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1
Stripping is the operation that is in the oppo-
site direction to the absorption, in which one or
more gaseous components in a liquid stream is
removed from the gas-liquid solution by being
vaporised into an insoluble gas stream
2
Absorption can be
physical, when the solute is dissolved into
the solvent because it has higher solubility
in the solvent than other gases
chemical, when the solute reacts with the
solvent, and the resulting product still re-
mains in the solvent
Normally, a reversible reaction between
the solute and the solvent is preferred, in
order for the solvent to be regenerated
(นํากลับมาใช้ใหม่)
5
The resulting saturated solvent is, subsequent-
ly, passed through a stripper (or a stripping co-
lumn), in which the gaseous component in the
saturated solvent is stripped off by a stripping gas
(e.g., steam)
6
8.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria
8
For a low concentration of a solute, a Henry’s
law is employed to express the equilibrium bet-
ween the concentration (e.g., mole fraction or
percent) of the solute in the gas phase and that
in the liquid phase as follows
PB = H B x B (8.1)
where
PB = partial pressure of the solute B in the
gas phase (or in the gas mixture)
x B = concentration (in mole fraction) of the
solute B in the liquid phase
H B = Henry’s constant for the solute B
11
the heat of absorption is negligible
the operation is isothermal
a solvent is non-volatile
a carrier gas is insoluble (into the solvent)
In other words,
the liquid flow rate (L ) must be the molar
13
Accordingly, the mole fractions of solute B in
the gas (yB ) and the liquid (x B ) phases, which
are defined as
moles of solute B (in the gas phase)
yB =
total moles of a gas mixture
or
moles of solute B (in the gas phase)
yB =
émoles of carrier gas Aù
ê ú
ê+ moles of solute B ú
êë úû
and
moles of solute B (in the liquid phase)
xB =
total moles of a solution
or
moles of solute B (in the liquid phase)
xB =
é moles of a solvent ù
ê ú
ê+ moles of solute B ú
êë úû
have to be modified to
14
moles of solute B
YB =
moles of pure carrier gas A
moles of solute B
XB =
moles of pure solvent
15
Re-arranging Eq. 8.9 for Yj +1 results in
L æ L ö÷
Yj +1 ç
= X j + çY1 - Xo ÷÷ (8.10)
G çè G ÷ø
( )
3) Locate the point Xo , Y1 and step off
19
It is important to note that, if the system is
NOT isothermal (as in the case of the distillation
operation), the operating line is still linear, but
the equilibrium line is no longer linear
20
Example A gas stream containing 90 mol% N2
and 10% CO2 is passed through an absorber, in
which pure and cool water at 5 oC is used as a
solvent
The operation is assumed to be isothermal at
5 oC and isobaric at 10 atm
The liquid flow rate is 1.5 times the minimum
æL ö
liquid flow rate çç ÷÷÷
çèG ÷ø
min
21
Basis: 1.0 mol/h of the gas mixture
23
However, both x and y have to be converted
to X and Y as exemplified below
For x = 0.0001:
x 0.0001
X= = » 0.0001
1-x 1 - 0.0001
For y = 0.00876:
y 0.00876
Y = = » 0.00884
1 - y 1 - 0.00876
24
From the problem statement, it is required
that 92 mol% of CO2 is absorbed by the solvent
(i.e. cool water)
26
Since pure water is used as the solvent, it re-
sults in the fact that x o = 0 , which means that
Xo = 0
( ) (
is the point Xo , Y1 of 0, 0.0089 )
The equilibrium line (from the equilibrium
data on Page 24) can be plotted on the Y-X co-
ordinate as shown on the next Page (Page 28—
as a solid line)
æL ö
The çç ÷÷÷ line is the line originates from the
çèG ÷ø
min
( )
point of 0, 0.0089 and touches the equilibrium
(L/G)min line
0.0600
0.0400
0.0200
equilibrium line
(0, 0.0089)
0.0000
0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014
X
æL ö
The slope of the çç ÷÷÷ line (the dotted lines)
çèG ÷ø
min
is found to be 97.2
28
The origin of the actual operating line is still
æL ö
( )
at the point 0, 0.0089 as per the çç ÷÷÷
çèG ÷ø
line
min
29
Thus, the actual operating line is the line
connecting between
( ) (
the point Xo , Y1 of 0, 0.0089 )
and
( ) (
the point X N , YN +1 of 0.0007, 0.11 )
(
Step off stages from the point Xo , Y1 of )
(0, 0.0089) to the point where X = X N
» 0.0007
30
8.3 Stripping Analysis
31
Figure 8.4: A stripping operation
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
( )
Note that the point X N , YN +1 and the point
34
To step off stages, we start from the intersec-
tion of the operating line and the X = Xo line
35
This can be done by drawing a straight line
from the point of (X N , YN +1 ) until it touches the
36
Example We wish to design a stripping column
to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from water
This can be done by heating the water + CO2
mixture and passing it counter-currently with a
nitrogen stream in a stripper
The operation is isothermal and isobaric at
60 oC and 1 atm
The carbonated water contains 9.2 × 10-6 mole
fraction of CO2 and flows at 100,000 lbm/h
The nitrogen stream enters the column as
pure N2 at 1 atm and 60 oC with the volumetric
flow rate of 2,500 ft3/h
Assume that N2 is not dissolved in water and
that water is not evaporated
37
Given the Henry’s constant for CO2 in water
at 60 oC of 3,410 atm/(mole fraction)
If we desire an outlet water concentration of
2 × 10-7 mole fraction of CO2, find the number
of equilibrium stages required
PV = nRT
nRT
V =
P
é
ê ft( )
3
( psia ) ù
úé
(1 lb-mol )ê10.73 ú êë(140 + 460) R ùúû
ê
ë
( lb-mol)(R )ú
û
V =
(14.7 psia )
38
V = 438 ft3
39
With the molecular weight of water of 18.02
lbm/lb-mol, the molar flow rate of the carbonated
water can be computed as follows
lbm
100, 000
h = 5, 549 lb-mol
lbm h
18.02
lb-mol
40
It is given, in the problem statement, that
x in = x o = 9.2 ´ 10-6 = 92 ´ 10-7
x out = x N = 2 ´ 10-7
yin = yN +1 = 0 (pure N2)
41
V = 5.71 lb-mol-h L = 5,549 lb-mol-h
yout = y1 = ?? xin = xo = 9.2 × 10-6
42
Note that, as the concentration of the solute
is extremely low, the flow rates of the liquid and
the gas phases can be assumed to be constant
and the x and y co-ordinate can be used
( ) (
passes through two points: x N , yN +1 and xo , y1 )
( ) (
or 2 ´ 10-7 , 0 and 9.2 ´ 10-6 , 0.00875 )
43
By drawing the operating line and the equili-
brium line on the same McCabe-Thiele diagram,
we can step off stages, which, in this Question, is
found to be ~3 (note that, since this is the strip-
ping operation, the equilibrium line is above the
operating line)
0.0400
0.0350
0.0300
0.0250
yCO2
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
xCO2
44
8.4 Analytical Solution: Kremser Equation
45
For the dilute situation described above, Fig-
ure 8.2 (on Page 13), which is on X and Y basis
can be replaced by Figure 8.6
46
For a dilute absorber, the operating line is si-
milar to that of the normal absorption operation
(or Eq. 8.10), except that
Y is replaced by y (i.e. the mole fraction
of a solute in the gas phase)
X is replaced by x (i.e. the mole fraction
of a solute in the liquid phase)
G is replaced by V
47
All of the assumptions are still the same as per
the normal absorption (see Page 7), with an addi-
tional assumption that the concentration of the
solute in both gas and liquid phases is very low
48
By comparing the Henry’s law equation with
Eq. 8.14, it results in the fact that
HB
m=
Ptotal
b=0
49
Figure 8.7: The absorption operation for the case
that the operating and equilibrium lines are pa-
rallel to each other
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
Dy = y j +1 - y j (8.16)
in which
y j +1 is obtained from the operating line
(Eq. 8.13)
y j is obtained from the equilibrium line
(Eq. 8.14)
51
Combining Eqs. 8.13 & 8.14 with Eq. 8.16
and re-arranging yields
æL ö æ L ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
Dy = ç - m ÷÷ x j + çy1 - x o - b ÷÷
çèV ø÷ èç V ÷ø
(8.17)
L
Since, in this case, = m , Eq. 8.17 becomes
V
L
Dy = y1 - xo - b = constant
V
(8.18)
52
Substituting Eq. 8.18:
L
Dy = y1 - x o - b (8.18)
V
yN +1 - y1
N =
æ L ö
ççy - x - b ÷÷
çè 1 V o ÷÷ø
(8.19)
53
L
For the case where < m (see Figure 8.8 on
V
Page 51), Dy is no longer constant or Dy varies
from stage to stage
55
Since Dy is NOT constant, Eq. 8.15 is written
as
yN +1 - y1 = Dy1 + Dy2 + Dy 3 ... + DyN
(8.24)
L
(Dy ) 3
=
mV
( Dy )
2
(8.26)
57
N
æ L ö
1 - çç ÷÷
yN +1 - y1 çè mV ÷÷ø
= (8.30)
Dy1 æ L ö
1 - çç ÷÷
çè mV ÷÷ø
58
Thus, Eq. 8.31 can be re-written as
L
(Dy ) 1
=
mV
(
y1 - y1* ) (8.33)
N +1
L æ L ö
- çç ÷÷
yN +1 - y1 mV èç mV ø÷÷
=
(y1 - y1*
) æ L ö
1 - çç ÷÷
çè mV ÷÷ø
(8.34)
59
Solving Eq. 8.34 for N yields
éæ ö æy - y *ö ù
mV ÷÷ çç N +1 1 ÷ mV
ln êêçç1 - ÷÷ø çç y - y * ÷÷
÷÷ + ú
ú
êëç
è L è 1 L úû
1 ø
N =
æ mV ö
ln çç ÷÷
çè L ÷÷ø
(8.35)
L L
Note that, in this case, ¹ m or ¹1
V mV
60
N +1
æ L ö æ L ö
çç ÷÷ - ç ÷÷
ç
yN +1 - y1 èç mV ø÷÷ èç mV ÷÷ø
= (8.34)
y1 - y * æ L ö
1 1 - çç ÷÷
çè mV ÷÷ø
N
yN +1 - y *
æ L ö
N +1
= çç ÷÷÷ (8.36)
y1 - y * çè mV ÷ø
1
éy
ê N +1
ln ê
( - y *
N +1 ú
ù
)
ú
ê y1 - y1 *
( ú )
N = ë û (8.37)
æ L ö
ln çç ÷÷
çè mV ÷÷ø
éy
ê N +1
ln ê
( - y *
N +1 ú
ù
)
ú
ê y1 - y1 *
( ú )
N = ë û (8.38)
é y ù
ê ( N +1 - y 1)ú
ln ê * ú
ë (
ê yN +1 - y1 ú *
û )
where yN* +1 = mx N + b and y1* = mx o + b
61
The Kremser equations in terms of liquid-
phase composition are
éæ L ö æ x - x * ö
L ù
÷÷ çç o ÷
ln êêçç1 - N ÷
+
÷çç x - x * ÷÷ mV ú
ú
ç
è mV ø÷ è N
êë N ø úû
N =
æ mV ö
ln çç ÷÷
çè L ÷÷ø
(8.39)
éæ x - x * öù
N ÷
ln êêççç N * ÷
÷÷úú
ç
êëè o x - x o øúû
N = (8.40)
éæ x * - x * öù
N ÷
ln êêççç o ÷÷úú
êëçè x o - x N ÷øúû
æ mV ö
1 - çç ÷÷
x N - x N* çè L ÷÷ø
*
= N +1
(8.41)
xo - x N æ mV ö
1 - çç ÷÷
çè L ÷÷ø
62
N
xN - x *
æ L ö
N
= çç ÷÷ (8.42)
xo - x *
o
èç mV ø÷÷
*
yN +1 - b * y1 - b
where x =
N
and x = o
m m
63
Example A plate tower with 6 equilibrium stages
is employed for stripping ammonia from waste
water with the inlet concentration of 0.10 mol%
using counter-current air at atmospheric pressure
and 80 oF
Determine the concentration of ammonia in
the exit waste water if the stripping air is ammo-
nia-free and the feed rate of air is 30 standard
cubic feet (scf) per 1 lbm of waste water
Given the equilibrium equation of ammonia
at 80 oF as y = 1.414x
64
One lb-mol of air is equivalent to the volume
of 379 standard cubic feet (scf) [for 60 oF (519.67
R) and 14.7 psi (lbf/in2)], which can be computed
as follows
nRT
V =
P
é
ê ( psia ) ft( )
3 ù
úé
(1 lb-mol )ê10.73 ú êë(60 + 459.67 ) R ùúû
ê
ë
( lb-mol)(R )ú
û
=
(14.7 psia )
V = 379 ft3
65
Thus, the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of
the stripping gas or air (V ) to that of the waste
66
The inlet concentration of ammonia (NH3)
0.1
in waste water: x o = = 0.001
100
The inlet concentration of NH3 in the
stripping gas or air: yN +1 = y7 = 0 (as the
air is ammonia-free)
m = 1.414 and b = 0 [from the given
equilibrium equation: y = 1.414x ,
compared to the standard equilibrium
equation (Eq. 8.14): y = mx + b ]
The number of equilibrium stages (N ) = 6
*
yN +1 - b
x =
N
m
which yields
0-0
*
x = N
=0
1.414
we obtain the value of the outlet concentration
of NH3 in the waste water (x N or x 6 ) as follows
é ù
ê mV ú
ê 1- ú
ê ú
x N - x N* = ê
ê
L
æ mV ö ú
N +1 (ú x o
-)x *
N
ê 1 - çç ÷÷ ú
ê çè L ÷÷ø ú
ë û
é ù
ê 1 - (1.414)(1.43) ú
xN - 0 = ê ú (0.0010 - 0)
ê 6 + 1 ú
ê 1 - ê(1.414)(1.43)ú ú
é ù
ë ë û û
68