SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. Komal Bashir

SUBMITTED BY:
Sumbal
ROLL NO:
1825110047
&
Seemaab Aftab
ROLL NO:
1825110043
SECTION: (B)

COMPUTER SUBMISSION DATE:

February 7th,2020

GRAPHICS
LCWU
QUESTION 1:
What is the working of LCD’s and LED’s?

WORKING OF LCD

Definition:
 The LCD is defined as the diode that uses small cells and the ionized gases for the production
of images. The LCD works on the modulating property of light. 

Working:
The working principle of the LCD is of two types. They are the dynamic scattering type
and the field effects type. Their details explanation is shown below.

1. Dynamic Scattering

When the potential carrier flows through the light, the molecular alignment of the liquid
crystal disrupts, and they produce disturbances. The liquid becomes transparent when
they are not active. But when they are active their molecules turbulence causes scattered
of light in all directions, and their cell appears bright. This type of scattering is known as
the dynamic scattering. The construction of the dynamic scattering of the liquid crystal
cell is shown in the figure

2. Field Effect Type

The construction of liquid crystals is similar to that of the dynamic scattering types the
only difference is that in field effect type LCD the two thin polarizing optical fibers are
placed inside each glass sheet. The liquid crystals used in field effect LCDs are of
different scattering types that operated in the dynamic scattering cell.
The field affects type LCD uses the nematic material which twisted the energized light
passing through the cell. The nematic type material means the liquid crystals in which the
molecules are arranged in parallel but not in a well-defined plane. The light after passing
through the nematic material passing through the optical filters and appears bright. When
the cell has energized no twisting of light occurs, and the cell appears dull.
 WORKING OF LED

Definition:

 The LED is a PN-junction diode which emits light when an electric current passes through it in
the forward direction. In the LED, the recombination of charge carrier takes place. The electron
from the N-side and the hole from the P-side are combined and gives the energy in the form of
heat and light.

Working:

The working of the LED depends on the quantum theory. The quantum theory states that when
the energy of electrons decreases from the higher level to lower level, it emits energy in the form
of photons. The energy of the photons is equal to the gap between the higher and lower level.

The LED is connected in the forward biased, which allows the current to flows in the forward
direction. The flow of current is because of the movement of electrons in the opposite direction.
The recombination shows that the electrons move from the conduction band to valence band and
they emit electromagnetic energy in the form of photons. The energy of photons is equal to the
gap between the valence and the conduction band.
The material in an LED is selected in such a way that the wavelength of the released photons
falls within the visible portion of the light spectrum. Light emitting diodes can be switched ON
and OFF at a very fast speed of 1 ns.
QUESTION:2
Explain the latest display device used with their design
display technology?

 Electroluminescent Display

Electroluminescence is a phenomenon where materials can emit light in response to the electric
current. To make use of this phenomenon, electroluminescent display uses gallium arsenide
(GaAs) as an electroluminescent material. The basic structure of electroluminescent display
consists of electrode layers at the top and bottom. Active Matrix, Thin Film and Thick Dielectric
are the three types of electroluminescent displays.

 Electronic Paper

Electronic Paper also known as e-paper is a term for display technologies resembling a paper. E
Ink is now one of the popular e-paper display technologies. E Ink displays are made of some tiny
capsules which consist of black and white particles. With the help of electricity either the black
or white particles rise up towards the capsule and thereby change the color of the pixel. In order
to make an e-ink display, first the ink is printed to a sheet made of plastic which acts as the front
plane of the e-ink display. The plastic sheets are thereafter laminated onto the active matrix
backplanes forming the e-ink display.

 Plasma Display

Plasma panel displays text or graphics using the light from large number of tiny plasma cells.
Each pixel is made up of three sub cells which emit red, green and blue lights for color display.
Plasma display is thinner than its CRT counter parts and wider display panels can be created
using plasma technology. Plasma is an ionized gas containing free-flowing ions and electrons.
Under normal condition, gas inside the chamber is neutral. Plasma is created by applying very
high voltage across the electrodes on the sides of the gas chamber.

 Digital Light Processing Technology

DLP technology basically uses an optical semiconductor device known as Digital Micro

Mirror Device. This device is a small light switch that can modulate the light through many
microscopic mirrors arranged in a rectangular array. By using a DMD, digital video, light source,
projection lens and mirrors this DLP system can reflect a digital image to the surface. When the
mirrors tilt towards the light source, they are in the ON state otherwise they are OFF. Depending
upon the state of the micro mirrors, they project light or dark pixels to the screen.
QUESTION:3
What is meant by OpenGL, GLU, GLUT?
OpenGL
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is the computer industry's standard application program
interface ( API ) for defining 2-D and 3-D graphic images. 
OpenGL is usually thought of as an Application Programming Interface (API). The OpenGL
API has been exposed to a number of languages. But the one that they all ultimately use at their
lowest level is the C API.
By using OpenGL, a developer can use the same code to render graphics on a Mac, PC, or
mobile device. Nearly all modern operating systems and hardware devices support OpenGL,
making it an easy choice for graphics development. Additionally, many video cards and
integrated GPUs are optimized for OpenGL, allowing them to process OpenGL commands more
efficiently than other graphics libraries
GLU
The OpenGL Utility Library (GLU) is a computer graphics library for OpenGL. It consists of
a number of functions that use the base OpenGL library to provide higher-level drawing routines
from the more primitive routines that OpenGL provides. It is usually distributed with the base
OpenGL package. GLU is not implemented in the embedded version of the OpenGL
package, OpenGL ES.
All GLU functions start with the  GLU prefix. An example function is  gluOrtho2D  which
defines a two dimensional orthographic projection matrix.

GLUT
The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) is a library of utilities for OpenGL programs, which
primarily perform system-level I/O with the host operating system. Functions performed include
window definition, window control, and monitoring of keyboard and mouse input. Routines for
drawing a number of geometric primitives (both in solid and wireframe mode) are also provided,
including cubes, spheres and the Utah teapot. GLUT also has some limited support for creating
pop-up menus.
The two aims of GLUT are to allow the creation of rather portable code between operating
systems (GLUT is cross-platform) and to make learning OpenGL easier. Getting started with
OpenGL programming while using GLUT often takes only a few lines of code and does not
require knowledge of operating system–specific windowing APIs.
QUESTION:4
What is 3D Image? Which tools are used for 3D Image and
animation creation.
3D IMAGE
Definition:
3D imaging is a technique to develop or create the illusion of
depth in an image. 3D imaging is the process of manipulating
2D data into three dimensional format, creating the illusion of
depth.  The purpose of a 3D image is to provide users with a
realistic replica of the object for quality control purposes.
3D imaging relies on stereography, which we can observe from a familiar source: The
human vision system. Humans see things with two eyes set slightly apart. This allows them
to perceive depth in addition to the horizontal and vertical information reproduced by, for
example, the standard 2D television screen. Two lenses are used in every 3D shot – each
captures an image slightly offset from the other. As a result, 3D images contain twice as
much information as 2D.

Tools used for 3D images and Animations creation:

 3D-Coat
 3D Slash
 AC3D
 Adobe Dimension
 3DVIA Shape
 Alibre Design
 AutoQ3D Community
 AutoQ3D
 Autodesk 3ds Max
 Autodesk Inventor
 Autodesk Revit
 Autodesk Maya
 Art of Illusion
 ArchiCAD
 Animation:Master
 Ajax Animator
 Blender Grease Pencil
 TupiTube
 SWFTools
 Flipnote Studio
 Flipnote Studio 3D
 Autodesk Animator Pro
 Mediator
 RETAS
 QUESTION:5
List commonly used graphics software for image
drawing and creating animations?
Graphic Software
 GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
 Inkscape(drawing and painting tool )
  Draw( Produce dynamic 3D illustrations)
 LibreOffice Draw(online diagramming and charting office tool)
  Artweaver(Free graphic editor )
 SmoothDraw (Supports tools-brushes with different profile and type)
 Artflow( Most popular app for drawing)
  Sketch Master (professional paint and drawing app)
 Sketcher FREE ( An interesting field for experimentation)
  Autodesk SketchBook (natural drawing app)
  Animation Desk ( intuitive drawing interface)
 KolourPaint (easy-to-use paint program for KDE )
  MyPaint(primarily for drawing, and not for processing images)
  Karbon (vector drawing application)
  Krita (powerful digital painting program)
 Pinta (free, open source drawing/editing program)
 Pencil2D (Program for creating bitmap and vector 2D animation)
 Infinite Design (app for android)

REFERENCES

 https://circuitglobe.com

 https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com

 https://www.elprocus.com
 https://www.mepits.com

 https://whatis.techtarget.com

 https://paroj.github.io

 https://techterms.com

 https://en.wikipedia.org

 https://pt.slideshare.net

 https://jgarantmc.com

 https://www.visiononline.org

 https://physicsworld.com

 https://www.surfaceproartist.com

 http://www.iamwire.com