ASSIGNMENT OF LCD&L

Working of LCD&LED

Name Farhan
Rol Number 40901
10/20/2023 Class BSCS(Evening)
Subject Basic Electronics
Submitted To Sir Ali Mujtaba
Submitted By Farhan Ramzan

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISLABAD (SAHIWAL CAMP

 ASSIGNMENT OF BASIC ELECTRONICS
LED DEFINATION:
LED, or Light Emitting Diode, is a semiconductor device that
emits light when an electric current passes through it. It is a fundamental
component of modern electronics and is widely used for various applications due
to its energy efficiency and longevity.

Here's a simplified explanation of how LEDs work:

Electroluminescence: LEDs operate on the principle of electroluminescence,
where the movement of electrons within a semiconductor material generates
photons (light).
Semiconductor Material: LEDs are typically made of a semiconductor material,
such as gallium arsenide or gallium nitride.
Energy Levels: Electrons in the semiconductor material exist at different energy
levels. When electrons drop from higher energy levels to lower ones, they release
energy in the form of light.
Band Gap: The energy difference between these levels is determined by the band
gap of the material, which dictates the color of light emitted.
P-N Junction: LEDs consist of a p-n junction where p-type (positive) and n-type
(negative) regions meet.
Forward Bias: When a voltage is applied across the p-n junction in the forward
bias direction, electrons are pushed from the n-side to the p-side.
Electron-Hole Recombination: Electrons combine with "holes" (electron
vacancies) on the p-side, releasing energy in the form of photons.
Light Emission: The released photons are emitted as visible light. The wavelength
of the light depends on the band gap and material used.
Efficiency: LEDs are highly efficient because most of the energy is converted into
light, not heat.
Control: The color and intensity of LED light can be precisely controlled by varying
the semiconductor material and current supplied, making them ideal for various
applications, from indicator lights to full-color displays.
LCD DEFINATION:
LCD stands for "Liquid Crystal Display." It is a type of flat-panel display
technology that uses liquid crystals to modulate the passage of light, producing images and text
on screens commonly used in televisions, computer monitors, and mobile devices”

Here's a simplified explanation of how LCDs work:

Liquid Crystals: The key component of an LCD is the liquid crystal material. Liquid
crystals are a unique state of matter that has properties of both liquids and solids.
These molecules can change their orientation when an electric current is applied.
Polarization: In an LCD, two layers of glass are used, each of which has a polarizing
filter. The first polarizing filter aligns the incoming light waves in one direction. The
liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between these polarizers.
Liquid Crystal Manipulation: The liquid crystal layer consists of tiny cells that can
twist and turn when an electric voltage is applied. By adjusting the voltage applied
to each cell, the orientation of the liquid crystals can be controlled, allowing them
to either block or pass light.
Color Filters: In color LCD displays, such as those used in most TVs and computer
monitors, there are red, green, and blue color filters over each pixel. By precisely
controlling the voltage applied to each pixel and combining the filtered colors, a
full range of colors can be displayed.
Liquid Crystal Pixels: Each pixel on the LCD screen corresponds to a tiny cell of
liquid crystals. By changing the orientation of the liquid crystals in each pixel, it's
possible to control the amount of light that passes through. When the liquid
crystals are oriented to allow light through, the pixel appears as a bright spot, and
when they block light, the pixel appears dark.
Backlight: Most LCD displays use a backlight source to provide illumination. This
backlight shines through the liquid crystal layer and color filters, allowing the
individual pixels to create different colors and shades.
Displaying Images: The electronic control circuitry of the LCD manipulates the
voltage applied to each pixel based on the input signal (e.g., video or computer
data). As a result, the liquid crystals in each pixel adjust their orientation, allowing
the display to create images and text.
LCDs offer several advantages, including energy efficiency, thin form factor, and
the ability to display sharp and vibrant images.
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