82 - 953e - CD (Projeto IEC 61724-1 Ed.1)

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Title:
IEC 61724-1: Photovoltaic system performance – Part 1: Monitoring
(Titre):
Introductory note
This standard was previously designated IEC 61724. Following discussion at the WG 3 meeting in Wels,
Austria, it was decided to make it the first part of a series of standards covering PV system
performance. Parts 2 and 3 of the series are circulated separately.
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IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 –1– 82/953/CD
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 7
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 9
4 Monitoring system classification .................................................................................... 11
5 General ......................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Measurement uncertainty ...................................................................................... 12
5.2 Calibration ............................................................................................................ 12
5.3 Repeated elements ............................................................................................... 12
5.4 Power consumption............................................................................................... 12
5.5 Documentation ...................................................................................................... 12
5.6 Equipment and wiring ........................................................................................... 12
5.7 Inspection ............................................................................................................. 13
6 Data acquisition timing and reporting periods ................................................................ 14
6.1 Samples ............................................................................................................... 14
6.2 Records ................................................................................................................ 14
6.3 Reports ................................................................................................................. 14
6.4 Timestamps .......................................................................................................... 14
6.5 Illustration ............................................................................................................. 15
7 Measured parameters .................................................................................................... 16
7.1 Summary of requirements ..................................................................................... 16
7.2 Irradiance ............................................................................................................. 18
7.2.1 On-site irradiance measurement .................................................................... 18
7.2.1.1 In-plane irradiance ...................................................................... 18
7.2.1.2 Global horizontal irradiance ........................................................ 18
7.2.1.3 Irradiance sensors ...................................................................... 18
7.2.1.4 Sensor locations ......................................................................... 19
7.2.1.5 Sensor maintenance ................................................................... 20
7.2.1.6 Special measurements ................................................................ 20
7.2.1.6.1 Direct normal irradiance ............................................. 20
7.2.1.6.2 Diffuse irradiance....................................................... 20
7.2.1.6.3 In-plane irradiance for concentrator systems .............. 20
7.2.2 Satellite remote sensing of irradiance ............................................................ 21
7.3 Environmental factors ........................................................................................... 22
7.3.1 PV module temperature ................................................................................. 22
7.3.2 Ambient air temperature ................................................................................ 22
7.3.3 Wind speed and direction .............................................................................. 23
7.3.4 Soiling ........................................................................................................... 23
7.3.4.1 Measurement setup .................................................................... 23
7.3.4.2 Measurement method 1 – max power .......................................... 24
7.3.4.3 Measurement method 2 – short-circuit current ............................ 24
7.3.4.4 Preferred method ........................................................................ 24
7.3.4.5 Integration .................................................................................. 24
7.3.4.6 Recalibration ............................................................................... 24
82/953/CD –2– IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
7.3.5 Rainfall .......................................................................................................... 25

7.3.6 Snow ............................................................................................................. 25
7.3.7 Humidity ........................................................................................................ 25
7.4 Tracker system ..................................................................................................... 25
7.4.1 Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 25
7.4.2 Tracker-error sensor qualification .................................................................. 25
7.5 DC electrical output .............................................................................................. 26
7.6 AC electrical output............................................................................................... 26
7.7 External system requests ...................................................................................... 27
8 Data processing and quality check ................................................................................ 28
8.1 Daylight hours ....................................................................................................... 28
8.2 Quality check ........................................................................................................ 28
8.2.1 Removing invalid readings ............................................................................. 28
8.2.2 Treatment of missing data ............................................................................. 28
9 Calculated parameters ................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 30
9.2 Summations .......................................................................................................... 30
9.3 Irradiation ............................................................................................................. 30
9.4 Electrical energy ................................................................................................... 31
9.4.1 DC output energy .......................................................................................... 31
9.4.2 AC output energy ........................................................................................... 31
9.5 Array DC power rating .......................................................................................... 31
9.6 Yields ................................................................................................................... 31
9.6.1 PV array energy yield .................................................................................... 31
9.6.2 Final system yield .......................................................................................... 32
9.6.3 Reference yield ............................................................................................. 32
9.7 Yield losses .......................................................................................................... 32
9.7.1 Array capture loss ......................................................................................... 32
9.7.2 Balance of systems (BOS) loss ...................................................................... 32
9.8 Efficiencies ........................................................................................................... 33
9.8.1 Array (DC) efficiency ..................................................................................... 33
9.8.2 System (AC) efficiency .................................................................................. 33
9.8.3 BOS efficiency ............................................................................................... 33
10 Performance metrics...................................................................................................... 34
10.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 34
10.2 Summations .......................................................................................................... 34
10.3 Performance ratios ............................................................................................... 34
10.3.1 Performance ratio .......................................................................................... 34
10.3.2 Temperature-corrected performance ratios .................................................... 35
10.3.2.1 General ....................................................................................... 35
10.3.2.2 STC performance ratio ................................................................ 35
10.3.2.3 Annual-temperature-equivalent performance ratio ....................... 36
10.4 Performance index ................................................................................................ 36
11 Data filtering .................................................................................................................. 38
11.1 Use of available data ............................................................................................ 38
11.2 Filtering data to specific conditions ....................................................................... 38
11.3 Reduced inverter, grid, or load availability ............................................................ 38
Annex A (normative) Systems with local loads, storage, or auxilliary sources ..................... 39
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 –3– 82/953/CD
A.1 System types ........................................................................................................ 39

A.2 Parameters and equations .................................................................................... 41
Annex B (informative) Derate factors ................................................................................... 48
Annex C (informative) Sampling interval .............................................................................. 50
C.1 General considerations ......................................................................................... 50
C.2 Time constants ..................................................................................................... 50
C.3 Aliasing error ........................................................................................................ 50
C.4 Example ............................................................................................................... 50
Figure 1 – Possible elements of PV systems ........................................................................... 5

Figure 2 – Data acquisition, data storage, and reporting periods ........................................... 15
Figure A.1 – Energy flow between possible elements of different PV system types ............... 39
Table 1 – Monitoring system classifications .......................................................................... 11

Table 2 – Recording interval and timestamp accuracy........................................................... 14
Table 3 – Measured parameters & requirements for each monitoring system class ............... 16
Table 4 – Sensor choices and requirements for in-plane and global irradiance ..................... 19
Table 5 – Irradiance sensor maintenance requirements ........................................................ 20
Table 6 – Ambient air temperature sensor maintenance requirements .................................. 22
Table 7 – Wind sensor maintenance requirements ................................................................ 23
Table 8 – PV array DC output electrical measurement requirements ..................................... 26
Table 9 – AC output electrical measurement requirements .................................................... 27
Table 10 – Calculated parameters ........................................................................................ 30
Table 11 – Performance metrics ........................................................................................... 34
Table A.1 – Elements of different PV system types ............................................................... 40
Table A.2 – Parameters and equations for different system types ......................................... 41
1 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
2 ____________
3
4 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE –
5 PART 1: MONITORING
6
7
8
9
10 FOREWORD
11 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
12 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
13 international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
14 this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
15 Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
16 Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
17 in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
18 governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
19 with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
20 agreement between the two organizations.
21 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
22 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
23 interested IEC National Committees.
82/953/CD –4– IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
24 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
25 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
26 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
27 misinterpretation by any end user.
28 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
29 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
30 between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
31 the latter.
32 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
33 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
34 services carried out by independent certification bodies.
35 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
36 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
37 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
38 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
39 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
40 Publications.
41 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
42 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
43 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
44 patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
45 International Standard IEC 61724 has been prepared by subcommittee WG3: Systems, of IEC
46 technical committee 82:Solar photovoltaic energy systems.
47 This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1998. This edition
48 constitutes a technical revision.
49 This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
50 edition:
51 a) ...;
52 The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting

XX/XX/FDIS XX/XX/RVD
53
54 Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
55 voting indicated in the above table.
56 This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
57 The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
58 the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
59 related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
60 • reconfirmed,
61 • withdrawn,
62 • replaced by a revised edition, or
63 • amended.
64
65 The National Committees are requested to note that for this publication the stability date
66 is 20XX.
67 THIS TEXT IS INCLUDED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES AND WILL BE DELETED
68 AT THE PUBLICATION STAGE .
69
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 –5– 82/953/CD
70 INTRODUCTION
71 This Standard defines requirements for performance monitoring of a photovoltaic (PV) system
72 and serves as a guide for various monitoring system choices.
73
74 Figure 1 illustrates possible major elements comprising different PV system types.The PV
75 array may include both fixed axis and tracking systems and both flat plate and concentrator
76 systems. Module-level electronics, if present, may be a component of the monitoring system.
77
78 For simplicity, the main sections of this Standard are written for grid-connected systems
79 without local loads, energy storage, or auxilliary sources, as shown by the bold lines in Figure
80 1. Annex A includes details for systems with additional components, including hybrid and
81 standalone systems.
82
Back up Other RNE

Load(s) Utility
Source(S) Source(s)
On AC Grid Line
On AC On AC
IBUac , VBUac PBUac PREac ILac , VLac PLac ITG , PTG IFG ,PFG
ITL,dcc , PTL,dcc
VG
AC ITB,ac ,PTB,ac
VPac
IFPac , PFPac ITPac ,PTPac IAac,ac, , VAac,ac PAac,ac
PCU-BDI PCU-GCI
ITP , PTP IFP ,PFP PAdc,ac IAdc,ac ,

VPdc VAdc,ac
DC
ILdc , IBUdc , IAdc,dc ,
VLdc VBUdc VS VAdc,dc
PLdc PBUdc PREdc IFS , PFS ITS , PTS PAdc,dc
Back up Other RNE

Load (s) Source(s) Energy PV Array PV Array
On DC Source(s)
On DC Storage
On DC
Gi
Gi
83
84 Legend: RNE = Renewable Energy; PCU = Power Conversion Unit; BDI = Bi-Directional Inverter; GCI =
85 Grid-Connected Inverter. Bold lines denote simple grid-connected system without local loads, energy
86 storage, or auxilliary sources.
87 Figure 1 – Possible elements of PV systems
88
89 The purposes of a performance monitoring system are diverse and may include the following:
90 identification of performance trends in an individual PV system; localization of potential faults
91 in a PV system; comparison of PV system performance to design expectations and
92 guarantees; comparison of PV systems of different configurations; and comparison of PV
93 systems at different locations.
94
82/953/CD –6– IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
95 These diverse purposes give rise to a diverse set of requirements, and different sensors
96 and/or analysis methods may be more or less suited depending on the specific objective. For
97 example, for comparing performance to design expectations and guarantees, the focus should
98 be on system-level data and consistency between prediction and test methods, while for
99 analyzing performance trends and localizing faults, there may be need for greater resolution
100 at sub-levels of the system and an emphasis on measurement repeatability and correlation
101 metrics rather than absolute accuracy.
102
103 The monitoring system should be adapted to PV system size and user requirements. In
104 general, larger PV systems should have more monitoring points and higher precision sensors
105 than smaller PV systems. This Standard defines three classifications of monitoring system
106 with differentiated requirements which are appropriate to a range of purposes.
107
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 –7– 82/953/CD
108 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE – PART 1: MONITORING

109
110
111
112
113 1 Scope
114 This International Standard outlines equipment, methods, and terminology for performance
115 monitoring and analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It addresses sensors, installation,
116 accuracy, and wiring requirements for monitoring equipment in addition to the measured
117 parameter data acquisition and quality checks, calculated parameters, and performance
118 metrics. In addition, it serves as a basis for other standards which rely upon the data
119 collected.
120 2 Normative references

121 The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
122 are indispensable for its application.
123 IEC 61836, Solar photovoltaic energy systems – Terms, definitions and symbols
124
125 IEC 60904-2, Photovoltaic devices – Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices
126
127 IEC 60904-10, Photovoltaic devices – Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement
128
129 IEC 60050-131, International electrotechnical vocabulary – Part 131: Circuit theory
130
131 IEC 62817, Photovoltaic systems - Design qualification of solar trackers
132
133 IEC 62053-22, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Particular requirements – Part 22: Static
134 meters for active energy (classes 0,2 S and 0,5 S)
135
136 IEC 60904-3, Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic
137 (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data
138
139 ISO/IEC Guide 98-1, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 1: Introduction to the expression of
140 uncertainty in measurement
141
142 ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of
143 uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)
144
145 ISO 9488, Solar energy -- Vocabulary
146
147 ISO 9060, Solar energy – Specification and classification of instruments for measuring
148 hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation
149
150 ISO 9846, Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer
151
152 ISO 9847, Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference
153 pyranometer
154
155 ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats -- Information interchange --
156 Representation of dates and times
157
158 WMO No. 8, Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation
159
160 ASTM D6176, Standard Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Temperature with
161 Electrical Resistance Temperature Sensors
162
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163 ASTM G183, Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV
164 Radiometers
165 ANSI C12.20, American National Standard for Electricity Meters— 0.2 and 0.5 Accuracy
166 Classes
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 –9– 82/953/CD
167 3 Terms and definitions

168 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 61836, ISO 9488,
169 IEC 60050-131, and the following apply.
170 3.1
171 Irradiance
-2
172 (Symbol: G) (Unit: W·m )
173 incident flux of radiant energy per unit area
174 3.2
175 In-plane irradiance
-2
176 (Symbol: G i ) (Unit: W·m )
177 direct plus diffuse irradiance incident upon an inclined surface parallel to the plane of the
178 modules in the PV array, also known as plane-of-array (POA) irradiance
179 Note 1 to entry: Frequently denoted with the symbol POA
180 3.3
181 Global horizontal irradiance
-2
182 (Symbol: GHI) (Unit: W·m )
183 irradiance upon a horizontally oriented aperture positioned to see the entire sky without
184 obstruction
185 Note 1 to entry: Frequently abbreviated GHI
186 3.4
187 Direct normal irradiance
-2
188 (Symbol: DNI) (Unit: W·m )
189 in-plane irradiance emanating from the solar disk and from the circumsolar region of the sky
190 within a subtended full angle of 5°, excluding scattering and reflections, for a plane surface
191 perfectly normal to the sun
192 Note 1 to entry: Some DNI measurement instruments have a field of view with a subtended full angle of up to 6°.
193 3.5
194 Diffuse irradiance
-2
195 (Symbol: G d ) (Unit: W·m )
196 global horizontal irradiance excluding the portion emanating from the solar disk and from the
197 circumsolar region of the sky within a subtended full angle of 5°
198 Note 1 to entry: Some diffuse irradiance measurement instruments exclude a circumsolar region within a
199 subtended full angle of up to 6°.
200 3.6
201 In-plane direct beam irradiance
-2
202 (Symbol: G i,b ) (Unit: W·m )
203 in-plane irradiance emanating from the solar disk and from the circumsolar region of the sky
204 within a subtended full angle of 5°, excluding scattering and reflections.
205 Note 1 to entry: The in-plane direct beam irradiance G i,b = cos(𝜃)×DNI, where 𝜃 is the angle between the sun and
206 the normal to the plane. When the plane of array is perfectly normal to the sun, G i,b = DNI.
207 3.7
208 In-plane diffuse irradiance
-2
209 (Symbol: G i,d ) (Unit: W·m )
210 in-plane irradiance excluding the direct beam irradiance
211 Note 1 to entry: G i,d = G i - G i,b .
212 Note 2 to entry: For some concentrator module types, a more relevant parameter is the in-plane diffuse irradiance
213 capture, G’ i,d , which represents the portion of diffuse irradiance actually received by the PV. A forthcoming IEC
214 document will define the determination of G’ i,d .
215 3.8
216 Irradiation
-2
217 (Symbol: H) (Unit: kW-h·m )
218 irradiance integrated over a specified time interval
82/953/CD – 10 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
219 3.9
220 Soiling ratio
221 (Symbol: SR)
222 instantaneous ratio of the actual power output of the PV array under given soiling conditions
223 to the power that would be obtained if the PV array were clean and free of soiling
224 3.10
225 Soiling level
226 (Symbol: SL)
227 fractional power loss due to soiling, given by 1 - SR
228 3.11
229 Active power
230 (Symbol: P) (Unit: W)
231 the mean value, taken over one period, of the instantaneous product of current and voltage,
232 also known as the real power
233 Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the active power is the real part of the complex power.
234 3.12
235 Apparent power
236 (Symbol: S) (Unit: VA)
237 product of the RMS voltage and the RMS current
238 Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the apparent power is the modulus of the complex power.
239 3.13
240 Power factor
241 (Symbol: λ)
242 ratio of the absolute value of the active or real power P (in W) to the apparent power S (in VA)
243 Note 1 to entry:
P
λ=
S
244 Note 2 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the power factor is also the cosine of the phase angle ϕ between
245 current and voltage:
P
λ= = cos(ϕ )
S
246 3.14
247 Performance model
248 a model which predicts electrical output of a PV system as a function of input meteorological
249 conditions based on the known characteristics of the installed components and materials and
250 the design details of the system
251 3.15
252 Predicted energy
253 energy generation of a PV system that is calculated with a specific performance model, using
254 historical weather data that is considered to be representative for the site
255 3.16
256 Expected energy
257 energy generation of a PV system that is calculated with a specific performance model, using
258 actual weather data collected at the site during operation of the system
259 3.17
260 Measured energy
261 electrical energy that is measured to have been generated by a PV system
262
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 11 – 82/953/CD
263 4 Monitoring system classification

264 The required precision and complexity of the monitoring system depends on the PV system
265 size and user objectives. This Standard defines three classifications of monitoring systems
266 providing varying levels of precision, as listed in Table 1.
267 The monitoring system classification shall be stated in any conformity declarations to this
268 Standard. The monitoring system classification may be referenced either by its letter code (A,
269 B, C) or its name (High precision, Medium precision, Basic precision) as indicated in Table 1.
270 In this document the letter codes are used for convenience.
271 Class A or Class B would be most appropriate for large PV systems, such as utility-scale and
272 large commercial installations, while Class B or Class C would be most appropriate for small
273 systems, such as smaller commercial and residential installations. However, users of the
274 Standard may specify any classification appropriate to their application, regardless of PV
275 system size.
276 Throughout this Standard, some requirements are designated as applying to a particular
277 classification. Where no designation is given, the requirements apply to all classifications.
278
279 Table 1 – Monitoring system classifications
Class
Typical applications A B C
High precision Medium precision Basic precision
System performance assessment X X X

Documentation of a performance guarantee X X
System losses analysis X X
Monitoring integration of distributed
X X
generation, storage, & loads
Electricity network interaction assessment X
Fault localization X
PV technology assessment X
Precise PV system degradation measurement X
280
281
282
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283 5 General
284 5.1 Measurement uncertainty
285 Where requirements on measurement uncertainties are stated in the Standard, they refer to
286 the combined uncertainties of the measurement sensors and any signal conditioning
287 electronics.
288 Measurement uncertainties shall apply over the typical range of values of each measured
289 quantity indicated in the Standard, as well as over the typical temperature range at which the
290 system will operate. The effect of non-linearity of the measurement within the typical range
291 shall be included within the stated uncertainty.
292 For any measured quantity that is proportional to irradiance, the stated uncertainty shall apply
2 2
293 over the range from 100 W/m to 1000 W/m .
294 NOTE – Measurement uncertainties may be calculated as outlined in ISO/IEC Guide 98-1 and ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.
295 5.2 Calibration
296 Sensors and signal conditioning electronics used in the monitoring system shall be calibrated
297 prior to the start of monitoring. Recalibration is to be performed as required by the
298 manufacturer or at more frequent intervals where specified.
299 5.3 Repeated elements

300 Depending on system size and user requirements, the monitoring system may include
301 redundancy in sensors and/or repetition of sensor elements for different components or
302 subsections of the full PV system. Accordingly, the measured and calculated parameters
303 defined in this Standard may have multiple instances, each corresponding to a subsection or
304 subcomponent of the PV system.
305 5.4 Power consumption

306 The parasitic power drawn by tracking and other ancillary systems required for operation of
307 the PV plant shall be considered a power loss of the plant, not a load supplied by the plant.
308 However, power consumption of any other ancillary systems, including the monitoring system,
309 may be neglected if the total of such losses is less than 0.5% of the energy output of the
310 plant.
311 5.5 Documentation

312 Specifications of all components of the monitoring system, including sensors and signal
313 conditioning electronics, should be documented. User guides should be provided for the
314 monitoring system software.
315 A log should be kept to record unusual events, component changes, sensor recalibration,
316 changes to the data acquisition system, changes to the overall system operation, failures,
317 faults, or accidents. All system maintenance, including cleaning of sensors, PV modules, or
318 other soiled surfaces, should be documented.
319 When a conformity declaration is made, documentation shall demonstrate consistency with
320 the indicated Class A, B, or C.
321 5.6 Equipment and wiring

322 All outdoor cables and connectors shall be rated for the environment.
323 Sunlight resistant protective boots should be used to limit connector corrosion.
324 Outdoor measurement equipment shall be rated for temperature extremes appropriate for the
325 site. Signal conditioning equipment should be installed in shaded locations when possible.
326 Outdoor equipment enclosures shall be rated for outdoor use corresponding to at least IP54,
327 NEMA 3, or equivalent. Ratings of at least IP65 or NEMA 4 are preferred.
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 13 – 82/953/CD
328 It is recommended that analog signal lines use a high quality jacket with a shield drain wire in
329 order to minimize noise and provide suitable resistance against weathering. Shielded cables
330 are particularly important for millivolt level signals such as those produced by thermopile
331 pyranometers.
332 The effect of wiring impedance on signal levels shall be considered to ensure that accuracy of
333 recorded measurements remains within the specified tolerances.
334 When shunt or completion resistors are used for conversion of currents to voltages, the effect
335 of resistor temperature coefficients over the expected temperature range shall be included in
336 uncertainty estimates.
337 5.7 Inspection

338 The monitoring system should be inspected at least annually and preferably at more frequent
339 intervals. Inspection should look for damage to exterior sensors, evidence of moisture or
340 vermin in enclosures, loose wiring connections at sensors or within enclosures, detachment of
341 temperature sensors, embrittlement of attachments, and other potential problems.
342
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343 6 Data acquisition timing and reporting periods
344 6.1 Samples
345 A sample is defined as a data acquisition event for a measured parameter.
346 The sampling interval is the time between samples, and would typically be expressed in
347 seconds. Samples do not need to be permanently stored.
348 The maximum sampling interval for irradiance, or any quantity that varies with irradiance,
349 shall be 10 s, in order to correctly capture average values during periods when passing clouds
350 cause rapid irradiance variations.
351 6.2 Records
352 A record is defined as the entry of processed data into the system database for data storage.
353 The recording interval is the time between records.
354 The measured parameter value for each record is based on the average or summed value of
355 the samples acquired during the recording interval, as appropriate for the measured quantity.
356 NOTE - The record may include supplmentary data such as maximum or minimum values of the samples, number
357 of missing data points, error codes, transients, and/or other data of special interest.
358 Each record shall include a timestamp.
359 The duration of the recording interval is denoted with the symbol t . The maximum recording
360 interval is listed in Table 2. The recording interval should be an integer multiple of the
361 sampling interval, and an integer number of recording intervals should fit within 1 hour.
362
363 Table 2 – Recording interval and timestamp accuracy
Maximum Timestamp Timestamp

Class resolution
recording interval accuracy
A 1 min 1s 1s
High precision
B 15 min 15 s 1s
Medium precision
C 60 min 60 s 1s
Basic precision
364 6.3 Reports
365 A report is defined as a summary value that is averaged or summed over multiple recording
366 intervals. The reporting period is the time between reports.
367 Typically the reporting period would be chosen to be days, weeks, months, or years.
368 Each report shall include a timestamp.
369 6.4 Timestamps
370 Documentation of timestamps should follow ISO 8601.
371 Timestamp data shall include the date and time corresponding to the beginning or end of the
372 recording interval or reporting period and the choice shall be specified.
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 15 – 82/953/CD
373 The time should refer either to local standard time (not daylight savings time) or universal
374 time, to avoid winter/summer time changes, and the choice of time shall be specified.
375 Midnight shall be treated as the start of a new day and expressed as 00:00.
376 Table 2 lists accuracy and precision requirements for timestamps.
377
378 6.5 Illustration

379 Figure 2 illustrates the relations between samples, records, and reports.
380
Samples
(Data Acquisition)
Sampling Interval
Records
(Data Storage)
Recording Interval (tk )
Reports
(Summary
Parameters & Reporting Period
Metrics)
Time
381
382 Figure 2 – Data acquisition, data storage, and reporting periods
383
384
385
82/953/CD – 16 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
386 7 Measured parameters
387 7.1 Summary of requirements
388 Table 3 lists measured parameters defined by this Standard and a summary of measurement
389 requirements. More details and additional requirements are provided in the subsequent
390 referenced sections.
391 A check mark (√) in Table 3 indicates required parameters to be measured on site for each
392 class of monitoring system, qualified by specific notes where included. The symbol “E” in a
393 cell indicates a parameter which may be estimated based on local or regional meteorological
394 data or satellite data. An empty cell indicates an optional parameter, which may be chosen for
395 specific system requirements or to meet project specifications.
396 Table 3 also indicates the minimum number of sensors required for each parameter within
397 each class. Where no number is given, only one sensor is required (although redundant
398 sensors are typically advisable). When multiple sensors are required, they shall be distributed
399 throughout the PV plant, or placed at monitoring points indicated in the table.
400 The purpose of each monitoring parameter is listed in Table 3 in order to guide the user.
401 NOTE - The most significant and direct impacts on PV performance are in-plane irradiance received by the PV, the
402 PV temperature, and shading losses due to soiling or snow. However, monitoring of additional meteorological
403 parameters listed in Table 3 aids in estimating these factors independently, provides the ability to compare to
404 historical meteorological data for the site, and may aid in identifying system design or maintenance problems.
405 Additional parameters listed in Table 3 aid in fault localization and assessing utility grid interactions.
406
407 Table 3 – Measured parameters & requirements for each monitoring system class
Requirements
Monitoring
Parameter Symbol Units Class A Class B Class C
Purpose
High precision Med. precision Basic precision
Irradiance (Section 7.2)
√
In-plane irradiance
(POA) Gi W⋅m –2 Solar resource (1 per 20 MW ; √ or E √ or E
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
√
Connection to
Global horizontal
irradiance (GHI) GHI W⋅m –2
historical and (1 per 20 MW ; √ or E
satellite data min. of 2
if >5 MW )
√ for
concentrator
√ or E for
Direct normal systems
irradiance (DNI) DNI W⋅m –2 concentrator
(1 per 20 MW ; systems
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
Solar resource,
√ for
concentrator
concentrator
√ or E for
systems with
concentrator
< 20x
Diffuse irradiance Gd W⋅m –2
concentration
systems with
< 20x
(1 per 20 MW ; concentration
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
Environmental Factors (Section 0)
√
Determining
PV module
temperature T mod °C temperature- (1 per 2 MW ,
related losses representative
distribution)
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 17 – 82/953/CD
Requirements
Monitoring
Parameter Symbol Units Class A Class B Class C
Purpose
High precision Med. precision Basic precision
Connection to √
historical data,
Ambient air
temperature T amb °C plus estimation (1 per 20 MW ; √ or E √ or E
of PV min. of 2
temperatures if >5 MW )
√
Wind speed WS m⋅s –1 (1 per 20 MW ; √ or E
min. of 2
Estimation of PV if >5 MW )
temperatures
√
Wind direction Wθ degrees (1 per 20 MW ,
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
√ if soiling
losses
Determining expected to
Soiling ratio SR soiling-related exceed 2%
losses (1 per 20 MW ,
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
√
Estimation of (1 per 20 MW ,
Rainfall cm soiling losses √ or E
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
Estimation of
Snow snow-related
losses
Estimation of
Humidity spectral
variations
Tracker system (Section 7.4)
√ for tracked
systems
Tracker tilt angle
error
∆φT Degrees (1 per 20 MW ,
min. of 2
Tracker system if >5 MW )
fault detection
√ for tracked
Tracker azimuth systems
angle error
∆φA Degrees (1 per 20 MW ,
min. of 2
if >5 MW )
DC electrical output (Section 7.5)
√
PV array voltage
(DC) VA V (Inverter & √
system-level)
√
PV array current
(DC) IA A DC energy out (Inverter & √
system-level)
√
PV array power (DC) PA kW (Inverter & √
system-level)
408
82/953/CD – 18 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
AC electrical output (Section 7.6)
√
Output voltage (AC) V out V (Inverter & √
system-level)
√
Output current (AC) I out A (Inverter & √
system-level)
AC energy out
√
Output power (AC) P out kVA (Inverter & √ √
system-level)
√
Output energy E out kWh (Inverter & √ √
system-level)
√
Utility request
Output power factor λ compliance (Inverter & √
system-level)
External system requests (Section 7.7)

Reduced load
Determine utility If applicable
demand
request
System output compliance and
power factor request λ req impact on PV If applicable
system
performance
Other If applicable
409
410 7.2 Irradiance

411 On-site irradiance measurement
412 Irradiance quantities are to be directly measured on-site when required by Table 3.
413 7.2.1.1 In-plane irradiance

414 For flat plate systems, in-plane irradiance is measured with an irradiance sensor with aperture
415 oriented parallel to the plane of array (POA), having a field of view of at least 160° (in any
416 plane perpendicular to the sensor aperture), mounted either on the module support structure
417 or on another structure that is aligned parallel to the modules.
418 See 7.2.1.3, 7.2.1.4, and 7.2.1.5 for sensor choices and requirements.
419 In the case of tracked systems, the irradiance sensor shall be continuously aligned with the
420 actual plane of array of the modules, including backtracking, if used.
421 NOTE - The measurement of irradiance on a tracked surface can become erroneous if the tracker supporting the
422 sensor does not track correctly. An approach to verification is to use the measured direct normal irradiance and
423 horizontal diffuse irradiance, DNI and G d respectively, and a transposition model to calculate the expected in-plane
424 irradiance and then compare this with the measured value.
425 For concentrator systems, see 7.2.1.6.
426 7.2.1.2 Global horizontal irradiance

427 Global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is measured with a horizontally oriented irradiance sensor
428 positioned to see the entire sky without obstruction.
429 See 7.2.1.3, 7.2.1.4, and 7.2.1.5 for sensor choices and requirements.
430 NOTE - Measurements of horizontal irradiance are useful for comparison to historical meteorological data and may
431 be relevant to documentation of a performance guarantee.
432 7.2.1.3 Irradiance sensors

433 Suitable irradiance sensors include the following: thermopile pyranometers; PV reference
434 devices, including reference cells and reference modules; and photodiode sensors.
435 Thermopile pyranometers shall be classified according to ISO 9060 or WMO “Guide to
436 Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation.” Pyranometers shall be calibrated
437 per ISO 9846 or ISO 9847.
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 19 – 82/953/CD
438 NOTE – For Class A systems, angle of incidence and temperature corrections to pyranometer measurements
439 should be considered; see ASTM G183.
440 PV reference devices shall conform to IEC 60904-2 and be calibrated and maintained in
441 accordance with procedures therein. The devices shall meet the short circuit current versus
442 irradiance linearity requirements of IEC 60904-10. PV reference device calibration is to be
443 performed with respect to the reference spectrum provided in IEC 60904-3.
444 Table 4 lists sensor choices and precision requirements for in-plane and global irradiance
445 measurement, and Table 5 lists maintenance requirements for these sensors.
446
447 The sensor, signal conditioning electronics, and data storage shall provide a resolution of
2
448 ≤ 1 W/m .
449
450 Table 4 – Sensor choices and requirements for in-plane and global irradiance
Sensor Type Class A Class B Class C

Secondary standard per
First class per ISO 9060
ISO 9060
or
or
Thermopile pyranometer Good quality per WMO Any
High quality per WMO
Guide
Guide
(Uncertainty ≤ 8% for
(Uncertainty ≤ 3% for
hourly totals)
hourly totals)
Uncertainty ≤ 3% Uncertainty ≤ 8%
PV reference device Any
@ 100-1000 W/m 2 @ 100-1000 W/m 2
Photodiode sensors Not applicable Not applicable Any

451
452 NOTE - Each irradiance sensor type has its benefits. Thermopile pyranometers are insensitive to typical spectral
453 variations and therefore measure total solar irradiance; however, this may vary from the PV-usable irradiance by
454 1-3% (monthly average) under typical conditions. Matched PV reference devices measure the PV-usable portion of
455 the solar irradiance which correlates with the monitored PV system output; however, this may deviate from
456 historical or meteorological measurements of irradiance, depending on instrumentation used. Photodiode sensors
457 have significantly lower cost than the other two types and are appropriate for smaller or lower cost systems. The
458 angular sensitivity of the various sensors may differ from that of the PV system, becoming especially a factor when
459 measuring global horizontal irradiance in the winter or at times when the angle of incidence may be far from
460 normal.
461 7.2.1.4 Sensor locations

462 The location of the primary irradiance measurement sensors shall be chosen to avoid shading
463 conditions from sunrise to sunset, if possible. If shading occurs within a half an hour of
464 sunrise or sunset, this shall be documented.
465 NOTE – Secondary irradiance sensors may be placed in locations that are temporarily shaded by adjacent module
466 rows, e.g. during backtracking of a tracking system, in order to monitor this shading effect, but the performance
467 metrics always use unshaded sensors unless explicitly noted.
468 The irradiance measurement sensors shall be placed so as to capture the irradiance without
469 impact from local surroundings (shading or reflections), including nearby portions of the PV
470 array, at all times of the year, from sunrise to sunset. The sensors shall be placed at a height
471 that is higher than the top of the highest PV module in their rows. When mounted near or on a
472 building, care should be used to identify nearby vents that could discharge vapors that could
473 condense on the sensors.
474 NOTE – The measured irradiance may differ depending on the position of the sensor. For example, if the sensor is
475 placed below a row of modules, it may show a different reading than when placed above the row of modules.
476 The local albedo should be representative of the albedo experienced by the system without
477 the effects of adjacent module shading. If the ground covering is not a constant throughout
478 the field, the ground covering next to the irradiance sensors shall be documented relative to
479 what is present in the rest of the field.
480
82/953/CD – 20 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
481 7.2.1.5 Sensor maintenance

482 Irradiance sensor maintenance requirements are listed in Table 5.
483 Table 5 – Irradiance sensor maintenance requirements
Item Class A Class B Class C

Recalibration Annually Bi-annually
Cleaning At least once per week Optional
Required in locations
Heating to prevent where condensation
accumulation of and/or frozen
condensation and/or precipitation would affect
frozen precipitation measurements on more
than 7 days per year
Dessicant inspection &
replacement (for Per manufacturer’s Per manufacturer’s Per manufacturer’s
thermopile requirements requirements requirements
pyranometers)
484
485 Recalibration of sensors and signal conditioning electronics should be performed on-site
486 when possible to minimize the time that sensors are offline. If sensors are to be sent off-site
487 for laboratory recalibration, the site should be designed with redundant sensors or else
488 backup sensors should be used to replace those taken offline, in order to prevent interruption
489 of monitoring.
490 NOTE – Cleaning of irradiance sensors without cleaning modules may result in a lowering of the measured PV
491 system performance ratio (defined in 10.3.1). In some cases contract requirements may specify that irradiance
492 sensors are to be maintained in the same state of cleanliness as the modules.
493 NOTE – Nighttime data should be checked to ensure accurate zero-point calibration. Note that it is common for
494 pyranometers to show a negative signal of 1-3 W/m 2 at nighttime.
495
496 7.2.1.6 Special measurements

497 7.2.1.6.1 Direct normal irradiance
498 Direct normal irradiance DNI is measured with a pyrheliometer on a two-axis tracking stage
499 which automatically tracks the sun.
500 7.2.1.6.2 Diffuse irradiance

501 Diffuse irradiance G d is measured with a horizontally mounted irradiance sensor with a
502 rotating shadow band or tracked ball that blocks rays emanating directly from the solar disc.
503 7.2.1.6.3 In-plane irradiance for concentrator systems

504 For concentrator systems, the total in-plane irradiance is replaced by the irradiance captured
505 by the concentrator.
506 For concentrator systems that capture only the direct beam, the in-plane irradiance G i is
507 replaced by the in-plane direct beam irradiance G i,b :
G i = G i,b
(1)
508 See section 3 for the relation between G i,b and DNI.
509 For concentrator systems that capture some diffuse light in addition to the direct beam, the in-
510 plane irradiance is replaced by the in-plane direct beam irradiance G i,b plus the in-plane
511 captured diffuse light G’i,d :
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 21 – 82/953/CD
G i = G i,b + G’i,d
(2)
512 See section 3 for the relation between G’ i,d and G d .
513 Satellite remote sensing of irradiance

514 When permitted by Table 3, irradiance quantities may be estimated from satellite remote
515 sensing. Such satellite-derived irradiances are extensively used for monitoring the
516 performance of distributed generation systems including non-instrumented Class B and Class
517 C systems, in order to avoid the cost and maintenance requirements of on-site
518 measurements.
519 Satellite remote sensing is an indirect approach to reliably estimate site- and time-specific
520 surface downwelling irradiance. The approach is indirect because on-board satellite
521 instruments measure the radiance emitted/reflected by the earth’s surface through the filter of
522 the atmosphere in a selected number of visible and infrared spectral bands; surface
523 downwelling irradiance is inferred from these on-board satellite measurements via radiative
524 transfer models. In-plane and other irradiance components are further modeled from the
525 radiative transfer model output.
526 Satellite-derived irradiances, including global horizontal, direct normal, diffuse, and in-plane
527 irradiances are typically available in real time from commercial services.
528 Two considerations are important when selecting satellite models:
529 (1) Satellite-derived data should be carefully selected after a review of their accuracy, e.g.,
530 by reviewing application-pertinent (localized) validations associated with the data source.
531 (2) Good satellite models can be trained locally using short-term, regionally/environmentally
532 representative ground measurements.
533 NOTE - Satelllite-derived irradiances have both advantages and disavantages compared to on-site measured
534 irradiances. Their main advantage is their reliability and consistency in terms of calibration and maintenance. With
535 a single set of carefuly monitored on-board sensors covering entire continents at once, satellites remove the
536 uncertainty and cost associated with on-site maintenance, instrumentation soiling, calibration drifts and location-to-
537 location mismatches. The main limitation of satellite-irradiances versus on-site measured irradiances is their
538 intrinsic accuracy. Unlike ground-based instruments, the accuracy of satellite models is not constant in relative
539 terms over the entire range of irradiances, but tends to be constant in absolute terms. For the primary product of
540 the radiative transfer models — global horizontal irradiance (GHI) – good satellite models typically have an
541 accuracy of better than 2% at 1000 W/m 2 , but 20% at 100 W/m 2 – i.e, a constant ~20 W/m 2 throughout the 100-
542 1000 W/m 2 range. Note that this uncertainty is not defined in absolute terms, but in relation to — hence above and
543 beyond — the ground-based instruments against which satellite models are evaluated.
544 NOTE - The best trained satellite models can deliver an accuracy of 1% at 1000 W/m 2 , and 10% at 100 W/m 2 – i.e,
545 a constant ~10 W/m 2 throughout the 100-1000 W/m 2 range – relative to the instrumentation used to train them.
546 Quantities derived from the primary radiative transfer model output GHI, including tilted in-plane irradiance, direct
547 normal irradiance, and diffuse irradiance, have a higher uncertainty due to application of secondary models.
548 Uncertainty for tilted, south-facing in-plane irradiances is typically 1.25 times larger than for GHI’s, i.e. 2.5% at
549 1000 W/m 2 for an untrained model, and 1.25% for a trained model, relative to the training instrumentation. Direct
550 normal irradiance uncertainty is of the order of 4% at full range (1000 W/m 2 ) for an untrained model and 2% for a
551 trained model, relative to the training instrumentation.
552 NOTE – If satellite-derived data have not been trained for a local area, variations in the local terrain can introduce
553 substantial error (on the order of 10%), especially in a desert with white sand, which may be difficult to distinguish
554 from white clouds in some situations.
555
82/953/CD – 22 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
556 7.3 Environmental factors
557 PV module temperature

558 The PV module temperature, T mod , is measured with a temperature sensor affixed to the back
559 of one or more modules.
560 The measurement uncertainty of the temperature sensors, including signal conditioning, shall
561 be ≤ 2 °C.
562 If adhesive is used to affix the temerature sensor to the back surface of the module, the
563 adhesive should be appropriate for prolonged outdoor use at the site conditions.
564 Any adhesive or interface material between the temperature sensor and the back surface of
565 the module shall be thermally conductive. The total thermal conductance of the adhesive or
2
566 interface layer shall be 500 W/m -K or greater, in order to keep the maximum temperature
567 difference between the module back surface and the temperature sensor on the order of
568 approximately 1 K. For example, this may be achieved using a thermally conductive adhesive
569 with thermal conductivity greater than 0.5 W/m-K in a layer not more than 1 mm thick.
570 Care shall be taken to ensure that the temperature of the cell in front of the sensor is not
571 substantially altered due to the presence of the sensor or other factors.
572 NOTE – Cell junction temperatures are typically 1-3 degrees C hotter than the measured module back surface
573 temperature, depending on the module construction. The temperature difference may be estimated, as a function of
574 irradiance, using the thermal conductivity of the module materials.
575 NOTE – An infrared image of the front of the module may help confirm that the temperature of the cell in front of
576 the sensor is not substantially altered due to the presence of the sensor or other factors.
577 Module temperature varies across each module and across the array and substantial
578 differences in temperature may be observed. For example, strong winds blowing parallel to
579 the module surfaces may introduce a temperature difference of > 5°C. Similarly, a module
580 may be cooler near a frame that is clamped to the rack, since the rack may act as a heat sink.
581 Concentrator modules may show even larger variations between the outer edges of the heat
582 sink and the heat sink that is closest to the concentrated light. Therefore, care shall be taken
583 to place temperature sensors in representative locations such that the desired information is
584 obtained. For performance monitoring, a number of temperature sensors should be distributed
585 throughout the system so that the average temperature can be determined.
586
587 Ambient air temperature

588 When required by Table 3, the ambient air temperature, T amb , shall be measured at locations
589 which are representative of the array conditions by means of temperature sensors located in
590 solar radiation shields which are ventilated to permit free passage of ambient air.
591 Temperature sensors and signal conditioning electronics shall together have measurement
592 resolution ≤ 0.1 °C and maximum uncertainty ±1 °C.
593 Temperature sensors should be placed at least 1 m away from the nearest PV module and in
594 locations where they will not be affected by thermal sources or sinks, such as exhausts from
595 inverters or equipment shelters.
596 NOTE – Refer to ASTM D6176 for additional guidance on ambient air temperature measurement.
597 Temperature sensors shall be replaced or recalibrated per Table 6.
598 Table 6 – Ambient air temperature sensor maintenance requirements

Per manufacturer’s
Recalibration Bi-annually
recommendations
599
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 23 – 82/953/CD
600 When permitted by Table 3, ambient air temperature at the site may be estimated based on
601 local or regional meteorological data.
602 Wind speed and direction

603 Wind speed, W S , and wind direction, W θ , are used for estimating module temperatures.
604 Wind speed and direction are to be measured at a height and location which are
605 representative of the array conditions and/or the conditions assumed by any applicable
606 performance model used for a performance guarantee of the PV installation.
607 In addition, wind speed and direction may also be measured at heights and locations suitable
608 for comparison with historical or contemporaneous meteorological data.
609 Wind measurement equipment shall not shade the PV system at any time of day or year and
610 should be located at a point that is sufficiently far from obstructions.
–1 –1
611 Wind speed sensor measurement uncertainty shall be ≤ 0.5 m⋅s for wind speeds ≤ 5 m⋅s ,
–1
612 and ≤ 10 % of the reading for wind speeds greater than 5 m⋅s .
613 Wind direction is defined as the direction from which the wind blows, and is measured
614 clockwise from geographical north. It shall be measured with an accuracy of 5 degrees.
615 Wind sensors shall be recalibrated as per Table 7.
616 Table 7 – Wind sensor maintenance requirements

Per manufacturer’s Per manufacturer’s
Recalibration Bi-annually
recommendations recommendations
617
618 Soiling
619 7.3.4.1 Measurement setup
620 Measurement of the soiling ratio requires the following:
621 a) A reference PV device, designated the “soiled” device, which is allowed to accumulate
622 soiling at the same rate as the PV array. The soiled device shall be a PV module that is
623 identical to those used in the PV array to be monitored. It shall be mounted in the same
624 plane as the PV array and in a similar manner. The short-circuit current and maximum
625 output power of the soiled device should be determined in an initial calibration step when
626 the device is completely clean and at a designated reference condition, using the “clean”
627 device (see item “b”) as irradiance reference.
628 b) A reference PV device, designated the “clean” device, which is kept continuously clean
629 and free of soiling. The clean device may be either a PV reference cell or PV module. The
630 clean device shall be mounted close to the soiled device and co-planar to it within 0.5
631 degrees. Cleaning may be performed either manually or by an automated system and
632 shall be done at least twice per week, but preferably daily. The clean device should be
633 heated to remain free of frozen precipitation if installed in areas that typically receive more
634 than 7 days of frozen precipitation per year.
635 c) A measurement system for measuring the maximum output power (method 1 below) or
636 short-circuit current (method 2 below) of the soiled device. Maximum output power may be
637 measured using I-V curve tracing or max power point tracking electronics.
638 d) A measurement system for measuring the short-circuit current of the clean device.
639 e) Temperature measurement sensors affixed to the back sides of both the soiled and clean
640 devices.
641 For items c) and d), in between measurements, the measurement system shall not hold the
642 module in an electrical state which may cause degradation or metastable drift of the device.
643 Therefore, typical crystalline silicon modules should be held at open-circuit (or max power) in
82/953/CD – 24 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
644 between measurements, to avoid hot spot generation, while typical thin film modules should
645 be held at short-circuit (or max power) in between measurements. Observe module
646 manufacturer’s directions as needed to choose the appropriate hold state.
647 For tracking systems, the soiled and clean devices must be mounted in the module plane of
648 the tracker.
649 7.3.4.2 Measurement method 1 – max power

650 The measurement is performed as follows:
651 a) Effective irradiance is measured from the short circuit current and temperature of the
652 clean device.
653 b) Maximum power and temperature of the soiled device are measured. The maximum power
654 is corrected for temperature. Using the irradiance from a), the maximum power is further
655 corrected to a reference condition of irradiance.
656 c) The soiling ratio SR equals the ratio of the measured temperature- and irradiance-
657 corrected soiled device maximum power to its known power at identical reference
658 conditions when clean (determined in 7.3.4.1.a).
659 7.3.4.3 Measurement method 2 – short-circuit current
660 a) Effective irradiance is measured from the short circuit current and temperature of the
661 clean device.
662 b) Short-circuit current and temperature of the soiled device are measured. The short-circuit
663 current is corrected for temperature. Using the irradiance from a), the short-circuit current
664 is further corrected to a reference condition of irradiance.
665 c) The soiling ratio SR equals the ratio of the measured temperature- and irradiance-
666 corrected soiled device short-circuit current to its known short-circuit current at identical
667 reference conditions when clean (determined in 7.3.4.1.a).
668 7.3.4.4 Preferred method
669 Method 1 is preferred when soiling may be non-uniform across the modules, particularly for
670 typical crystalline silicon modules. This is because in these conditions short-circuit current
671 may not be proportional to effective average irradiance reaching the cells. Method 2 may be
672 used when soiling is known to be uniform across the modules or when the effects of soiling
673 non-uniformity on the ratio of maximum power to short-circuit current are known to be small
674 due to the construction or device physics of the module, e.g. for typical thin film modules.
675 Both methods may be employed simultaneously and the most appropriate value or a weighted
676 average may be used.
677 7.3.4.5 Integration

678 The soiling ratio measured by the method above is an instantaneous value. For proper
679 interpretation the measured soiling ratio shall be integrated to compute an average daily
680 value. Integration shall be performed by taking the measured soiling ratio during equal
681 periods before and after solar noon of each day and calculating the energy-weighted average
682 of the measured values. When the clean and soiled devices are fixed in position (not
683 tracking), the integration shall include only times within ±2 hours of solar noon, in order to
684 exclude high angles of incidence which may result in erroneous readings due to small relative
685 misalignments of the clean and soiled devices.
686 NOTE – Instantaneously measured soiling ratio values tend to show a time-of-day variation due to several factors,
687 including the effect of small relative alignment differences between the soiled and clean devices as well as the
688 potential angle-of-incidence dependence of scattering from soil particles on the soiled device. The integration
689 method prescribed here minimizes the effect of these variations.
690 7.3.4.6 Recalibration
691 The calibration step in 7.3.4.1.a shall be repeated at least annually.
692 NOTE – Immediately following any significant rainfall, the measured soiling ratio should be close to unity.
693 Signifcant deviation from unity indicates a problem with the setup. This can be used as a check of the calibration,
694 so that the calibration may be repeated if necessary.
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 25 – 82/953/CD
695 Rainfall
696 Rainfall measurements may be used to estimate cleanliness of modules. However, if soiling
697 ratio is measured the module cleanliness is directly known.
698 Snow
699 Snowfall measurements may be used to estimate losses due to shading from snow. However,
700 these losses will also be included in measurements of soiling ratio, therefore if soiling ratio is
701 measured snow measurements may be unnecessary.
702 Humidity
703 Relative humidity measurements may be used to estimate changes in incident spectrum which
704 may affect PV module power output as well as irradiance sensor readings.
705 7.4 Tracker system
706 Monitoring
707 For Class A systems employing trackers, the real-time tracker elevation and azimuth pointing
708 errors (∆ φ T and ∆ φ A ) shall be measured using sensors per clause 7.3 of IEC 62817 on
709 representative trackers. Selected trackers should coincide with a measurement location for
710 DC output power (see section 7.5).
711
712 In the event of single-axis tracking, measurements need only be performed in the applicable
713 axis.
714
715 Tracker-error sensor qualification

716 Alignment of each pointing error sensor shall be confirmed by intentionally scanning across
717 the optimal alignment while measuring the pointing error. This may be done either by driving
718 the tracker through the desired scan or by moving the tracker ahead of the sun, stopping the
719 tracker, and waiting for the sun to move into and out of the optimal position. The measured
720 pointing error is plotted vs. the irradiance-normalized maximum power produced by the
721 system. The data shall be measured under clear sky conditions with wind speeds in a range
722 from 0.5 to 3.5 m/s, and shall be recorded within a 1 hour time period. These requirements
723 are to minimize noise associated with variation in power output from factors other than
724 alignment.
725
726 Ideal alignment is achieved if the pointing error is zero when the irradiance-normalized power
727 curve is at the maximum value. No tolerance is stated here for the deviation from ideal
728 alignment as acceptable tolerance is dependent on the given system. The width of the scan
729 will depend upon the response of the system, with the change in power during the scan
730 required to vary by at least 10%.
731
732 The test is usually applied to an individual tracker with measurement of power generation
733 associated only with that individual tracker, but it may be possible to plot the power
734 generation of multiple trackers as long as all of them move together.
735
736 The plots shall be included in the test report and will serve as indication that alignment
737 tolerance is sufficient.
738
739 In the event of single axis tracking, alignment shall only be verified in the applicable axis.
740
82/953/CD – 26 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
741 7.5 DC electrical output
742 Table 8 lists requirements for DC electrical measurements on the PV array or its subsections
743 prior to power conversion. Uncertainty requirements apply over the typical range of each
2
744 parameter expected at irradiances between 100 and 1000 W/m .
745 Table 8 – PV array DC output electrical measurement requirements
Requirements
Parameter Class A Class B Class C
Voltage (DC) Uncertainty ≤1.0% Uncertainty ≤2.5% n/a
Current (DC) Uncertainty ≤1.0% Uncertainty ≤2.5% n/a
Power (DC) Uncertainty ≤2.0% Uncertainty ≤5.0% n/a
746
747 DC power can either be calculated in real time as the product of simultaneously sampled
748 voltage and current quantities or measured directly using a power sensor. If power is
749 calculated, the calculations shall use sampled voltage and current quantities and not
750 averaged voltage and current quantities, to minimize sample-rate dependent errors.
751
752 NOTE - The DC input power and voltage on stand-alone inverters may have large amounts of AC ripple impressed.
753 It may be necessary to use a DC wattmeter to accurately measure DC power.
754 This section does not apply to PV arrays employing micro-inverters or AC modules.
755 7.6 AC electrical output
756 Table 9 lists the requirements for AC electrical measurements, including inverter outputs and
757 plant-level outputs. Uncertainty requirements apply over the typical range of each parameter
2
758 expected at irradiances between 100 and 1000 W/m .
759 Either energy or power may be recorded, with the other parameter derived from the measured
760 quantity.
761 AC power measurements shall measure the active (real) power and shall properly account for
762 the power factor and harmonic distortion. An integrating power sensor with high-speed
763 response (for example, a kWh meter) may be used to avoid sampling errors.
764 For multi-phase systems, each phase shall be measured.

765 NOTE - Recording energy instead of power avoids loss of data from communication outages, but frequent readings
766 are still useful in the case of missing irradiance or temperature data.
767
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 27 – 82/953/CD
768 Table 9 – AC output electrical measurement requirements
Requirements
Parameter Class A Class B Class C
Inverters
Voltage (AC) Uncertainty ≤0.5%

Current (AC) Uncertainty ≤0.5%
Power (AC)
Uncertainty ≤1.0%
Energy
Power factor X
Plant-level output
Voltage (AC) Uncertainty ≤0.5% Uncertainty ≤0.5% n/a
Current (AC) Uncertainty ≤0.5% Uncertainty ≤0.5% n/a

Power (AC) Class 0.2S or better Class 0.5S or better
per IEC 62053-22 or per IEC 62053-22 or Uncertainty ≤5.0%
Energy ANSI C12.20 ANSI C12.20
Power factor X X n/a
769
770 7.7 External system requests
771 Grid connected systems shall comply with local grid codes and any valid power purchase
772 agreement (PPA).
773 Stand-alone systems which are designed to evolve into a micro grid should also comply with
774 local grid codes and applicable PPAs or be designed to be easily enhanced for compliance.
775 External system requests may include, for example, system output power factor demand and
776 system power curtailment.
777 The monitoring system should document periods during which the utility grid and/or local
778 loads do not receive maximum power from the PV system.
779
82/953/CD – 28 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
780 8 Data processing and quality check

781 8.1 Daylight hours
782 Processed data for irradiance and PV-generated DC power and energy quantities should be
2
783 restricted to the daylight hours of each day (sunrise to sunset, irradiance ≥ 20 W/m ) to avoid
784 extraneous night-time data values that introduce error in analyses, unless such errors have
785 been demonstrated to be negligible.
786 Power and energy production and consumption data for any other monitored system
787 components (e.g. inverters, parasitic loads, storage, grid conditions, and backup power
788 systems) should be collected continuously, including during night-time hours.
789 8.2 Quality check

790 Removing invalid readings
791 The measured data shall be checked and filtered, either automatically or manually, to identify
792 missing or invalid data points and filter them out of subsequent analysis. Such missing or
793 invalid data shall be documented by the monitoring system.
794 Recommended methods of identifying missing or invalid data points include:
795 • applying physically reasonable minimum and maximum limits

796 • applying physically reasonable limits on maximum rates of change
797 • applying statistical tests to identify outlying values, including comparing measurements
798 from multiple sensors
799 • applying contract data to identify viable parameter boundaries for certain performance
800 data
801 • noting error codes returned by sensors
802 • identifying and deleting redundant data entries
803 • identifying missing data
804 • identifying readings stuck at a single value for an extended time
805 • checking timestamps to identify gaps or duplicates in data
806
807 Treatment of missing data

808 Missing or invalid data may be treated in one of the following ways:
809 • The invalid or missing data may be replaced by values estimated from the valid data
810 recorded before and/or after the invalid or missing data.
811 • The invalid or missing data may be replaced with an average value for the analyzed
812 interval.
813 • The data may be treated in a manner specified in a valid contract, performance guarantee
814 document, or other specification covering the installation.
815 • The analyzed interval may be treated as missing or invalid.
816
817 The specific treatment of missing or invalid data shall be documented in any reports.
818 NOTE – The treatment of missing or invalid data may depend on the goal of the measurement. For example,
819 missing or invalid data associated with inverter issues should be discarded if the goal is strictly to quantify module
820 performance, but should be retained if the goal is to capture all aspects of plant performance and availability.
821
822
823
824
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 29 – 82/953/CD
825
826
82/953/CD – 30 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
827 9 Calculated parameters

828 9.1 Overview
829 Table 10 summarizes calculated parameters which are further defined below. All quantities in
830 the table shall be reported with respect to the reporting period (typically a day, month, or
831 year).
832
833 Table 10 – Calculated parameters
Parameter Symbol Unit

Irradiation (Section 9.3)
In-plane irradiation Hi kWh⋅m –2
Electrical energy (Section 9.4)
PV array output energy (DC) EA kWh
Energy output from PV system (AC) E out kWh
Array power rating (Section 9.5)
Array power rating (DC) P0 kWp
Yields and yield losses (Sections 9.6 and 9.7)

PV array energy yield YA kWh⋅kWp –1
Final system yield Yf kWh⋅kWp –1
Reference yield Yr kWh⋅kWp –1
Array capture loss LC kWh⋅ kWp –1
Balance of system (BOS) loss L BOS kWh⋅ kWp –1
Efficiencies (Section 9.8)
Array efficiency ηA None
System efficiency ηf None
BOS efficiency η BOS None
834
835 9.2 Summations

th
836 In equations given below involving summation, t k denotes the duration of the k recording
837 interval within a reporting period, and the symbol
838
∑ k
839
840 denotes summation over all recording intervals in the reporting period.
841 Note that in equations involving the product of power quantities with the recording interval tk
842 the power should be expressed in kW and the recording interval in hours in order to obtain
843 energy in units of kWh.
844
845
846 9.3 Irradiation

847 Irradiation, also known as insolation, is the time integral of irradiance
848 Each irradiation quantity H corresponding to an irradiance quantity G defined in section 7.2 is
849 calculated by summing the irradiance as follows:
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 31 – 82/953/CD
H=
∑
k
G k × tk (3)
850 The in-plane or plane-of-array (POA) irradiation, H i , is given by
Hi =
∑
k
G i,k × t k (4)
851 9.4 Electrical energy

852 Energy quantities may be calculated from the integral of their corresponding measured power
853 parameters over the reporting period.
854 Alternatively, if power measurements are performed using sensors with built-in totalizers, the
855 energy quantities may be taken directly as measurement readings from the sensors.
856 DC output energy

857 The PV array DC output energy is given by
EA =
∑
k
P A,k × tk (5)
858 AC output energy

859 The AC energy output is given by
E out =
∑
k
P out,k × t k (6)
860 9.5 Array DC power rating

861 The array power rating, P 0 , is the total DC power output of all installed PV modules at the
862 power rating reference condition, assumed to be Standard Test Conditions (STC) or
863 Concentrator Standard Test Conditions (CSTC) unless stated otherwise. P 0 is given in units of
864 kWp.
865 P 0 should be calculated by using data from manufacturer datasheets or module labels, or,
866 provided that the choice is specified, using alternative data such as laboratory or on-site test
867 data.
868 The definition of P 0 that is used should be specified explicitly, whenever quantities that
869 depend on P 0 are reported.
870 9.6 Yields

871 Yields are ratios of an energy quantity to the array power rating P 0 . They indicate actual array
872 operation relative to its rated capacity.
–1
873 Yields have units of kWh⋅kWp , where units of kWh in the numerator describe the energy
874 production and units of kWp in the denominator describe the system power rating. The ratio of
875 units is equivalent to hours, and the yield ratio indicates the equivalent amount of time during
876 which the array would be required to operate at P 0 to provide the particular energy quantity
877 measured during the reporting period.
878 PV array energy yield

879 The PV array energy yield Y A is the array energy output (DC) per rated kWp (DC) of installed
880 PV array:
82/953/CD – 32 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
YA = EA / P0
(7)
881 Final system yield

882 The final PV system yield Y f is the net energy output of the entire PV system (AC) per rated
883 kWp (DC) of installed PV array:
Y f = E out / P 0
(8)
884 Reference yield

885 The reference yield Y r can be calculated by dividing the total in-plane irradiation by the
886 module's reference plane of array irradiance:
Y r = H i / G i,ref
(9)
–2
887 where the reference plane of array irradiance G i,ref (kW⋅m ) is the irradiance at which P 0 is
888 determined.
889 The reference yield represents the number of hours during which the solar radiation would
890 need to be at reference irradiance levels in order to contribute the same incident solar energy
891 as was monitored during the reporting period while the utility grid and/or local load were
892 available.
893 If the reporting period is equal to one day, then Y r would be, in effect, the equivalent number
894 of peak sun-hours per day.
895 9.7 Yield losses

896 Yield losses are calculated by subtracting yields. The yield losses also have units of kWh⋅
-1
897 kWp (or h). They represent the amount of time the array would be required to operate at its
898 rated power P 0 to provide for the respective losses during the reporting period.
899 Array capture loss

900 The array capture loss L c represents the losses due to array operation, including array
901 temperature effects, soiling, etc., and is defined as:
LC = Y r – YA (10)
902 Balance of systems (BOS) loss

903 The balance of systems (BOS) loss L BOS represents the losses in the BOS components,
904 including the inverter and all wiring and junction boxes, and is defined as:
L BOS = Y A – Y f (11)
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 33 – 82/953/CD
905 9.8 Efficiencies

906 Array (DC) efficiency
907 The rated array efficiency is given by:
η A,0 = P 0 / (G i , ref × A a )
(12)
908 where the overall array area A a is the total module area, corresponding to the sum of the
909 areas of the front surfaces of the PV modules as defined by their outer edges.
910 For a concentrator module, if the front surface is not coplanar, the front surface shall be
911 projected onto an appropriate two-dimensional surface to define the area.
912 The mean actual array efficiency over the reporting period is defined by:
ηA E A / (H i × A a )
(13)
=
913 System (AC) efficiency

914 The mean system efficiency over the reporting period is defined by:
ηf = E out / (H i × A a )
(14)
915 Equation (14) can also be rewritten as:
(15)
ηf = η A,0 × PR
916 where η A,0 is the rated array efficiency defined in 9.8.1 and PR is the performance ratio
917 defined in 10.3.1.
918 BOS efficiency

919 The mean BOS efficiency over the reporting period is defined by:
η BOS = E out / E A
(16)
920
921
82/953/CD – 34 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
922 10 Performance metrics

923 10.1 Overview
924 A number of metrics are defined here for tracking system performance. These are listed in
925 Table 11 and are further defined in the subsequent indicated sections.The most appropriate
926 metric for a given system depends on the system design and user requirements.
927 Performance ratios (section 10.3) are based on the system name-plate rating, while a
928 performance index (section 10.4) is based on a detailed model of system performance and
929 attempts to capture all known performance factors.
930 The rating-based performance ratio metrics are relatively simple to calculate but may omit
931 known factors that cause system power output to deviate from expectations based on the DC
932 name-plate rating alone. For example, systems with high DC-to-AC ratio operate at less than
933 the DC nameplate rating during times of high irradiance, but this is an expected attribute of
934 the system design. Such effects are better treated by the performance index based on a
935 detailed system model.
936 NOTE - The performance ratio compares the measured outdoor performance and the module name plate value. In
937 this case, use of a matched reference cell calibrated according to IEC 60904 (consistently with the 60904
938 determination of the module power rating) gives the most consistent comparison.
939
940 Table 11 – Performance metrics
Parameter Symbol Units

Rating-Based (Section 10.3)
Performance ratio PR None
Annual performance ratio PR annual None
Annual-temperature-equivalent performance ratio PR’ annual-eq None
STC-temperature performance ratio PR’ STC None
Model-Based (Section 10.4)
Performance index PI None
941
942 10.2 Summations
943 See 9.2 for explanation of equations given below involving summations.
944 10.3 Performance ratios

945 Performance ratio
946 The performance ratio PR is the quotient of the system’s final yield Y f to its reference yield Y r ,
947 and indicates the overall effect of losses on the system output due to both array temperature
948 and system component inefficiencies or failures, including balance of system components. It
949 is defined as:
PR = Yf / Yr (17)
= (E out / P 0 ) / (H i / G i,ref )
(18)
950 Expanding eq. (18) gives:

IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 35 – 82/953/CD
 Pout , k × t k   G i, k × t k  (19)
PR =



∑
k
P0 




∑
k
Gi, ref 

–1
951 Both the numerator and denominator of Eq. (19) have units of kWh⋅ kWp (or h). Moving P 0 to
952 the denominator sum expresses both numerator and denominator in units of energy, giving
953 PR as the ratio of measured energy to expected energy (based only on measured irradiance
954 and neglecting other factors) over the given reporting period:
   P0 × G i, k × t k  (20)
PR =



∑
k
Pout , k × t k 





∑k
Gi, ref 

955 The annual performance ratio, PR annual , is the performance ratio of eq. (20) evaluated for a
956 reporting period of one year.
957 NOTE - The energy expectation expressed by the denominator of Eq.(20) neglects the effect of array temperature,
958 using the fixed value of array power rating, P 0 . Therefore, the performance ratio usually decreases with increasing
959 irradiation during a reporting period, even though energy production is increased, due to increasing PV module
960 temperature which usually accompanies higher irradiation and results in lower efficiency. This gives a seasonal
961 variation, with higher PR values in winter and lower values in summer.
962 Temperature-corrected performance ratios
963 10.3.2.1 General
964 The seasonal variation of the performance ratio PR of eq. (20) can be significantly reduced by
965 calculating a temperature-corrected performance ratio PR’.
966 NOTE – While variations in average ambient temperature are the most significant factor causing seasonal
967 variations in measured performance ratio, other factors, such as seasonally dependent shading, spectral effects,
968 and metastabilities may also contribute to seasonal variation of PR.
969 10.3.2.2 STC performance ratio
970 The STC performance ratio, PR’STC is calculated by adjusting the power rating at each
971 recording interval to compensate for differences between the actual PV module temperature
972 and the STC reference temperature of 25°C.
973 The value of the metric will be closer to unity than for the performance ratio calculated in (20).
974 PR’STC is calculated by introducing a power rating temperature adjustment factor C k into eq.
975 (20), as follows:
   (Ck × P0 )× Gi, k × t k 
PR’STC = 


∑k
Pout , k × t k 





∑
k
Gi,ref 

(21)
976 where C k is given by
(22)
C k = 1 + γ × (T mod,k – 25°C)
-1
977 Here γ is the relative maximum-power temperature coefficient (in units of °C ), and T mod is the
978 module temperature (in °C) in time interval k. The module temperature may be derived from
979 the average of all of the measured module temperatures or may be estimated from the
980 ambient temperature, irradiance and wind speed.
82/953/CD – 36 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
981 Note that eqs. (21) and (22) can be used to calculate performance ratio adjusted to a different
982 reference temperature by substitution of the desired reference temperature in eq. (22) in
983 place of 25 °C.
984 10.3.2.3 Annual-temperature-equivalent performance ratio

985 The annual-temperature-equivalent performance ratio PR’annual-eq is constructed to
986 approximate the annual performance ratio PR annual regardless of the duration of the reporting
987 period. It calculates the performance ratio during the reporting period with the power rating at
988 each recording interval adjusted to compensate for differences between the actual PV module
989 temperature and an expected annual-average PV module temperature. While this reduces
990 seasonal variation in the metric, it does not remove the effect of annual-average temperature
991 losses and leaves the value of the metric comparable to the value of PR annual .
992 PR’annual-eq is calculated by introducing a power rating temperature adjustment factor C k into
993 eq. (20), as follows:
994
   (Ck × P0 )× Gi, k × t k 
PR’annual-eq = 


∑
k
Pout ,k × t k 





∑
k
Gi,ref 

(23)
995 where C k is given by:
(24)
C k = 1 + γ × (T mod,i – T mod,avg )
-1
996 Here γ is the relative maximum-power temperature coefficient (in units of °C ), T mod is the PV
997 module temperature, and T mod,avg is an annual-average module temperature.
998 T mod,avg is chosen based on historical weather data for the site and an empirical relation for
999 the predicted module temperature as a function of ambient conditions and module
1000 construction. It should be calculated by computing an irradiance-weighted average of the
1001 predicted module temperature and then verified using the historical data for the site by
1002 confirming that the annual-equivalent performance ratio PR’annual-eq for the historical data
1003 (using eqs. (23) and (24)) is the same as the annual performance ratio PR annual for the
1004 historical data (using eq.(20)).
1005 The measured module temperature may be used for T mod in eq. (24). However, when
1006 PR’ annual-eq is to be compared with a target value associated with a performance guarantee for
1007 the system, the value of T mod should be taken instead as the PV module temperature
1008 estimated from meteorological data collected at the site, where the estimation is performed in
1009 an identical manner to that used for system performance predictions associated with the
1010 performance guarantee.
1011 10.4 Performance index

1012 A detailed performance model (see 3.14) may be used to predict electrical output of the PV
1013 system as a function of meteorological conditions, known attributes of the system components
1014 and materials, and the system design. The performance model attempts to capture as
1015 precisely as possible all factors that may affect electrical output.
1016 To compare actual performance in a given reporting period against the performance model,
1017 the measured energy (see 3.17) is compared to the expected energy (see 3.16) for the
1018 observed meteorological conditions:
1019 Performance Index = Measured Energy / Expected Energy
1020 For evaluation of a performance guarantee, the performance model used for calculation of
1021 expected energy must be identical to the performance model used for calculation of predicted
1022 energy (see 3.15) used in the performance guarantee.
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 37 – 82/953/CD
1023 Further details on application of a performance model to evaluate a performance guarantee

1024 are provided in IEC 61724-2.
1025 NOTE – The Performance Index is defined above in terms of energy integrated over a reporting period. A
1026 corresponding metric in terms of instantaneous power may also be defined.
1027
1028
82/953/CD – 38 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
1029 11 Data filtering

1030 11.1 Use of available data
1031 Unless otherwise specified, the calculation of a reported parameter must use all of the
1032 avalable valid monitoring data during the indicated reporting period. Exceptions are given by
1033 11.2 and 11.3.
1034 11.2 Filtering data to specific conditions

1035 Reported parameters may be calculated using a subset of data corresponding to a specific set
1036 of conditions, e.g. irradiance bins, temperature bins, selected portions of the day, selected
1037 sections of the power plant, etc, in order to facilitate performance analysis.
1038 Such calculations utilizing only a subset of the monitoring data are to be clearly noted along
1039 with the range of conditions used for calculation.
1040 11.3 Reduced inverter, grid, or load availability

1041 In reports which include known periods of interrupted availability of inverters or reduced or
1042 interrupted demand availability from the utility grid or local loads (see section 7.7), resulting in
1043 the PV system being unable to operate at maximum power, the analysis shall either:
1044 a) Exclude such periods, with the exclusion clearly noted; or

1045 b) Include such periods without changes in analysis, but with the periods clearly noted; or
1046 c) Include such periods, with the analysis performed two ways, with such periods both
1047 included (for the purpose of documenting actual results) and excluded (for the purpose
1048 of documenting a performance guarantee); or
1049 d) Clearly note such periods and follow the analysis guidelines specified in an applicable
1050 contract or performance guarantee.
1051
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 39 – 82/953/CD
1052 Annex A
1053 (normative)
1054
1055 Systems with local loads, storage, or auxilliary sources
1056
1057 A.1 System types

1058 Figure A.1 illustrates major possible elements comprising different PV system types and
1059 energy flow between the elements. Bold lines highlight a system configuration that includes
1060 local energy storage and local loads.
1061
Back up Other RNE

Load(s) Utility
Source(S) Source(s)
On AC Grid Line
On AC On AC
LBUac , VBUac tBUac tREac LLac , VLac tLac LTD , tTD LCD ,tCD
LTL,dcc , tTL,dcc
VD
AC LTB,ac ,tTB,ac
Vtac
LCtac , tCtac LTtac ,tTtac LAac,ac, , VAac,ac tAac,ac
PCU-BDI PCU-GCI
LTt , tTt LCt ,tCt tAdc,ac LAdc,ac ,

Vtdc VAdc,ac
DC
LLdc , LBUdc , LAdc,dc ,
VLdc VBUdc VS VAdc,dc
tLdc tBUdc tREdc LCS , tCS LTS , tTS tAdc,dc
Back up Other RNE

Load (s) Source(s) Energy PV Array PV Array
On DC Source(s)
On DC Storage
On DC
Di
Di
1062
1063 Legend: RNE = Renewable Energy; PCU = Power Conversion Unit; BDI = Bi-Directional Inverter; GCI =
1064 Grid-Connected Inverter.
1065 Figure A.1 – Energy flow between possible elements of different PV system types
1066
1067
82/953/CD – 40 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015
1068 For this Annex, we consider the different PV system types listed in Table A.1, each including
1069 the indicated elements.
1070
1071 Table A.1 – Elements of different PV system types
System type
Grid tied with storage and backup

Grid tied with storage
Micro-grid
Mini-grid
System element Grid tied
PV array (DC) X X
PV array (AC) X X X X X
Energy storage (DC) X X X X
PCU (GCI) X X X X X
PCU (BDI) X X X X
Utility grid line X X X X
Load(s) (DC) X X X X
Load(s) (AC) X X X X
Back-up sources (DC) X X X
Other RNE sources (DC) X X X
Back-up sources (AC) X X X
Other RNE sources (AC) X X X
1072
1073
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 41 – 82/953/CD
1074
1075 A.2 Parameters and equations

1076 Table A.2 lists parameters and equations for monitoring energy flow in each system type defined in this Annex.
1077 Table A.2 – Parameters and equations for different system types
Grid tied with storage and

Parameter Grid tied Grid tied with storage Mini-grid Micro-grid
backup
Meteorology
Plane of array irradiance (W/m2) Gi,ref Gi,ref Gi,ref Gi,ref Gi,ref
In-plane irradiation kWh/m2 Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi
PV
Nominal PV Array power (kW) = module
PO PO PO PO PO
power at STC *no. of modules in the array
Nominal PV Array power (kW) of DC
PO,dc PO,dc
coupling system
Nominal PV Array power (kW) of AC
PO,ac PO,ac PO,ac PO,ac
coupling system
PV Array area (m2)= module area * no. of
Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa
modules in the array
PV Array area (m2) of DC coupling system Aa,dc Aa,dc
2
PV Array area (m ) of AC coupling system Aa,ac Aa,ac Aa,ac Aa,ac
PV Array Output voltage VA VA VA VA

PV Array Output voltage of DC coupling
VAdc,dc VAdc,dc
system
PV Array Output voltage of AC coupling
Vadc,ac Vadc,ac Vadc,ac Vadc,ac
system
PV Array Output current IA IA IA IA
82/953/CD – 42 – IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015

backup
PV Array Output current of DC coupling

IAdc,dc IAdc,dc
system
PV Array Output current of AC coupling
IAdc,ac IAdc,ac IAdc,ac IAdc,ac
system
PV Array Output power PA PA PA PA
PV Array Output power of DC coupling
PAdc,dc PAdc,dc PAdc,dc PAdc,dc
system
PV Array Output power of AC coupling
PAdc,ac PAdc,ac PAdc,ac PAdc,ac
system
Energy storage
Operating votlage VS VS VS VS
Current to storage CTS CTS CTS CTS
Current from storage CFS CFS CFS CFS
Power to storage PTS PTS PTS PTS
Power from storage PFS PFS PFS PFS
Utility grid
Utility grid votlage VU VU - VU
Current to utility grid CTU CTU - CTU
Current from utility grid CFU CFU - CFU
Power to utility grid PTU PTU - PTU
Power from utility grid PFU PFU - PFU
Loads on DC
Load voltage VLdc VLdc VLdc VLdc

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Load current ILdc ILdc ILdc ILdc
DC load power PLdc PLdc PLdc PLdc
Loads on AC
Load voltage VLac VLac VLac VLac
Load current ILac ILac ILac ILac
DC load power PLac PLac PLac PLac
Back-up source(s) on AC
Back-up AC voltage - VBUac VBUac VBUac
Back-up AC current - IBUac IBUac IBUac
Back-up AC power - PBUac PBUac PBUac
Back-up source(s) on DC -
Back-up DC voltage - VBUdc VBUdc VBUdc
Back-up DC current - IBUdc IBUdc IBUdc
Back-up DC power - PBUdc PBUdc PBUdc
Other renewable source(s) on AC
Other RE AC voltage VREac VREac VREac VREac
Other RE AC current IREac IREac IREac IREac
Other RE AC power PREac PREac PREac PREac
Other renewable source(s) on DC

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Other RE DC voltage VREdc VREdc VREdc VREdc
Other RE DC current IREdc IREdc IREdc IREdc
Other RE DC power PREdc PREdc PREdc PREdc
Electrical energy
Renewable output energy per day (kWh) ERE = EREdc + EREac ERE = EREdc + EREac ERE = EREdc + EREac ERE = EREdc + EREac
(Net) energy to utility grid (kWh) ETU = ETU - EFU ETU = ETU - EFU ETU = ETU - EFU ETU = ETU - EFU
(Net) energy from utility grid (kWh) EFU = EFU - ETU EFU = EFU - ETU EFU = EFU - ETU EFU = EFU - ETU
Net energy to storage (kWh) ETS = (ETS - EFS) ETS = (ETS - EFS) ETS = (ETS - EFS) ETS = (ETS - EFS)
Net energy from storage (kWh) EFS = (EFS - ETS) EFS = (EFS - ETS) EFS = (EFS - ETS) EFS = (EFS - ETS)
Array output energy per day (kWh) EA = EAdc,dc + EAdc,ac EA = EAdc,dc + EAdc,ac EA = EAdc,dc + EAdc,ac EA = EAdc,dc + EAdc,ac
Energy from back-up system (kWh) EBU = EBUdc + EBUac EBU = EBUdc + EBUac EBU = EBUdc + EBUac EBU = EBUdc + EBUac
Energy to load (kWh) EL =ELdc + ELac EL =ELdc + ELac EL =ELdc + ELac EL =ELdc + ELac
EL =ELdc + (ETL,dcc + ETL,ac ) EL =ELdc + (ETL,dcc + ETL,ac ) EL =ELdc + (ETL,dcc + ETL,ac ) EL =ELdc + (ETL,dcc + ETL,ac )
Energy to load (kWh) from AC coupling
ETL,acc = ( EAac,ac ) - ETB,ac ETL,acc = ( EAac,ac ) - ETB,ac ETL,acc = ( EAac,ac ) - ETB,ac ETL,acc = ( EAac,ac ) - ETB,ac
system
PV array energy yield Y A = EA / P 0 Y A = EA / P 0 YA = EA / P0 Y A = EA / P 0 Y A = EA / P 0
PV array energy yield of DC coupling
YA,dc = EAdc,dc / P0,dc YA,dc = EAdc,dc / P0,dc YA,dc = EAdc,dc / P0,dc YA,dc = EAdc,dc / P0,dc
subsystem
PV array energy yield of AC coupling
YA,ac = EAdc,ac / P0,ac YA,ac = EAdc,ac / P0,ac YA,ac = EAdc,ac / P0,ac YA,ac = EAdc,ac / P0,ac
subsystem
Final system yield Yf = Eout / P0 Yf = Yfac Yf = Yfac Yf = Yfdc + Yfac Yf = Yfdc + Yfac
Final system yield of DC coupling subsystem - - Yf,dc = YfTB,dc + YfTL,dc Yf,dc = YfTB,dc + YfTL,dc
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 45 – 82/953/CD

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Final system yield of DC coupling subsystem

- - YfTB,dc = EATB,dc / P0,dc YfTB,dc = EATB,dc / P0,dc
to charge battery
Final system yield of DC coupling subsystem YfTL,dc = EATL,dc * ηBOS,dcc / YfTL,dc = EATL,dc * ηBOS,dcc /
- -
to load P0,dc P0,dc
Final system yield of AC coupling subsystem Yf,ac = YfTB,ac + YfTL,ac Yf,ac = YfTB,ac + YfTL,ac Yf,ac = YfTB,ac + YfTL,ac Yf,ac = YfTB,ac + YfTL,ac
Final system yield of AC coupling subsystem YfTB,ac = (EATB,ac * ηBOS,dcc) YfTB,ac = (EATB,ac * ηBOS,dcc) YfTB,ac = (EATB,ac * ηBOS,dcc) YfTB,ac = (EATB,ac * ηBOS,dcc)
to charge battery / P0,ac / P0,ac / P0,ac / P0,ac
Final system yield of AC coupling subsystem
YfTL,ac = EATL,ac / P0,ac YfTL,ac = EATL,ac / P0,ac YfTL,ac = EATL,ac / P0,ac YfTL,ac = EATL,ac / P0,ac
to load
Direct PV energy contribution to Euse (kWh) Euse,PV = EA x ηBOS or Euse,PV = EA x ηBOS or Euse,PV = EA x ηBOS or Euse,PV = EA x ηBOS or
Euse,PV = FA x Euse Euse,PV = FA x Euse Euse,PV = FA x Euse Euse,PV = FA x Euse

Direct PV energy contribution to Euse (kWh)
- - Euse,PV,dc = FA,dc x Euse,dcc Euse,PV,dc = FA,dc x Euse,dcc
of DC coupling subsystem
Direct PV energy contribution to Euse (kWh)
Euse,PV,ac = FA,ac x Euse,ac Euse,PV,ac = FA,ac x Euse,ac Euse,PV,ac = FA,ac x Euse,ac Euse,PV,ac = FA,ac x Euse,ac
of AC coupling subsystem
Fraction of total system input energy
FA = EA / Ein FA = EA / Ein FA = EA / Ein FA = EA / Ein
contributed by PV array
contributed by PV array of DC coupling - - FA,dc = EAdc,dc / Ein,dcc FA,dc = EAdc,dc / Ein,dcc
subsystem
contributed by PV array of AC coupling FA,ac = EAdc,ac / Ein,ac FA,ac = EAdc,ac / Ein,ac FA,ac = EAdc,ac / Ein,ac FA,ac = EAdc,ac / Ein,ac
subsystem
Ein = EA + EBU + EFU + EFS + Ein = EA + EBU + EFU + EFS + Ein = EA + EBU + EFU + EFS + Ein = EA + EBU + EFU + EFS +
Total system input energy (kWh)
ERE ERE ERE ERE
Ein,dcc = (EAdc,dc + ETB,ac) +
Total system input energy of DC coupling Ein,dcc = (ETB,ac) + EFS + Ein,dcc = (ETB,ac) + (EBUac + Ein,dcc = (ETB,ac) + (EBUac +
(EBUac + EBUac )+ EFU + EFS +
subsystem (kWh) (EREdc + EREac ) EBUac ) + EFS + (EREdc + EREac ) EBUac ) + EFS + (EREdc + EREac )
(EREdc + EREac )
Total system input energy of AC coupling
Ein,ac = EAdc,ac Ein,ac = EAdc,ac Ein,ac = EAdc,ac Ein,ac = EAdc,ac
subsystem (kWh)
Total system output energy (kWh) Euse = ELdc + ELac + ETU + ETS Euse = ELdc + ELac + ETU + ETS Euse = ELdc + ELac + ETU + ETS Euse = ELdc + ELac + ETU + ETS
Total system output energy of DC coupling Euse,dcc = ELdc +( ETL,dcc + Euse,dcc = ELdc +( ETL,dcc + Euse,dcc = ELdc +( ETL,dcc + Euse,dcc = ELdc +( ETL,dcc +
subsystem(kWh) ETL,ac ) + ETS ETL,ac ) + ETS ETL,ac ) + ETS ETL,ac ) + ETU + ETS
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Total system output energy of AC coupling

Euse,ac = ETL,ac +ETB,ac Euse,ac = ETL,ac +ETB,ac Euse,ac = ETL,ac +ETB,ac Euse,ac = ETL,ac +ETB,ac
subsystem (kWh)
Reference yield (h/d) Yr = Hi / Gi,ref Yr = Hi / Gi,ref Yr = Hi / Gi,ref Yr = Hi / Gi,ref
Array capture losses (h/d) Lc = Yr – YA Lc = Yr – YA Lc = Yr – YA Lc = Yr – YA

Array capture losses of DC coupling
- - Lc,dc = Yr – YA,dc Lc,dc = Yr – YA,dc
subsystem (h/d)
Array capture losses of AC coupling
Lc,ac = Yr – YA,ac Lc,ac = Yr – YA,ac Lc,ac = Yr – YA,ac Lc,ac = Yr – YA,ac
subsystem (h/d)
System losses (h/d) Ls = YA - Yf Ls = YA - Yf Ls = YA - Yf Ls = YA - Yf
System losses of DC coupling subsystem
- - Ls,dc = YA,dc - Yf,dc Ls,dc = YA,dc - Yf,dc
(h/d)
System losses of AC coupling subsystem
Ls,ac = YA,ac - Yf,ac Ls,ac = YA,ac - Yf,ac Ls,ac = YA,ac - Yf,ac Ls,ac = YA,ac - Yf,ac
(h/d)
Performance ratio PR = Yf / Yr PR = Yf / Yr PR = Yf / Yr PR = Yf / Yr PR = Yf / Yr
Performance ratio of DC coupling subsystem PRdc = Yf,dc / Yr PRdc = Yfdc / Yr PRdc = Yfdc / Yr PRdc = Yfdc / Yr
Performance ratio of AC coupling subsystem PRac = Yf,ac / Yr PRac = Yfac / Yr PRac = Yfac / Yr PRac = Yfac / Yr
Mean array efficiency ηA = EA / (Hi x Aa) ηA = EA / (Hi x Aa) ηA = EA / (Hi x Aa) ηA = EA / (Hi x Aa) ηA = EA / (Hi x Aa)
Mean array efficiency of DC coupling
- - ηA,dc = EA,dc / (Hi,dc * Aa,dc ) ηA,dc = EA,dc / (Hi,dc * Aa,dc )
subsystem
Mean array efficiency of AC coupling
ηA,ac = EA,ac / (Hi,ac * Aa,ac ) ηA,ac = EA,ac / (Hi,ac * Aa,ac ) ηA,ac = EA,ac / (Hi,ac * Aa,ac ) ηA,ac = EA,ac / (Hi,ac * Aa,ac )
subsystem
Overall PV plant efficiency ηf = Eout / (Hi x Aa) ηtot = Euse,PV / (Hi * Aa) ηtot = Euse,PV / (Hi * Aa) ηtot = Euse,PV / (Hi * Aa) ηtot = Euse,PV / (Hi * Aa)
Overall PV plant efficiency of DC coupling ηtot,dcc = Euse,PV,dc / (Hi,dc * ηtot,dcc = Euse,PV,dc / (Hi,dc *
- -
subsystem Aa,dc ) Aa,dc )
Overall PV plant efficiency of AC coupling ηtot,ac = Euse,PV,ac / (Hi,ac * ηtot,ac = Euse,PV,ac / (Hi,ac * ηtot,ac = Euse,PV,ac / (Hi,ac * ηtot,ac = Euse,PV,ac / (Hi,ac *
subsystem Aa,ac ) Aa,ac ) Aa,ac ) Aa,ac )
BOS efficiency ηBOS = Eout / EA ηBOS = Euse / Ein ηBOS = Euse / Ein ηBOS = Euse / Ein ηBOS = Euse / Ein
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 47 – 82/953/CD

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BOS efficiency of DC coupling subsystem - - ηBOS,dcc = Euse,dcc / Ein,dcc ηBOS,dcc = Euse,dcc / Ein,dcc
BOS efficiency of AC coupling subsystem ηBOS,ac = Euse,ac / Ein,ac ηBOS,ac = Euse,ac / Ein,ac ηBOS,ac = Euse,ac / Ein,ac ηBOS,ac = Euse,ac / Ein,ac
1078
1079
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1080 Annex B
1081 (informative)
1082
1083 Derate factors
1084 Derate factors quantify individual sources of loss with respect to nameplate DC power rating.
1085 Derates may be defined as a series of multiplicative factors contributing to the performance
1086 ratio, PR, according to the relation
N
(25)
PR = Y f / Y r = ∏ DR
k =1
k
1087 where the DR k are N individual derates corresponding to different loss mechanisms, and are
1088 given by
DR k = Y k / Y k-1
(26)
1089 Here Y k is the system yield with loss mechanisms 1 through k operational, given by
Y k = Y k-1 – L k
(27)
1090 where L k is the yield loss due to loss mechanism k. Y 0 corresponds to Y r and Y N corresponds
1091 to Y f .
1092 The number of derate factors may be adjusted for different purposes, depending on the
1093 system size and analysis goals.
1094 Categorizing all losses as either array capture or BOS losses, equation (25) may be written as
PR = DR capture × DR BOS
(28)
1095 Here DR capture represents the combined array capture losses, given by
DR capture = Y A / Y r = (Y r – L C ) / Y r
(29)
1096
1097 and DR BOS represents the combined BOS losses, given by
DR BOS = Y f / Y A = (Y A – L BOS ) / Y A
(30)
1098 As an aid to performance diagnosis, DR capture and DR BOS may each be rewritten as products of
1099 derates corresponding to individual contributing loss mechanisms within the capture and BOS
1100 categories. Determination of these contributing derate factors may be done through direct
1101 measurement (for example, by measuring energies into and out of specific components of the
1102 system during the reporting period, or by measuring specific loss mechanisms such as soiling)
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1103 and/or modelling (for example, by fitting a performance model to the measured data within the
1104 reporting period).
1105
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1106 Annex C
1107 (informative)
1108
1109 Sampling interval
1110 C.1 General considerations
1111 The sampling interval affects the quality of the data acquisition process in representing the
1112 true signal. In determining samling intervals and/or filtering methods, the following factors
1113 should be considered:
1114 • the rate of change of the parameter to be measured;
1115 • the rate of response of the measurement transducer;
1116 • the treatment of the sampled data (for example whether the data will be used in further
1117 calculations that involve other sampled datasets, as is the case when calculating
1118 power from sampled current and voltage measurements); and
1119 • the ultimate use of the sampled data and the desired limit of uncertainty in
1120 representing the true signal parameter.
1121 C.2 Time constants
1122 In general, for rapidly changing signals, it is recommended that the sampling interval (t s )
1123 should be less than 1/e (0.368) of the time constant of the measurement transducer, where
1124 the time-constant of a transducer is the time taken, after a step change in the measured
1125 variable, for the instrument to register 63.2% of the step change in the measured parameter.
1126 Alternatively, when the typical time constant of the measured parameter is longer than the
1127 time constant of the measurement transducer, the above requirement may be relaxed. In this
1128 case the sampling interval need only be less than 1/e of the measurement parameter time
1129 constant.
1130 C.3 Aliasing error

1131 The aliasing error is the error associated with information lost by not taking a sufficient
1132 number of sampled data points. To avoid large aliasing error the Nyquist sampling theorem
1133 suggests that a minimum of two samples per cycle of the data bandwidth is required to
1134 reproduce the sampled data with no loss of information.
1135 For example, the Nyquist theorem suggests that if the highest frequency in the signal to be
1136 sampled is fmax then the minimum sampling frequency would be 2fmax. However, this
1137 sampling frequency still does not achieve a very accurate reproduction of the original signal
1138 (average error between the reconstructed signal and the original signal is 32% at 2fmax) and
1139 an increase in the sampling frequency to 200fmax is required to achieve an accuracy of 1% in
1140 the reconstructed signal.
1141 An alternative option is to filter the signal before sampling. This is a very effective method of
1142 reducing the maximum frequency of the signal, but filtering also results in the loss of
1143 information. This is not an issue if the ultimate use of the data is to calculate simple averages
1144 over a period of time. However if the data is to be used in a calculation involving other
1145 sampled parameters (for example the calculation of power from sampled voltage and current
1146 measurements) then analogue filtering before sampling removes fundamental elements of the
1147 time-dependent variation of the signal and may lead to the loss of accuracy in the calculated
1148 data.
1149 C.4 Example

1150 As an example, consider the appropriate sampling interval for measurements of irradiance.
1151 The greatest fluctuations in the signal occur under partly cloudy conditions, as the irradiance
1152 sensor is alternately shaded and unshaded. Assume a worst-case situation in which the
IEC CD 61724-1  IEC 2015 – 51 – 82/953/CD
1153 irradiance changes significantly due to passing clouds approximatley once every 30 seconds.
1154 In addition, assume that the primary monitoring purpose is only to determine the average
1155 irradiance over a reporting period of one hour, rather than to recover the exact irradiance time
1156 series. In this case the time constants are of more importance than the aliasing error.
1157 Sampling the irradiance at least once every 10 seconds should be adequate. For this
1158 example, a Monte Carlo simulation shows that the typical sampling-related uncertainty in the
1159 average irradiance recorded over one hour is on the order of 0.5%. This is negligible
1160 compared to typical instrumental uncertainty.
1161
1162 _____________

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82/953/CD

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Copyright © 2015 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is

7.3.5 Rainfall .......................................................................................................... 25

A.1 System types ........................................................................................................ 39

Figure 1 – Possible elements of PV systems ........................................................................... 5

Table 1 – Monitoring system classifications .......................................................................... 11

52 The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

Back up Other RNE

ITP , PTP IFP ,PFP PAdc,ac IAdc,ac ,

Back up Other RNE

87 Figure 1 – Possible elements of PV systems

108 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE – PART 1: MONITORING

120 2 Normative references

167 3 Terms and definitions

263 4 Monitoring system classification

279 Table 1 – Monitoring system classifications

System performance assessment X X X

Precise PV system degradation measurement X

284 5.1 Measurement uncertainty

299 5.3 Repeated elements

305 5.4 Power consumption

311 5.5 Documentation

321 5.6 Equipment and wiring

337 5.7 Inspection

343 6 Data acquisition timing and reporting periods

344 6.1 Samples

345 A sample is defined as a data acquisition event for a measured parameter.

351 6.2 Records

358 Each record shall include a timestamp.

363 Table 2 – Recording interval and timestamp accuracy

Maximum Timestamp Timestamp

364 6.3 Reports

368 Each report shall include a timestamp.

369 6.4 Timestamps

370 Documentation of timestamps should follow ISO 8601.

376 Table 2 lists accuracy and precision requirements for timestamps.

378 6.5 Illustration

386 7 Measured parameters

387 7.1 Summary of requirements

Irradiance (Section 7.2)

Environmental Factors (Section 0)

Tracker system (Section 7.4)

DC electrical output (Section 7.5)

AC electrical output (Section 7.6)

External system requests (Section 7.7)

410 7.2 Irradiance

413 7.2.1.1 In-plane irradiance

425 For concentrator systems, see 7.2.1.6.

426 7.2.1.2 Global horizontal irradiance

432 7.2.1.3 Irradiance sensors

Sensor Type Class A Class B Class C

Photodiode sensors Not applicable Not applicable Any

461 7.2.1.4 Sensor locations

481 7.2.1.5 Sensor maintenance

483 Table 5 – Irradiance sensor maintenance requirements

Item Class A Class B Class C

496 7.2.1.6 Special measurements

500 7.2.1.6.2 Diffuse irradiance

503 7.2.1.6.3 In-plane irradiance for concentrator systems

512 See section 3 for the relation between G’ i,d and G d .

513 Satellite remote sensing of irradiance