Person Head Detection Based Deep Model for People Counting in Sports Videos

Sultan Daud Khan1 , Habib Ullah1 , Mohib Ullah2 , Nicola Conci3 ,

Faouzi Alaya Cheikh2 , Azeddine Beghdadi4 .
1
University of Ha’il, Saudia Arabia. 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
3
University of Trento, Italy. 4 University of Paris 13, France.

Abstract
People counting in sports venues is emerging as a new
domain in the field of video surveillance. People counting
in these venues faces many key challenges, such as severe
occlusions, few pixels per head, and significant variations
in person’s head sizes due to wide sport areas. We propose
a deep model based method, which works as a head detector
and takes into consideration the scale variations of heads in
videos. Our method is based on the notion that head is the
most visible part in the sports venues where large number
of people are gathered. To cope with the problem of differ-
ent scales, we generate scale aware head proposals based
on scale map. Scale aware proposals are then fed to the
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and it provides a re-
sponse matrix containing the presence probabilities of peo-
ple observed across scene scales. We then use non-maximal
suppression to get the accurate head positions. For the per-
formance evaluation, we carry out extensive experiments on
two standard datasets and compare the results with state-of-
the-art (SoA) methods. The results in terms of Average Pre-
cision (AvP), Average Recall (AvR), and Average F1-Score
(AvF-Score) show that our method is better than SoA meth-
ods.
planning of future sports events and for the design of sports
places [41]. With the counting information, one can find
out the distribution of people in the sports places which is
very important for safety and security personnel. People
counting information can also be used to detect and track
an individual in dense gatherings [14].
For public control and safety at sport events, it is impor-
tant to accurately estimate the number of people attending
the event. Acknowledging the importance of people count-
ing, various methods for people counting are reported in
literature. Most of these methods are based on regression
models [1, 42, 21, 44]. However, these models are not ca-
pable to localize the individuals in the scene. Therefore,
they cannot precisely provide the locations of pedestrians
in the scene, which are sometimes crucial for event man-
agers and organizers. Other traditional methods [10, 26]
treat the people counting problem as pedestrian detection
problem. These methods perform well in low dense scenes,
where most parts of human body are visible. However, these
methods receive setback when applied in high density situ-
ations. This is due to the fact that most parts of the human
body are not visible due to severe occlusions and clutter in
the scene. In high density situations, where the people are
standing close to each other and due to half body occlusions,
head is the most visible part.

1. Introduction Although several attempts have been made in human

The gathering of people are regularly observed in differ-
ent sports, which are solely for recreation activities. How-
ever, unlikely events or disasters can still happen. To ensure
people safety, it is important to analyze sports dynamics and
congestion situations at sports scenes. Sports scenes analy-
sis can be used in various applications, for instance, in de-
tecting critical crowd levels, detecting anomalies, and track-
ing individuals or group of individuals. To efficiently deal
with these problems, the most important step is to count the
number of people in the sports scenes.
People counting in sports scenes has received significant
attention from the research community. People counting in
these scenes can provide useful piece of information for the
head detection in the recent years, head detection is still
a challenging task due to scale variations and appearance
of heads in the scene as illustrated in Fig. 1. To precisely
detect human heads in the scene, it is imperative to capture
the scale variations. In order to address this problem, recent
head detection methods [31] use object proposal generation
strategy to guide the search of the object and capture dif-
ferent scales in the image. This strategy allows to avoid
exhaustive search for the object across all locations of the
image. EdgeBox [47] proposed object proposal generation
based on low-level image cues, such as saliency, gradient
and edge information. DeepBox [16] improved the object
proposals by re-ranking the proposals generated by Edge-
Box. MultiBox [19] generate object proposals by bounding

Figure 1. We depict scale variations in the image. The size of the
human head is changing drastically due to perspective distortions.
The size of the head at the bottom (in yellow color) is large as
compared to size of head in green and red boxes.
box regression based on feature maps generated by convo-
lution layers. These methods achieve good results in multi-
object detection in images only when the sizes of the objects
are large. However, high density images are usually com-
plex where the size of objects (human heads) are usually
small and have large scale variations. Consequently, these
methods are less effective and produce low recall rates when
applied to high density situations. To overcome the limita-
tions of the above mentioned object proposal methods, we
propose multiple scales strategy for generating object pro-
posals to detect human heads. In our method, the number
of detections represents the number of people in a scene.
Our method consists of three different stages. First
stage is to train and employ a Convolution Neural Network
(CNN) that acts as a head detector. In the second stage,
we engender scale map and get scale aware head propos-
als. We then provide each proposal to the CNN and obtain
classification score for each proposal. After processing all
proposals, a response matrix is obtained, where higher re-
sponses show high probabilities of heads’ presence. Finally,
non-maximal suppression is applied to the response matrix
and final results are rendered. The overall framework of our
proposed method is depicted in Fig. 2. Compare to other
state-of-the-art methods, our framework has the following
contributions. (1) In contrast to other methods, our method
detects human heads both in low and high-density crowd
video frames. (2) It handles scale variations in the video
frame by generating scale-aware object proposals. (3) Un-
like other people counting methods that only estimate count,
our method counts and localizes human heads, simultane-
ously.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec-
tion 2, we present related work. The details of the proposed
people counting and localization method are presented in
Section 3. Experiments and evaluations on two benchmark
datasets considering five different methods are shown in
Section 4. Conclusion is presented in Section 5.
2. Related Work
Deep learning models have achieved significant success
in a wide range of applications in the recent years. In
fact, different deep learning methods have been introduced
for image and motion segmentation [2, 36, 35], detection
[37, 29, 38], tracking [39], and classification with outstand-
ing performances. Due to the success of deep learning
methods, the CNN models [15] have been used also in the
literature to provide relevant information about the num-
ber of people in the scene. Deep learning based methods
for people counting can be divided into two classes namely
regression-based methods and detection-based methods. In
the regression-based methods, counting individuals is per-
formed by using regression between the image features and
crowd size. In the detection-based methods, density maps
are produced from the images and people counting is com-
puted by performing integration over the density map.
Kong et al. [13] described a viewpoint invariant
learning-based method for counting people in crowds from
a single camera. Their method takes into account feature
normalization to deal with perspective projection and dif-
ferent camera orientation. Zhang et al. [43] proposed a
scale-adaptive CNN architecture with a backbone of fixed
small receptive fields. They extract feature maps from mul-
tiple layers and adapt them to have the same output size.
They combine them to generate the final density map. The
number of people is then estimated by integrating the den-
sity map. Ma et al. [20] introduced a multi-scale head de-
tection. They used gradients difference to extract the fore-
ground of the images and apply the overlapped patches in
different scales to split the input images. Zhang et al. [45]
proposed a Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Network
(MCNN) for counting people in a single image. For this
purpose, they use three columns with filter size of differ-
ent receptive field to compensate for perspective distortion.
Zhang et al. [42] introduced the CNN regression model with
two configurations that estimates the number of people in
different crowd scenes. Sam et al. [27] investigated Switch-
CNN which considers multiple CNN based crowd counting
architectures and exploited switching strategy to identify
one network at a time based on the performance. Sindagi
et al. [34] introduced Contextual Pyramid CNN that finds
the people count by producing high-quality crowd density
by using global and local contextual information of scene
images. For performance evaluation, Kang et al. [11] com-
pared different density estimation methods.
Detection based methods [33, 30] train object detectors
to find out the position of each individual person. There-
fore, the people count is represented by the number of de-
tections in the scene. Liu et al. [18] presented a hybrid
Figure 2. We feed each proposal to the CNN to obtain classification score. A response matrix is achieved, where higher responses show
high probabilities of heads. For the purpose of visualization, the boxes of the proposals are not overlapping.
method that uses both regression and detection based count-
ing and adaptively decide the appropriate counting mode
for different image locations. Our proposed method is in-
spired by Shami et al. [33]. However, unlike feeding gen-
eral object proposal to the network as proposed in [33],
we produce scale-aware proposals by exploiting a scale
map, which represents the estimation of the object scales.
We explore them to guide proposals rather than exhaustive
searching all scales. We have investigated that producing
scale-aware proposals is very effective and can decrease the
search space. This approach can also filter out false pos-
itives at improper scales. Zhu et al. [46] estimated crowd
density by considering different regression networks. It is
worth noticing that regression-based methods perform bet-
ter in high density situations as they capture generalized
density information from the crowd image yet they suffer
from a number of weaknesses. Firstly, the performance of
these methods suffer when applied to low-density scenes
due to overestimating the count. Secondly, these methods
do not localize human heads. Therefore, they provide no in-
formation about the distribution of pedestrians in the scenes
which is very crucial for the safety and security personnel
in the sports events. It is worth noticing that numerous ob-
ject proposal methods have been introduced. For example,
Ghodrati et al. [8] generate object proposals by an inverse
cascade from the final to the initial layer. Erhan et al. [6]
and Liu et al. [19] extract object regions by bounding box
regression based on CNN features maps. In high density
scenes driven by high occlusions, people usually stand very
close to each other. Therefore, heads are the most visible
parts. The small sizes of the heads in such scenes make the
counting very difficult. Therefore, the current state-of-the-
art region proposal methods are not very effective. Their
results produce low Recall rates when high density videos
are considered. To deal with this key problem, we propose
a robust method for producing object proposals to encode
different ranges of scales for different sizes of objects.
3. Human heads counting and localization
In this paper, we propose a new method for detecting hu-
man heads in sports videos with large scale variations. It
consists of three stages. In the first stage, the creation and
production of object proposals is a pre-processing step. In
fact, object proposals are exploited to optimize the search
of objects and avoid exhaustive search across all video lo-
cations.
To engender object proposals, the initial step is to com-
pute a scale map M for the video frame F . To produce a
scale map, the influence of perspective must be taken into
account. Motivated by the work of Chan et al. [3], for each
scene, we choose random number of individuals between
the two extremes (top and bottom) of the video frame and
mark their heads by drawing a straight line between the two
points on the head, horizontally. This line represents the
size of the head as shown in Fig. 3 (can be best viewed
in zoom in) of portion of the video frame. We then cal-
culate the scale map by linearly interpolating between two
extremes of the video frame. The scale map is shown in
Fig. 3, where the red color represents bigger head sizes and

Figure 3. To produce object proposals, we compute a scale map
for a video frame where we choose random number of individuals
between the two extremes (top and bottom) of the video frame and
mark their heads by drawing a straight line between the two points
on the head, horizontally. For the purpose of visualization, the
boxes of the proposals are not overlapping.
blue color shows smaller head sizes. The vertical bar shows
the range of scales in the video frame. After producing the
scale map M , we extract object proposals. For this purpose,
we overlay a grid O of points on the video frame. It is worth
noticing that the resolution of the grid O and scale map M
are the same as the resolution of the input video frame F .
We assume that M (pi ) represents the size of head (in pix-
els) at location pi . For every point pi ∈ O, we produce
bounding box of size M (pi ) with point pi as its center. As
we are interested in head detection, we keep square shapes
for all bounding boxes and refer them as locations of inter-
est. The aspect ratio of a square shape is 1. From the Fig. 3,
it is clear that the sizes of the proposals in the bottom of
the video frame are bigger attributing to the bigger sizes of
the heads and the sizes of proposals become smaller as we
move up to the top of the video frame
Our head detector is based on the model of R-CNN of
Oquab et al. [22]. However, their model [22] does not lo-
calize heads, explicitly, but can also be used for that. Addi-
tionally, we explore scale-aware proposals instead of selec-
tive search proposals to encode head with different scales.
For each input proposal, we extend the bounding box with
small margin to encode local video frame context around
the head. The corresponding frame patch is then re-sized
to 224 x 224 pixels to fit the input layer of the R-CNN. We
extend the R-CNN model [22] by one fully-connected layer
with 2048 nodes that are initialized randomly and followed
by ReLu and DropOut. The R-CNN model [22] is trained
on ImageNet and then fine-tuned on images of human faces
extracted from HollywoodHeads dataset [17]. In its orig-
inal form, this head detector is of limited use to us since
we are working with very high density videos where human
head barely spans a few pixels and face is almost unrecog-
nizable. Therefore, we fine-tuned the network on training
images from WorldExpo’10 [42] dataset.
For training, we explore stochastic gradient descent
(SGD) with momentum to optimize the parameters by min-
imizing the sum of independent log-losses. For training, we
extracted scale-aware patches that only consist of one head
and we feed them to the network as positive sample. We
generate negative samples from the background and visible
human torso, since we want our head detector to give high
response only on heads and not on other body parts. Un-
like traditional CNN that exploits SVM for second pass of
training, we use the output of R-CNN to score the propos-
als. After we feed all the proposals to the R-CNN, the out-
put is the response map R(pi ), where R(p) is the score of
the proposal and pi ∈ O is the location in the video frame.
The higher values of the response map show the presence
of head and lower values represent the background.
To compute the precise locations of the heads, we post-
process the response map by using the non-maximal sup-
pression [9][25]. It helps us to find local peaks/ maximums
based on a fixed threshold. The performance of finding the
positions of the heads is mainly affected by changing the
threshold value.
4. Evaluations and Results
In this section, we evaluate the performance of our pro-
posed framework in both qualitative and quantitative ways
using two publicly available datasets namely S-HOCK [32]
and UCF-HDDC [10].
The S-HOCK dataset was collected during 26th Winter
Universiade held in Trento (Italy) which attracted 100,000
people from all over world. The data was collected from
four different matches and five cameras are used to capture
different parts of the spectator crowd. To cover ice rink
and panoramic view of all the bleachers, a full HD cam-
era (1920x1080, 30 fps, focal length 4mm) is used. While
3 high resolution cameras (1280x1024, 30 fps, focal length
12mm) were used to cover different parts of the spectator
crowd. For each match, a pool of sequences was selected in
order to represent a wide, uniform and representative spec-
trum of situations, e.g. tens of instances of goals, shots on
goal, saves, faults, and timeouts (each sequence has more
than one event). The dataset contains 75 video sequences in
total, each with duration of 31 seconds (930 frames). Sam-
ple frames from the dataset are shown in the first row of the
Fig. 4.
The UCF-HDDC is one of the largest and challenging
dataset for human detection in high density crowds. The
dataset contains 108 crowd images downloaded from the
Flickr. The images cover different crowd scenes with vary-
ing densities. Most of the dataset contains images from
marathons events where spectators are standing watching
the marathon and others are the participants. Similarly
Figure 4. Sample frames from the S-HOCK [32] and UCF-HDDC [10] datasets. The first row depicts the sample frames from S-HOCK
dataset and the second row depicts the sample frames from UCF-HDDC dataset.

half/full body occlusions and lighting conditions also vary, Table 1. Performance of different methods using S-HOCK [32]
dataset.
which make the human head detection a challenging prob-
lem in this dataset. Sample frames from the UCF-HDDC Methods AvP AvR AvF-Score
dataset are shown in the bottom row of Fig. 4. HOG + SVM [42] 0.74 0.56 0.63
We now evaluate and compare the performance of our HASC + SVM [28] 0.36 0.64 0.46
method with other reference methods. In S-HOCK dataset, ACF [4] 0.49 0.62 0.54
we compare our results with five different baseline methods. DPM [7] 0.50 0.42 0.46
The first method (HOG + SVM) [42] learns HOG features CUBD [5] 0.84 0.30 0.44
from the images using a linear SVM classifier. The sec- Proposed 0.87 0.72 0.77
ond method (HASC + SVM) [28] learns Auto-Similarities
of Characteristics (HASC) [28] descriptor using SVM clas- Table 2. Performance of different methods using UCF-HDDC [10]
sifier. In these methods, a sliding window approach is used dataset.
to generate response maps and detections. The third method Methods AvP AvR AvF-Score
that is Aggregate Channel Features (ACF) [4] detector is CN-HOG [12] 0.33 0.25 0.28
based on Viola-Jones framework. Deformable Part Model HOG-LBP[40] 0.14 0.19 0.15
(DPM) [7] combines templates of different parts of human JDN [23] 0.25 0.21 0.22
body and learns a latent SVM classifier. The fifth model DPM [7] 0.31 0.39 0.34
is Calvin Upper Body Detector (CUBD) [5] which is the CTF [24] 0.06 0.15 0.08
combination of DPM and Viola-Jones face detector. For the Proposed 0.60 0.57 0.58
performance measure, we use average precision, recall, and
F1 scores. The results are reported in Table 1. From the
table, it can be seen that our proposed method outperforms From the Table 2, it can be seen that our proposed
other state-of-the-art methods. method outperforms state-of-the-art methods by significant
In Table 2, we compare our results with other state-of- margin. The superior performance of our method attributes
the-methods using UCF-HDDC dataset. These methods to the fact that it produces scale-aware proposals that cover
are CN-HOG [12], HOG-LBP [40], Joint Deep Network range of head sizes in each video frame. In order to visual-
(JDN) [23], DPM [7], and CTF [24]. The method CN- ize the performance, we present qualitative results in Fig. 5
HOG [12] concatenates Color Name descriptor as color fea- for both the datasets. The first column shows the sample
ture and HOG feature for object detection. HOG-LBP[40] video frames from the datasets. The second column depicts
computes HOG and LBP features for human detection in the response maps for the corresponding video frames. The
images. third column shows the detection results where each de-
tected head is marked (in red) with a bounding box. It is
obvious from the Fig 5 that our method performs well in
both high and low density sports videos and is independent
of the scene density.
From the experiments, we observe that most of the
state-of-the-art methods work well in low density situa-
tions. However, the performance of these methods deteri-
orate when applied on high density images. The lower per-
formance of these methods attribute to the following rea-
sons: (1) low resolution (2) small size of head and (3) scale
variance. In low resolution images, with extreme clutter,
humans become extremely blurred resulting in weak edges
and degrade the performance of HOG-based detectors. The
small size of the human head also causes problem for DPM
detector as it has the lower limit of detecting part size of
23 x 23 pixels. The camera position relative to human head
size in the scene causes perspective distortion which causes
a scale problem. However, all these problems are tackled by
our proposed method in an efficient and effective way. The
complexity of our method is proportional with the size of
the grid. There is a trade-off between the performance and
complexity. Bigger grid size requires high complexity with
better performance.
5. Conclusion
We proposed a method to count number of people in the
sports videos by detecting the human heads. We produced
scale-aware head region proposals by using the perspec-
tive effects. It has tremendously decreased the classification
time and also resulted in improving the detection accuracy.
We carry out experimental evaluations on two datasets. We
reported significant improvements in the results.
In our future work, we would adaptively compute the lo-
calization magnitude for the response maps. Therefore, to
investigate an optimal strategy for localization is an impor-
tant research direction. We would also develop a dynamic
method to generate the scale map without using the manual
annotation of heads.
6. Acknowledgment
We are very thankful to NVIDIA Corporation since the
corporation supported our research work with the donation
of the Titan Xp GPU.
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