Experiment No.

3: To perform Turning Operation on Lathe

Theoretical Background
Turning Operation:
Turning is the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating
cylindrical work piece. Turning is used to reduce the diameter of the work piece,
usually to a specified dimension, and to produce a smooth finish on the metal.
Rough turning removes as much metal as possible in the shortest length of time.
Accuracy and surface finish are not important in this operation. Finish turning, which
follows rough turning, produces a smooth surface finish and cuts the work to an
accurate size. Factors such as the condition of the cutting tool, the rigidity of the
machine and work, and the lathe speeds and feeds affect the type of surface finish
produced.
Set the cutting tool on center; check it against the lathe center point. Set the lathe to
the recommended speed and feed. Give it depth of cut and start turning the work-
piece. When tool reaches the end of work or end of point to which we had to turn the
work move tool towards yourself with the help of carriage and again position the tool
on starting position. Never turn the work- piece in left to right or against the
dimension of tool because it will damage the tool for finish cut give lathe an
automatic feed.

Tool used:
A Single Point Cutting Tool is used for Turning Operation.
Procedure:
 Set the lathe to the correct speed for the type and size of material being cut.
Adjust the quick-change gearbox for a feed, depending on the depth of cut and
condition of the machine
 Move the tool holder to the left-hand side of the compound rest and set the
cutting tool height to center.
 Tighten the tool post securely to prevent the tool holder from moving during
the machining operation.
 Take a light trial cut at the right-hand end of the work for a .250-in. (6-mm)
length.
 Measure the work and adjust the cutting tool for the proper depth of cut.
 Cut along for .250 in. (6 mm), stop the lathe, and check the diameter for size.
 The diameter should be approximately .030 in. (0.8 mm) over the finish size.
 Readjust the depth of cut, if necessary.

Calculations:
Material of work piece = Mild Steel
Material of tool = Carbide tip
Required RPM = 590rpm

Quality Control:
Following are some of the guidelines for quality control:
 turning should be done in two steps:
  Roughing cut.
 Finishing cut.
To produce the truest diameter possible, finish-turn work to the required size. Should
it be necessary to finish a diameter by filing or polishing, never leave more than .002
to .003 in. (0.05 to 0.07 mm) for this operation.

Drawbacks and Improvements:

 Machining on the universal lathe machine is one of the old methods of
machining have a lots of errors because it has been done manually.
 These errors could easily be reduced by using new model CNC (computerized
numeric controls) and NC (numeric controls) lathes in which measurements
and calculations is also automatically done.
 These lathes could not be used in the production now-a-days. It requires other
types of lathes with multi spindle and which are automatically control.
Precautions
 Always wear approved safety glasses. When operating a lathe, chips fly and it
is important to protect your eyes.
 Never wear a ring or watch because it can cause serious injuries.
 Always remove the chips with a brush and never with your hand or a cloth.
Steel chips are sharp and can cause cuts if handled manually or with a cloth
that has chips embedded in it.
 Whenever polishing, filing, cleaning, or making adjustments to the work piece
or machine, always remove the sharp cutting tool from the tool holder to
prevent serious cuts on your arms and hands.
 Always wear approved safety glasses. When operating a lathe, chips fly and it
is important to protect your eyes.
 Roll up your sleeves, remove your tie, and tuck in loose clothing. Short sleeves
are preferable because loose clothing can get caught by revolving lathe dogs,
chucks, and rotating parts of the lathe. You can be drawn into the machine and
be seriously injured.
Conclusions:
Experiment is conducted with great care and Turning of work material is
done by carbide tip tool at required RPM’s and learn how to operate lathe machine
for turning operations and how to deal with the quick gear box mechanism for the
settings of RPM’s.