Name: Jay Ann A.

Rodrigo Date: May 26, 2020

Yr. & Sec.: BSICT – 3 Instructor: Prof. Rona Montana

1. Explain the definition of Internet of things and how it Impacts the next
platform of universal connectivity.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and

digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

The network of connected smart devices that communicate seamlessly over the Internet is
transforming how we live and work. At farms, wireless IoT sensors can transmit information
about soil moisture and nutrients to agricultural experts across the country. IoT alarm systems,
equipped with batteries that last for years, provide homeowners with long-term protection.
Wearable fitness devices for both people and pets can monitor activity levels and provide
feedback on heart rate and respiration. Although these applications serve different purposes,
they all share one characteristic: dependence on strong connectivity.

2. Show and discuss the positive and negative effects of e- globalization.

Globalization

Is a process of interaction and integration where people, businesses, and governments

of different countries come into increasing contact with one another. This process is driven
technology, international trade, and investment, and it has its impact on the environment,
culture, economic development, political systems, and the general well-being of humans.

Positive effects of globalization

Increased competition

Higher-quality products and services

Efficient markets

Stabilized security

The current level of competition in the market is one obvious result of globalization.
Competition on a global scale leads to products and services of higher quality. When customers
have more options to choose from, their demands also tend to grow, and companies have to
react to these new expectations. Domestic companies who wish to survive in the market have
to increase their standards to satisfy their customers and be on par with foreign competitors. In
addition to increased competition, globalization has generated more efficient markets and
stabilized security.
 The Negative Effects of Globalization

Generally, globalization has affected many nations in various ways; economically,

politically, and socially. It is a term that refers to the fast integration and interdependence of
various nations, which shapes the world affairs on a global level. Globalization has affected the
products people consume, the environment.

3. Graph the top 10 biggest countries that uses Internet, social media and
mobile from 2010 to present.

4. Understand the use of the 12 emerging trends in information

technology.

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information

since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term
Information Technology in its moderns sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the
Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that
“the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information
technology (IT).”

Machine Learning

The name machine learning was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel. Evolved from the
study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence,
machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and
make predictions on data such algorithms overcome following strictly static program
instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a model from
sample inputs.
Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.

Block chain

A block chain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records, called
blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Block chain was invented by
Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 for use in the crypto currency bit coin, as its public transaction
ledger.

Quantum Computing

Quantum computers are incredibly powerful machines that take a new approach to
processing information.

3D Printing

3D printing refers to processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer

control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together (such as
liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together). 3D printing is used in both rapid
prototyping and additive manufacturing (AM). Objects can be of almost any shape or
geometry and typically are produced using digital model data from a 3D model or another
electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file (usually in
sequential layers). There are many different technologies, like stereo lithography (STL) or
fused deposit modeling (FDM).

Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes

mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics
deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer
systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Biometrics

Biometrics is the measurement and statistical analysis of people unique physical and
behavioral characteristics. The technology is mainly used for identification and access
control, or for identifying individuals who are under surveillance. The basic premise of
biometric authentication is that every person can be accurately identified by his or her
intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Definition Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the
creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities
computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:

(a) Virtual Intelligence

A Virtual Intelligence (VI) is a sophisticated program designed to make modern

computer systems easier to use. They are not to be confused with artificial intelligence like
the geth, as VIs are only utilized to assist the user and process data (although, like AIs,
they can still get out of hand). Though they appear to be intelligent, they aren’t actually
self-aware, just made with clever programming.

(b) Virtual Intelligence Function

VIs vary greatly depending on how they are deployed. They can handle search queries
on the extranet, act as tour guides as in the case of the Citadel VI, Avina or manage
sophisticated lab and database work, like Mira on Noveria. Both the humans and the elcor
make extensive use of VIs in their military endeavors to process status reports, react faster
than organics can or in the case of the elcor choose instantly between millions of gambits
designed for any combat situation.

(c) Drones

A gizmo you might call a drone could actually fall into a couple of broad categories. One
is a fully autonomous vehicle that flies without any human intervention at all. The other is
more like a remote-control flier: A pilot is still in charge, but they’re on the ground
watching the drone, or in a room somewhere watching on a computer screen or through a
pair of goggles. The two types involve different tech with different potentials, but they both
count as drones. So well consider them, for the purposes of this guide, one and the same.

(d) Autonomous Vehicles

An autonomous vehicle is one that can drive itself from a starting point to a
predetermined destination in autopilot mode using various in-vehicle technologies and
sensors, including adaptive cruise control, active steering (steer by wire), anti-lock braking
systems (brake by wire), GPS navigation technology, lasers and radar.

(e) Autonomous Car

An autonomous car is a vehicle that can guide itself without human conduction. This
kind of vehicle has become a concrete reality and may pave the way for future systems
where computers take over the art of driving.
 An autonomous car is also known as a driverless car, robot car, self-driving car or
autonomous vehicle. Driverless cars, including Googles autonomous car design, have logged
thousands of hours on American roads, but they are not yet commercially available on a
large scale.

5. Know which country had the largest Internet growth between 2010-
2019.

China has the largest Internet growth

6. Illustrate how Internet is growing globally and continues to expand.

Global internet bandwidth rose last year by only 26% the lowest annual growth rate seen
in at least 15 years and at a compound annual rate of 28% between 2015 and 2019.

Total international bandwidth now

stands at 466 Tbps. The pace of growth
is slowing, but it still represents a near-
tripling of bandwidth since 2015.

Unsurprisingly, the pace of new

international internet capacity
deployments varied by region.

Africa experienced the most rapid

growth of international internet
bandwidth, growing at a compound
annual rate of 45% between 2015 and
2019. Asia was just behind Africa, rising at a
42% compound annual rate during the same
period.

International Internet Bandwidth Growth by

Region, 2015-2019

Since we began tracking international internet

capacity in 1999, the highest-capacity inter-
regional route had always been Europe-United
States & Canada. This route has been eclipsed by the Latin America-U.S. & Canada route, which
has seen an explosion in bandwidth.

7. Discuss potential problems with a rise in the number of driverless cars.

Some potential problems with self-driving cars are inherent in the current structure and
usage of our roadway system. For instance, existing road conditions and signage, as well as the
transition period during which some drivers on the road will be using autonomous vehicles and
some will be using traditional vehicles, could present serious complications for the
implementation of autonomous cars.

Road Condition and Signage

One issue facing self-driving car developers is how to deal with the varying road
conditions found across America. Driverless cars use lane markings, which their cameras
pick up, to center themselves in the correct lane. Many American roads, though, are
deteriorating, with faded markings that are difficult to detect. Moreover, some roads and
streets are simply unmarked, presenting quite an issue for driverless cars.

Transitional Time Before all Traditional Cars are Replaced by Level 3 or Level
4 Automated Cars

A large reason for the increased safety of autonomous cars is that they will all be
equipped with advanced cameras and the ability to communicate with each other. These
cars will be less likely to collide because they will each be aware of the other.

Unfortunately, though, there will be a long period of time during which

automated cars are sharing the roads with traditional, driver-driven cars. These
traditional cars are not able to communicate with driverless cars, and they are operated
by humans who are prone to erratic behavior. As people drive, they do things like text,
check social media, and even send emails on their phones. The presence of human-
driven vehicles will heavily negate the increased safety that driverless cars promise to
bring. To illustrate this point, consider that the Google cars being tested in full
 autonomous mode have traveled almost 1.5 million miles and have only been in 15
accidents. Fourteen of those accidents were caused by the fault of the drivers of the
non-autonomous cars or trucks.

Communication with Pedestrians

Human drivers are able to acknowledge pedestrians and cyclists around them, letting
them know that their presence is realized and it is safe for them to proceed into a
crosswalk or other area. With no driver, however, confusion could occur. One Swedish
company has proposed a solution for this by developing a "smiling car." When a car
approaches a crosswalk, it would "smile," thus letting pedestrians know that they have
been seen and are safe to proceed.

8. Categorize current technology trends.

Technology is now evolving at such a rapid pace that annual predictions of trends can
seem out-of-date before they even go live as a published blog post or article. As technology
evolves, it enables even faster change and progress, causing an acceleration of the rate of
change, until eventually, it will become exponential.

Technology-based careers don’t change at the same speed, but they do evolve, and the
savvy IT professional recognizes that his or her role will not stay the same.

(a) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence, or AI, has already received a lot of buzz in recent years,
but it continues to be a trend to watch because its effects on how we live, work and
play are only in the early stages. In addition, other branches of AI have developed,
including Machine Learning, which we will go into below. AI refers to computer systems
built to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks such as recognition of images,
speech or patterns, and decision making. AI can do these tasks faster and more
accurately than humans.

(b) Machine Learning

Machine Learning is rapidly being deployed in all kinds of industries, creating a

huge demand for skilled professionals. The Machine Learning market is expected to
grow to $8.81 billion by 2022. Machine Learning applications are used for data analytics,
data mining and pattern recognition. On the consumer end, Machine Learning powers
web search results, real-time ads, and network intrusion detection, to name only a few
of the many tasks it can do.

(c) Robotic Process Automation or RPA

Like AI and Machine Learning, Robotic Process Automation, or RPA, is another

technology that is automating jobs. RPA is the use of software to automate business
processes such as interpreting applications, processing transactions, dealing with data,
and even replying to emails. RPA automates repetitive tasks that people used to do.
These are not just the menial tasks of a low-paid worker: up to 45 percent of the
activities we do can be automated, including the work of financial managers, doctors,
and CEOs.

(d) Edge Computing

As the quantity of data we’re dealing with continues to increase, we’ve realized
the shortcomings of cloud computing in some situations. Edge computing is designed to
help solve some of those problems as a way to bypass the latency caused by cloud
computing and getting data to a data center for processing. It can exist on the edge, if
you will, closer to where computing needs to happen. For this reason, edge computing
can be used to process time-sensitive data in remote locations with limited or no
connectivity to a centralized location. In those situations, edge computing can act like
mini datacenters. Edge computing will increase as the use of the Internet of Things
(IoT) devices increases. By 2022, the global edge computing market is expected to
reach $6.72 billion. As with any growing market, this will create various jobs, primarily
for software engineers.

(e) Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) immerses the user in an environment while Augment Reality
(AR) enhances their environment. Although VR has primarily been used for gaming thus
far, it has also been used for training, as with Virtual Ship, a simulation software used to
train U.S. Navy, Army and Coast Guard ship captains. The popular Pokémon Go is an
example of AR.

Both VR and AR have enormous potential in training, entertainment, education,

marketing, and even rehabilitation after an injury. Either could be used to train doctors
to do surgery, offer museum-goers a deeper experience, enhance theme parks, or even
enhance marketing, as with this Pepsi Max bus shelter.

(f) Cyber security

Cyber security might not seem like emerging technology, given that it has been
around for a while, but it is evolving just as other technologies are. That’s in part
because threats are constantly new. The malevolent hackers who are trying to illegally
access data are not going to give up any time soon, and they will continue to find ways
to get through even the toughest security measures. It’s also in part because new
technology is being adapted to enhance security. As long as we have hackers, we will
have cyber security as an emerging technology because it will constantly evolve to
defend against those hackers.
 Many cyber security jobs pay six-figure incomes, and roles can range from the
ethical hacker to security engineer to Chief Security Officer, offering a promising career
path for someone who wants to get into and stick with this domain.

(g) Block chain

In the simplest of terms, block chain can be described as data you can only add
to, not take away from or change. Hence the term chain because you’re making a chain
of data. Not being able to change the previous blocks is what makes it so secure. In
addition, block chains are consensus-driven, so no one entity can take control of the
data. With block chain, you don’t need a trusted third-party to oversee or validate
transactions. You can refer to our Block chain tutorial for a detailed and thorough
understanding of the technology.

Several industries are involving and implementing block chain, and as the use of
block chain technology increases, so too does the demand for skilled professionals. In
that regard, we are already behind. According to Techcrunch.com, block chain-related
jobs are the second-fastest growing category of jobs, with 14 job openings for every
one block chain developer.

(h) Internet of Things (IoT)

Many things are now being built with Wi-Fi connectivity, meaning they can be
connected to the Internet and to each other. Hence, the Internet of Things, or IoT. The
Internet of Things is the future and has already enabled devices, home appliances, cars
and much more to be connected to and exchange data over the Internet. And we’re
only in the beginning stages of IoT: the number of IoT devices reached 8.4 billion in
2017 is expected to reach 30 billion devices by 2020.

As consumers, we’re already using and benefitting from IoT. We can lock our
doors remotely if we forget to when we leave for work and preheat our ovens on our
way home from work, all while tracking our fitness on our Fit bits and hailing a ride with
Lift. But businesses also have much to gain now and in the near future. The IoT can
enable better safety, efficiency, and decision making for businesses as data is collected
and analyzed. It can enable predictive maintenance, speed up medical care, improve
customer service, and offer benefits we haven’t even imagined yet.

9. Examine current trends in information technology and look ahead to

what is coming next.

Information technology is an industry on the rise, and business structure, job growth,
and emerging technology will all shift in the coming years. Current trends are improving and
presenting new functions in fields like medicine, entertainment, business, education, marketing,
law enforcement, and more. Still, other much-anticipated technology is only now coming on the
scene.
 Innovations in IT change internal company processes, but they are also altering the way
customers experience purchasing and support — not to mention basic practices in life, like
locking up your home, visiting the doctor, and storing files. The following trends in information
technology are crucial areas to watch in 2019 and viable considerations that could influence
your future career choices.

The latest technology methods and best practices of 2019 will primarily stem from
current trends in information technology. Advancements in IT systems relate to what the
industry is leaning toward or disregarding now. Information technology is advancing so rapidly
that new developments are quickly replacing current projections.

(a) Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a network of resources a company can access, and this

method of using a digital drive increases the efficiency of organizations. Instead of local
storage on computer hard drives, companies will be freeing their space and conserving
funds. According to Forbes, 83 percent of enterprise workloads will be in the cloud by
2020, which means 2019 will show an increasing trend closing in on this statistic.

Organizations will transfer their stored files across multiple sources using
virtualization. Companies are already using this level of virtualization, but will further
embrace it in the year to come. Less installation across company computers is another
positive result of cloud computing because the Internet allows direct access to shared
technology and information. The freedom of new products and services makes cloud
computing a growing trend.

(b) Mobile Computing and Applications

Mobile phones, tablets, and other devices have taken both the business world
and the personal realm by storm. Mobile usage and the number of applications
generated have both skyrocketed in recent years. Now, 77 percent of Americans own
smartphones a 35 percent increase since 2011. Pew Research Center also shows using
phones for online use has increased and fewer individuals use traditional Internet
services like broadband.

(c) Big Data Analytics

Big data is a trend that allows businesses to analyze extensive sets of

information to achieve variety in increasing volumes and growth of velocity. Big data has
a high return on investment that boosts the productivity of marketing campaigns, due to
its ability to enable high-functioning processing. Data mining is a way companies can
predict growth opportunities and achieve future success. Examination of data to
understand markets and strategies is becoming more manageable with advances in data
analytic programs.
 (d) Automation

Another current trend in the IT industry is automated processes. Automated

processes can collect information from vendors, customers, and other documentation.
Automated processes that check invoices and other accounts-payable aspects expedite
customer interactions. Machine processes can automate repetitive manual tasks, rather
than assigning them to employees. This increases organization-wide productivity,
allowing employees to use their valuable time wisely, rather than wasting it on tedious
work.

Automation can even produce more job opportunities for IT professionals trained
in supporting, programming, and developing automated processes. Machine learning
can enhance these automated processes for a continually developing system. Automated
processes for the future will extend to groceries and other automatic payment methods
to streamline the consumer experience.

Emerging Trends in Information Technology

Trends in information technology emerging in 2019 are new and innovative ways for
the industry to grow. These movements in information technology are the areas
expected to generate revenue and increase demand for IT jobs. Pay attention to these
technological changes and unique products that enhance business operations.

10. Brainstorm on the different technologies that exist currently.

So many new technologies have appeared in the past half century that it’s impossible to
list them all. But these 10 high-tech breakthroughs stand out over the last 50 years because
they’ve revolutionized the way Americans live. We look back at their beginnings, as well as
where they’ve taken us today.

(a) Voice assistants

In four years, the majority of American households are expected to own a voice
assistant device like an Amazon Echo or an Apple Home pod. Thanks to the power of
artificial intelligence (AI), voice assistants will grow increasingly helpful. Voice assistants
are making a significant impact in markets across the globe, and some observers expect
that in the future we will communicate with technology through voice rather than text.

(b) Crispr

Imagine a world where crushing genetic diseases like Huntington's and cystic
fibrosis can be cured. Thanks to crispr, genetic disease may be eliminated. As a result,
crispr has the power to permanently eliminate certain types of genetic diseases from
blood lines. The technology has already been used to eliminate cancer in some patients,
and early results show that it may be possible to cure genetically caused blindness as
well.

(c) Robot assistants

Companies like Boston Dynamics have already developed a wide variety of robot
assistants that can be used in factories or on the battlefield. The company originally
started as an arm of MIT and has since pioneered the development of intelligent robots
that operate effectively in the real world.

(d) Augmented and mixed reality

Just a few years ago, it was unclear whether augmented or mixed reality would
take off. Given the fact that tech giants like Apple are investing billions of dollars in
augmented reality hardware, it's pretty clear that it's only a matter of time before the
tech goes mainstream.

For example, Apple's latest phones are equipped with augmented reality
capabilities, and a recent report suggests that the company is working on an AR headset
that will replace the iPhone in two to three years.

(e) Regenerative medicine

Though it may sound like science fiction, doctors are already producing made-to-
order body parts. To get started, doctors scrape cells off the body part in question and
grow them in a petri dish. In time, the body part grows strong enough that it can be
implanted inside the patient.

One company, Organovo, has developed a printer capable of 3D printing body

parts. In time, this new technology will become increasingly mainstream, providing
patients with lifesaving organ replacements.

(f) Driverless vehicles

Automakers like Tesla, General Motors and Volvo have already developed semi-
autonomous vehicles. But self-driving technology is rapidly evolving. General Motors
announced that it will launch a car that has no steering wheel or pedals by 2019.

Uber, meanwhile, is leading the push for pilotless flying vehicles, and has teamed
up with NASA to develop an air-traffic-control system. Uber is also working with aircraft
manufacturers to develop prototypes, with the intention of launching a beta program in
2020.

(g) Reusable rockets

 One of the costliest aspects of space exploration is the building of sophisticated
and powerful rockets capable of transporting thousands of pounds of equipment into
space. The fact that we have figured out how to land rockets -- even the large ones
used to launch the Falcon Heavy -- will help to reduce the cost of space travel.

(h) Crypto currency

Crypto currency may be controversial today, but it has steadily become

increasingly mainstream. Some of the largest hedge funds are betting on Bit coin --
which is just the beginning of a crypto currency revolution.

(i) Quantum computing

Quantum computers rely on quantum bits to carry information. These bits can
exist in a state which allow quantum computers to process challenging datasets much
better than traditional computers do. As a result, quantum computing can help to
produce serious machine-learning breakthroughs that might otherwise be impossible
solve.

While the technology is still in its early stages, companies like Microsoft and
Google are investing billions in developing supercomputers capable of developing highly
accurate predictive models. These models can be used in everything from self-driving
cars to marketing campaigns.

(j) Artificial intelligence and automation

Some of the world's biggest brands are increasingly turning to automation in

order to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Big-box retailers use automated
warehouses to sort and ship products, while social media networks use automation to
moderate comments, and credit card companies use automation to detect fraud.

11. Describe how wearable technologies could improve overall

health care.

Wearable technologies are also used for patient management and disease management.
The wearable applications can directly impact clinical decision making. Some believe that
wearable technologies could improve the quality of patient care while reducing the cost of care,
such as patient rehabilitation outside of hospitals

Researchers at Stanford University recently reported that wearable sensors paired with
advanced algorithms can predict the onset of infection, inflammation, and insulin resistance by
monitoring heart rate, physical activity, skin temperature and other pieces of health data.

12. Cite the pros and cons of an automated car.

 Driverless cars, which are also known as self-driving or autonomous vehicles, are the
future of transportation. Various car brands from all over the world have already expressed
great interest in them, mainly because of the transformation that they can bring into the
transport industry. These machines depend on sensors to favorably interact with the
environment around them. They can be exciting, but terrifying at the same time. Let’s start with
the advantages. The following are several positive changes that self-driving cars can bring into
our world.

(a) Saving human lives

Studies show that 85% of road accidents are as a result of human mistakes.
These include drunken driving, over-speeding, overloading and using mobile phones
while on the road. The use of driverless cars can help to curb this problem since no
drivers are required. This will reduce the number of human lives that are lost every day
due to road fatalities.

(b) Quick transportation

How late do you get for work due to traffic jams? Autonomous cars can sense
the cars that are close by and even communicate with them. With them, road
congestions will be a thing of the past. You can comfortably arrive at your destination
on time since they will have increased speed limits.

(c)Safety

Self-driving cars eliminate driving risks. They can be accessed by people who
cannot drive or have been considered to be a danger while on the road. This guarantees
not only their safety but also that of other drivers as well as passengers. You can feel
secure while in these cars, even when you are underage, unwell or disabled. Driverless
cars would be very appreciated by people who have hearing loss, because nowadays
you need profound hearing to be able to have cognitive driving skills down the road.

(e) Economic advantages

With fewer road crashes, there is less property destruction. Victims of such
fatalities do not have to purchase other cars and spend huge amounts of money on
medical bills. Driverless cars help to save money that can be used on profitable
investments. Consequently, a person who owns an autonomous car can live a better life
since they can afford their basic needs and even some luxuries.

(f) Conserving the environment

Self-driving cars are environmentally friendly. They do not have combustion

engines like regular vehicles. Instead, they use electricity. This reduces air pollution due
to the production of emissions. Activities that lead to their releases, like re-accelerating
and braking, are non-existent because these vehicles can maintain safe distances from
one another. They also have consistent speeds. This helps to keep our environment safe
to support both human and animal life.

(g) Fantastic riding experiences

Another benefit of using driverless vehicles is that they allow the passengers to
have great riding experiences. You don’t have to concentrate on what is happening on
the road. Instead, you can watch TV, listen to music or chat with your friends as you
wait to arrive at your destination. With them, your ride to or from work is something
that you can look forward to all day. They also reduce fatigue due to driving over long
distances. This means that you can travel overnight and even sleep in your car.

(h) Reduction in car thefts

Autonomous cars are self-aware. This makes stealing them extremely difficult. If
you own one, you will not have to worry yourself sick whenever you pack it away from
home. There is a high chance that it is safe from burglars and robbers even when you
are in an unsafe neighborhood.

(i) Hacking

One of the downsides of using autonomous cars is that they are prone to hacks.
Like all computer systems, they come with specifically programmed software. Criminal
hackers can take advantage of this to create glitches and errors that can lead to
accidents. They can also reprogram the vehicles to do what they want; without the
owner’s consent.

(j) Joblessness

There is also a fear that self-driving cars will lead to a massive loss of jobs. Taxi,
truck and even Uber drivers will lose their jobs since their services will no longer be
required. Thus, they would have to look for other means of earning a living.

There is no doubt that driverless vehicles can change the transportation industry.
They can reduce road accidents, environmental pollution and economic loses. They also
allow you to enjoy your riding experiences.