact ‘L’ will be on the inside of base circle of wheel & not on the involute profile of tooth
of wheel.

The tip of tooth on the pinion will then undercut the tooth on the wheel at the root &
remove part of involute profile of tooth on the wheel. This effect is known as interference &
occurs when the teeth are being cut. In brief, the phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the
root on its mating gear is known as interference.

Similarly, if the radius of addendum circle of wheel increases beyond O2M, then the tip
of tooth on wheel will cause interference with the tooth on pinion.

Obviously interference may be avoided if length of path contact does not extend the
interference points.

22 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 M & N are interference point.

Limiting value of radius of addendum circle of pinion & wheel is O1N & O2M.

So we conclude that the interference may only be avoided or prevented only if addendum
radius of two mating gears cut the common tangent to the base circle between points of
tangency.

Now, when interference just avoided ,

We get maximum length of path of contact i.e. MN.

∴ from  O1MP,

MP = r sin

& from  O2NP,

PN = R sin

∴ Length of path of contact is

MN = MP + PN

∴ MN (R + r) sin

& Length of arc of contact = = (R + r) tan .

METHODS TO AVOIS INTERFERECE

1) MODIFIED PROFILE OF TOOTH
 When the radius of base circle of gear is more than the radius of dedendum circle then
portion of the profile below base circle is non-involute. In such case the interference will
occurs.
 Therefore to avoid interference the portion of the flank of the pinion tooth which lies
below the base circle & the portion of the face of the wheel tooth which engages with
pinion is made cycloidal instead of involute in shape.

23 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 Thus the profile of teeth is partly involute curve & partly cycloidal curve, which is shown
in Fig.15

Fig. 15
2) MODIFIED ADDENDUM OF PINION & WHEEL
 We know that if length of path of contact KL is less than MN, then there is no
interference. But in case the length of path of contact KL is larger than MN, the
interference will occurs as shown in Fig.16

Fig. 16

 The addendum circle of the wheel crosses the point of tangency M i.e. point K lies
outside the line MN causing interference to occur.

24 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 Fig.17
 Referring to Fig.17, in this the addendum of wheel is reduced until the point K lies inside
MN. To retain the total depth of tooth, the dedendum of wheel is increased by the amount
equal to decreased amount of addendum. Simultaneously, the addendum of pinion is
increased & dedendum of pinion reduced by same amount to retain the total working
depth of tooth. With these changes, the path of contact KL now lies between point of
tangency M & N. Therefore there will not be any interference.
 Thus by modifying addende of pinion & wheel we can eliminate the interference. In this
method, it follows that there are no changes in pitch circle diameter, base circle diameter,
pressure angle & center distance. However, in this method the path of approach KP is
decreases & the path of recess PL increases.
 This method is not useful in case of equal sizes of mating gears.
 The extra addendum of gear which causes interference is removed & the modified tooth
profile is called stub tooth profile.

3) MODIFIED CENTER DISTANCE BETWEEN PINION & WHEEL

 The center distance of involute gear can be varied within limits without affecting the law
of gearing.
 If the center distance is increased over its standard center distance, then it’s pressure
angle increases as shown in Fig.18 With this effect the length corresponding to

25 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 interference points M & N changes to points M’ & N’. It allows the path of contact KL
not to extend beyond the new interference points M’ & N’, thereby avoiding interference.
 Therefore by modifying center distance, we can eliminate the interference.

Fig.18

26 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH IN ORDER TO AVOID NTERFERENCE

Fig.19

Let,

t = number of teeth on pinion

T = number of teeth on wheel

m = module

r= = pitch circle radius of pinion

G= = gear ratio

Pressure angle

From  O1NP

(O1N)2 = (O1P)2 + (PN)2 - 2(O1P) (PN) cos(90+

But (O1P) = r = pitch circle radius of pinion

& PN = R sin
27 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)
 ∴ (O1N)2 = r2 + (R sin 2
– 2.r.Rsin . cos (90+

= r2 + R2 in – 2.r.Rsin . [-sin

= r2 + R2 in + 2.r.R in

= r2 ( in in )

= r2 * in +

∴ O1N = r √ in

Let

AP.m = addendum of pinion, where AP is a fraction by which the standard addendum of one
module for the pinion should be multiplied in order to avoid interference.

We know that the addendum of the pinion = O1N – O1P

∴AP.m = r √ in – r

= √ in –

∴AP = *√ in +

t=
√ in

𝑃
∴t=
√ 𝐺 𝐺

28 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

MINIMUM NUMBER OF WHEEL IN ORDER TO AVOID
INTERFERENCE

Fig.20

Let,

t = number of teeth on pinion

T = number of teeth on wheel

m = module

R= = pitch circle radius of pinion

G= = gear ratio

Pressure angle

From  O2MP

(O2M)2 = (O2P)2 + (PM)2 - 2(O2P) (PM) cos(90+

But (O2P) = R = pitch circle radius of pinion

29 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

& PM = r sin

(O2M)2= R2 + (r sin 2
– 2.R.r sin . cos (90+

= R2 + r2 in - 2.R.rsin . [-sin

= R2 + r2 in + 2.R.r in

= R2 ( in in )

= R2 * in +

∴ O2M = R √ in

Let

Aw.m = addendum of pinion, where AP is a fraction by which the standard addendum of one
module for the pinion should be multiplied in order to avoid interference.

We know that the addendum of the pinion = O2M – O2P

∴Aw.m = R √ in – R

= √ in –

∴AP = [√ in ]

T=
√

∴T=
√
𝐺 𝐺

30 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Notes : 1. From the above equation, we may also obtain the minimum number of teeth on pinion.
Multiplying both sides by (t/T),

Tx = x
√

∴t=
𝐺√ 𝐺 𝐺
in

2. If wheel and pinion have equal teeth, then G = 1, and

∴T=
√ 3

31 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

CENTRE DISTANCE FOR A PAIR OF SPIRAL GEARS

The center distance, for a pair of spiral gears, is the shortest distance between the two shafts
making any angle between them. A pair of spiral gears 1 and 2, both having left hand helixes (i.e.
the gears are of the same hand) is shown in Fig.21 The shaft angle  is the angle through which
one of the shafts must be rotated so that it is parallel to the other shaft, also the two shafts be
rotating in opposite directions.

Fig.21

Let

1 and 2 = Spiral angles of gear teeth for gears 1 and 2 respectively,

Pc1 and Pc2 = Circular pitches of gears 1 and 2,

T1 and T2 = Number of teeth on gears 1 and 2,

d1 and d2= Pitch circle diameters of gears 1 and 2,

N1 and N2 = Speed of gears 1 and 2,

32 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

G= = gear ratio

PN = Normal pitch, and

L = Least centre distance between the axes of shafts.

Since the normal pitch is same for both the spiral gears,

∴Pc1 = , and Pc2 =

 

But we know that

Pc1 = & Pc2 =

∴d1 = & d2 =

∴L=

= ( )

= ( )

= (o  o 
)

𝑃𝑁 𝑇 𝐺
∴L==
𝜋
( )

Notes:

1. If the pair of spiral gears have teeth of the same hand, then= 1 + 2 and for a pair of spiral
gears of opposite hand,= 1 - 2 .

2. When = 90°, then both the spiral gears must have teeth of the same hand

33 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

EFFICIENCY OF SPIRAL GEARS

A pair of spiral gears 1 and 2 in mesh is shown in Fig..22

Let the gear 1 be the driver and the gear 2 the driven. The forces acting on each of a pair of teeth
in contact are shown in Fig. . The forces are assumed to act at the centre of the width of each
tooth and in the plane tangential to the pitch cylinders.

Let, F1 = Force applied tangentially on the driver,

F2 = Resisting force acting tangentially on the driven,

Fa1 = Axial or end thrust on the driver,

Fa2 = Axial or end thrust on the driven,

RN = Normal reaction at the point of contact,

  Angle of friction,

R = Resultant reaction at the point of contact, and

 = Shaft angle = 1+ 2 ...( Both gears are of the same hand)

Fig.22

34 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

From  OPQ,

F1 = R cos (1 – )

 Work input to the driver = F1×  d1.N1

= R cos (1 – )  d1.N1

From  OST,

F2 = R cos (2 – )

 Work output of the driven = F2 ×  d2.N2

= R cos (2 – )  d2.N2

 Efficiency of spiral gears,

 – 
 – 

–
∴
–
--------- 1)

But we know that,

∴d1 = & d2 =

o 
∴
o  T

o  N
o  N

35 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

 N o 
∴
N o 

Put in eqn (1)

  –
-----------------(2)
  –

o    o   –
o    o   

   –
-----------(3)
   

Put value of  &  in eq (3)

n

o θ
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥
o θ

36 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)

Note: From Fig., we find that

Axial thrust on the driver,

Fa1 = RN. sin 1 = F1.tan 1 and

axial thrust on the driven, Fa2 = RN. sin 2 = F2.tan 2

_________________

37 Mr.KHARAGE A.B.(Asst. Prof.)