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2005 - lecture 6
Manhattan Project
2005 - lecture 6
Manhattan Project Scientists:
Soldiers out of Uniform
2005 - lecture 6
Back in the U.S…
• Vannevar Bush and the National Defense Research
Council (NRDC) take over US uranium work. James
Conant (chemist and pres. of Harvard put in charge)
Arthur Compton
V. Bush Karl Compton
A. Loomis
E. Lawrence
J. Conant
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• 1940-41: Money begins to flow
– July 1940 - $40,000 more put into work
• Efforts directed not for bomb but for Enrico
Fermi’s studies of uranium reactor.
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• By fall of 1941, Compton, Conant,
Lawrence, Bush – encouraged by MAUD
report – urge FDR to undertake large bomb
project.
• FDR separates scientists from policy
decisions.
• FDR (informally) authorizes $1.2 million
and urges crash program.
• December 6, 1941: FDR authorizes the
Manhattan Engineering District.
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Manhattan Project Expands
• After Pearl Harbor, FDR OK’s some $1.2
million to be spent.
• American bomb effort re-named the
Manhattan Project
• Put under U.S. Army control in 1942.
– Why the Army?
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Questions for the Manhattan Project
and a mission
• Is a chain reaction possible in practice?
• How to produce bomb-grade uranium and
plutonium?
• A successful bomb project – needs
industrial-scale resources, superior
management, and the will to succeed.
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The Met Lab
• The Metallurgical Laboratory at the
University of Chicago founded early 1942
– Run by Nobel laureate Arthur Compton
– Fermi moves from Columbia to Chicago
• Some of the Met Lab’s goals:
– Prove that a chain reaction is possible
– Develop ways to extract Pu from U
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Fermi and Chicago Pile-1
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Stagg Field, Chicago
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The New World
• James Conant receives
coded message from
Compton:
– “The Italian navigator
has landed in the New
World.”
• First controlled
nuclear reaction.
• Produced miniscule
half a watt of energy.
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Szilard
Fermi
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Two weeks after CP-1 debuts…
• FDR approves another $250 million (about
$3 billion today) to scale up to production.
• American expertise in industrial production
to make U-235 and Pu-239.
– This is an area where America excels.
• The Manhattan Project is now less of a
scientific endeavor than massive
engineering effort.
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
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Managing the Manhattan Project
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Gen. Leslie R. Groves… “the angriest
officer in the Army.”
• b. 1896 – d.1970
• College education; Army Corps
of Engineers; in charge of
building the Pentagon.
• His assignment – “Draw up
plans for the organization,
construction, operation and
security of the project, and after
approval, take the necessary
steps to put it into effect.”
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Groves’ Challenges
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
• Groves picks 3 major sites
for building the atomic
bomb
– Oak Ridge, TN – uranium
processing
– Hanford, WA – plutonium
production
– Los Alamos, NM – scientific
research, design, construction,
and testing (operated by Univ.
of Calif.)
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
Oak Ridge, TN
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Early View of Oak Ridge
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Gaseous diffusion plant; Oak Ridge
$500M; 12,000 workers
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Producing U-235 at Oak Ridge
• Two methods pursued in tandem: gaseous
diffusion and electromagnetic separation.
• As Groves said, “If there is a choice
between two methods, one of which is good
and the other looks promising, then build
both.”
• Both methods based on different
size/weight of U-235 vs. U-238. Goal was a
few ounces of U-235 a day.
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1. Gaseous diffusion done first
– Plant (codename K-25) built at cost of $10.7
billion [2003 dollars]
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Electromagnetic Separation
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“Calutron” Operators at Oak Ridge
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“Racetrack” for Separating U-235
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What they want…
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
Hanford, WA
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Life at Hanford
• A story of superlatives – Hanford becomes
fourth largest city in WA while reactors are
built.
– Largest general delivery post office in the
world
– Work week – 54 hours over 6 days
– Meals – 50 tons a day – were 69 cents for all
you could eat.
• Science vs. engineering at Hanford
2005 - lecture 6
Building an Atomic Infrastructure
Hanford, WA
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T Plant, Chemical Separation Building,
Hanford, Washington
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
Hanford, WA
2005 - lecture 6
Building an Atomic Infrastructure
• By the end of 1944: both uranium and
plutonium suitable for bombs are being
produced at industrial-scale facilities.
• The bigger picture…by end of 1944,
Germany appears almost
defeated…Question: Why continue with
Manhattan Project?
– Note: Japanese fleet considered a possible
target as early as 1943.
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Building an Atomic Infrastructure
• The bigger picture: Investing several
hundred million dollars into massive
factories producing large amounts of
uranium and plutonium indicated one key
thing:
• The US was permanently committing
itself to atomic weapons.
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War Developments
• Firebombing of Hamburg
(July 1943); 45,000 civilians
killed.
– Stated goal: “To destroy
Hamburg”
– Why? “shortening and winning
the war.”
• One atrocity in escalating
war of atrocities – Bataan,
concentration camps, Soviet
front.
• Dresden, Berlin, Tokyo, etc.
all firebombed.
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Meanwhile, on a desert mesa in
New Mexico…
2005 - lecture 6