BAB

B B

5 Air dan Larutan

Water and Solution

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

i-THINK Peta Bulatan

Sifat fizik air seperti takat beku

BAB

dan ketumpatan
Physical characteristics of water

5
such as freezing point and density

Peringkat dalam sistem Elektrolisis air dan kesan

pembekalan air seperti
pengenapan dan penurasan
Stages in the water supply
system such as sedimentation
and filtration
bendasing terhadap takat lebur
dan takat didih air
Electrolysis of water and the effect
of impurities on the melting and
boiling points of water

AIR DAN
LARUTAN
Bekalan air seperti kitar WATER AND
semula air SOLUTION Faktor mempengaruhi kadar
Supply of water such as penyejatan air dan kadar
recycle of water keterlarutan seperti suhu
Factors that affect the rate of
evaporation of water and the
Kaedah pembersihan air seperti rate of solubility such as the
pendidihan dan penurasan temperature
Water purification methods such as
boiling and filtration

Larutan, koloid, pelarut air dan bukan air

Solution, colloid, water and organic solvents

APAKAH AIR DAN LARUTAN?

WHAT ARE WATER AND SOLUTION?
Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna dan merupakan komponen utama cecair
Bumi. Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah
bahan yang larut di dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut.
Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s liquid. A 
solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance that dissolves in
liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a substance.

62

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 62 12/28/17 3:35 PM


NOTA BESTARI
Sifat Fizik Air
1. Air ialah sebatian kimia yang dapat dipecahkan
kepada hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan
elektrik melalui proses elektrolisis.
2. Air ialah cecair tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan
tidak mempunyai rasa.
3. Takat lebur ais dan takat beku air ialah 0°C. Takat
didih air ialah 100°C.
4. Ketumpatan air ialah 1 g/cm3.
5. Daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan
membolehkan haiwan kecil seperti ayak-ayak
terapung di permukaan air.
6. Daya lekitan antara molekul air dan daya lekatan
antara molekul air dan dinding xilem menghasilkan
tindakan kapilari yang membolehkan air bergerak
dari akar ke daun.
7. Perubahan keadaan jirim air melibatkan penyerapan
dan pembebasan haba oleh air.
8. Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi
menurunkan takat beku air atau takat lebur ais.
Penyejatan Air
1. Penyejatan air ialah proses yang berlaku di
permukaan air yang menukarkan air menjadi wap
air pada sebarang suhu.
2. Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas
permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara
mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air.
3. Aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian
termasuklah pengeringan pakaian, pengeringan hasil
pertanian dan penyejukan badan.
4. Kehilangan air melalui proses penyejatan dalam
pertanian boleh dikurangkan dengan menutup
permukaan tanah dengan penutup plastik atau
bahan buangan organik.
5. Penyejukan melalui penyejatan berlaku dalam peti
sejuk.
Larutan
1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan
suatu bahan (zat terlarut).
2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu
pelarut.
3. Larutan ialah campuran yang dihasilkan apabila satu
atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut.
4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk
daripada zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu
pelarut.
5. Larutan cair ialah larutan yang mempunyai sedikit
zat terlarut di dalam pelarut.
6. Larutan pekat ialah larutan yang mempunyai banyak
zat terlarut di dalam pelarut.
7. Larutan tepu ialah larutan yang mempunyai zat
terlarut yang maksimum di dalam pelarut.
63
05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 63
1. Biodiversity is the variety of different types of organisms that live on
Physical Characteristics of Water
1. Water is a chemical compound that can be broken
down into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity
through the process of electrolysis.
2. Water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid.
3. The melting point of ice and the freezing point of
water is 0°C. The boiling point of water is 100°C.
4. The density of water is 1 g/cm3.
5. The cohesive force between the molecules of water
on the water surface enables small animals such as
daddy longlegs to float on the surface of water.
6. The cohesive force between the molecules of water
and the adhesive force between the molecules of
water and the xilem wall produce capillary action that
BAB
enables water to move from the roots to the leaves.
7. The changes of state of matter of water involve the
absorption and release of heat by water.
8. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but
5
decrease the freezing point of water or melting point
of ice.
Evaporation of water
1. Evaporation of water is a process that occurs on
the surface of water which changes water into water
vapour at any temperature.
2. The humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed
surface area of water and movement of air affect
the rate of evaporation of water.
3. The application of evaporation of water in daily life
includes drying clothes, drying agricultural product
and cooling the body.
4. The loss of water through the process of evaporation
in agriculture can be reduced by covering the surface
of the land with plastic covers or organic waste.
5. Cooling through evaporation takes place in the
refrigerator.
Solution
1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a
substance (solute).
2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or
more solutes dissolve in a solvent.
4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the
solute that is insoluble in a solvent.
5. A dilute solution is a solution that has very little
solute in the solvent.
6. A concentrated solution is a solution that has a lot
of solute in the solvent.
7. A saturated solution is a solution that has the
maximum amount of solute in the solvent.
12/28/17 3:35 PM
 Keterlarutan
1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum
zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut
pada suhu yang tertentu.
2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi
padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat
terlarut dalam pelarut.
3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut
yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk
campuran jernih atau mendakan.
4. Susu segar, susu getah dan minyak ikan kod adalah
contoh-contoh emulsi. Span mandi dan krim
pencukur adalah contoh-contoh busa.
5. Air ialah pelarut semesta kerana air dapat melarutkan
banyak jenis bahan.
Pelarut Bukan Air
1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti
minyak dan gris.
2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah
BAB
contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat
melarutkan kotoran organik.
5 Kaedah Pembersihan Air
1. Air daripada sumber-sumber semula jadi mempunyai
pelbagai jenis bendasing dan adalah tidak selamat
diminum atau digunakan secara terus.
2. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan,
penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan.
3. Negara yang tiada bekalan air boleh menyediakan
bekalan air daripada kitar semula air, mendapatkan
air daripada kabus dan mendapatkan air daripada
lautan secara osmosis berbalik.
Sistem Pembekalan Air
1. Sumber air yang utama di negara kita ialah air hujan
dan air sungai.
2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan
dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian
dipamkan ke loji pembersihan air.
3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air
adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan,
tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki
pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan,
tangki pemfluoridaan, tangki penyimpanan.
Kelestarian Air
1. Pencemaran air membawa kesan buruk terhadap
keseimbangan alam.
2. Air yang tercemar tidak boleh diminum atau
digunakan untuk mandi. Air yang tercemar
menyebabkan penyakit seperti penyakit taun.
64
05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 64
Solubility
1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum
quantity of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of
solvent at a certain temperature.
2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size of
solute and volume of solvent affect the rate at which
a solute dissolves in a solvent.
3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are
distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear
or precipitate mixture.
4. Fresh milk, latex and cod liver oil are examples of
emulsions. Bath sponge and shaving foam are
examples of foams.
5. Water is a universal solvent because it can dissolve
many types of substances.
Organic Solvents
1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil or
grease.
2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are
examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic
dirt.
Water Purification Method
1. Water from natural sources have various impurities
and is not safe for drinking or use indirectly.
2. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration,
chlorination and distillation.
3. Countries with no water supplies can obtain water
supplies from recycling water, obtaining water from
fog and from the ocean via reverse osmosis.
Water Supply System
1. The main sources of water in our country are
rainwater and river water.
2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water
are collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped
into water treatment plants.
3. The sequence in water purification in water treatment
plants is as follows: water reservoir, filtration tank,
oxidation tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation
tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank, fluoridation
tank and storage tank.
Water Sustainability
1. Water pollution brings about adverse effects on the
balance of nature.
2. Polluted water cannot be used for drinking or bathing.
Polluted water causes diseases such as cholera.
Nota Grafik
12/28/17 3:35 PM
 Standard Kandungan
5.1 Sifat fizik air Tarikh:

5.1 EKSPERIMEN Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air DSKP
KBAT INKUIRI The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan (a) Menentukan takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water
(b) Mengkaji kesan bendasing ke atas takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To study the effects of impurities on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water

Bahan dan Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku
Radas
kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort
Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker, thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand,
wire gauze, retort stand
Prosedur
termometer/thermometer

bikar/beaker

BAB
air suling/distilled water
panaskan

5
ais heat
ice

Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b)

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a).

Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a).
2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap).
Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature).
3 Susun radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b).
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (b).
4 Catat takat didih air suling.
Record the boiling point of distilled water.
5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke
dalam ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 4 by adding a spatula of
common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity.

Keputusan Takat lebur ais 0 ºC

The melting point of ice

Takat lebur ais + garam biasa –2

The melting point of ice + common salt ºC

Takat didih air suling 100

The boiling point of distilled water ºC

Takat didih air suling + garam biasa 102

The boiling point of distilled water + common salt ºC

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

Analisis A. Takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
Melting point of ice and boiling point of water TP2
1 Apakah yang berlaku pada ais pada takat lebur?
What happens to the ice at the melting point?
Ais bertukar menjadi air .
water
The ice changes into .

2 Apakah yang berlaku pada air suling pada takat didih?

What happens to the distilled water at the boiling point? TP2
Air suling bertukar menjadi gas ./The distilled water changes into gas
.

65

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 65 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 3 Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa
ais melebur dan air mendidih.
Name processes X and Y. Then, tick ( ✓ ) the heat change when ice melts and water
boils. TP1

✓ Haba diserap ✓ Haba diserap

Heat is absorbed Heat is absorbed
Haba dibebaskan Haba dibebaskan
Heat is released Heat is released
Ais/Ice Air/Water Gas/Gas
X Y

Proses X: Peleburan Proses Y: Pendidihan

Process X: Melting Process Y: Boiling

4 Apakah kesan penambahan garam biasa terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih
air?/What is the effect of adding common salt on the melting point of ice and boiling point
of water? TP2
Garam biasa mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan

takat didih air./Common salt decreases the melting point of ice but
increases
BAB

the boiling point of water.

5 (a) Berapakah takat beku air?/What is the freezing point of water? TP1

5 0°C

(b) Ramalkan takat beku air jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya.
Predict the freezing point of water if a little common salt is added to it. TP2
Lebih rendah daripada 0ºC/Lower than 0ºC

6 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sifat-sifat lain bagi air.

Complete the table below about other properties of water. TP2

(a) Warna air/Colour of water (b) Ketumpatan air/Density of water

Isi padu air/Volume of water = 200 cm3
Jisim air/Mass of water = 200 g
air
water 200 g = 1 g/cm3
Ketumpatan air =
Density of water 200 cm3
Tidak berwarna/Colourless

(c) Tegangan permukaan air (d) Tindakan kapilari air

Surface tension of water Capillary action of water

Tegangan permukaan membolehkan Kebolehan air untuk bergerak

graviti
ayak-ayak terapung di permukaan melawan melalui ruang
air. yang sempit .
Surface tension enables a daddy The ability of water to move against
Praktis float gravity narrow
longlegs to on water. in spaces.
Kendiri

Kesimpulan 1 Takat lebur ais ialah 0 °C dan takat didih air ialah 100 °C.
The melting point of ice is 0 °C and the boiling point of water is 100 °C .
2 Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air.
decrease increase
Impurities the melting point of ice but the boiling point of water.

66

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 66 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 Tarikh:

5.2 EKSPERIMEN Komposisi air DSKP

KBAT INKUIRI The composition of water Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Menjalankan elektrolisis untuk menentukan

Carry out electrolysis to determine
(a) komposisi air
the composition of water
(b) nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air
the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water

Bahan dan Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis,
Radas
silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya,
suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden
splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current power
supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch

Prosedur air suling ditambahkan silinder penyukat

dengan beberapa titik measuring cylinder
Y X
asid sulfurik cair

BAB
distilled water is added
with a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid

rod karbon
(elektrod)
carbon rods
(electrodes) suis
switch
+ -

12 V

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Tambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
3 Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus elektrik selama 10 minit.
Turn on the switch and allow electricity to flow for 10 minutes.
4 Catat isi padu gas yang terkumpul di dalam silinder penyukat X dan Y.
Record the volumes of gas that are collected in measuring cylinders X and Y.
5 Matikan suis apabila kedua-dua silinder penyukat itu telah diisi dengan gas.
Turn off the switch when both measuring cylinders are full of gas.
6 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat X dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder X with a burning wooden splinter.
7 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat Y dengan kayu uji berbara.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder Y with a glowing wooden splinter.
8 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

Galeri Info
fo
Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut
sel elektrolisis. Sel elektrolisis menggunakan tenaga
elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang
berlaku disebut elektrolisis.
The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an
electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to
decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes
place is called electrolysis.

67

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 67 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 Keputusan Silinder Isi padu Jenis gas
penyukat gas Ujian bagi gas terbebas
Measuring Volume of Test for gas Type of gas
cylinder gas (cm3) released

Menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’ Hidrogen

dengan kayu uji bernyala Hydrogen
X 10 ‘pop’ sound
Produces a with a
burning wooden splinter

Menyalakan kayu uji berbara Oksigen

Y 5 Lights up/Ignites Oxygen
a glowing wooden
splinter

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

Analisis 1 Apakah proses yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?
What is the process used in this activity? TP1
Elektrolisis/Electrolysis

2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1

BAB

(a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode

5 (b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode

3 Apakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen dan oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ini?
What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2
Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen
= 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1
4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen dan oksigen dalam satu molekul air?
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water? TP2
2:1

5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang
betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan atom oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H
dan O.
Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers. The
symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively. TP1

(a) Atom oksigen

Oxygen atom Simbol molekul air
Symbol of the molecule of water

HO HO2 H2O

(b) Atom hidrogen / Hydrogen atoms

6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titis asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling?
What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled
water? TP2
kekonduksian elektrik
Untuk meningkatkan air suling.
electrical conductivity
To increase the of the distilled water.

7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab.

Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason. TP2
Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah .
Praktis
Kendiri No poor electricity
. Pure distilled water is a conductor of .

Kesimpulan Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen .
hydrogen oxygen
One molecule of water contains two atoms and one atom.

68

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 68 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 Tarikh:

5.3 EKSPERIMEN Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air DSKP

KBAT BERPANDU Factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air

To study the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water

Pernyataan Adakah kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas permukaan air yang terdedah dan
Masalah pergerakan udara mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air?
Does the humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface area of water and movement of air
affect the rate of evaporation of water?

Hipotesis Kelembapan udara yang rendah , suhu persekitaran yang tinggi , luas
permukaan air terdedah yang besar dan pergerakan udara yang laju

meningkatkan kadar penyejatan air.

Low high large
humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed surface
fast
area of water and movement of air increase the rate of water evaporation.

Pemboleh (a) yang dimanipulasikan/that is manipulated:

Ubah

BAB
Kelembapan udara/Suhu persekitaran/Luas permukaan air yang terdedah/
Pergerakan udara
Humidity/Surrounding temperature/Exposed surface area of water/Movement of air
(b) yang bergerak balas/that responds:
5
Kadar penyejatan air/The rate of evaporation of water

(c) yang dimalarkan/that is kept constant:

Jenis kertas turas/The type of filter paper
Bahan dan Air, kalsium klorida kontang, benang, kertas turas, serkup kaca, penitis, bikar 100 ml,
Radas
pita selofan, botol besar, kipas elektrik, gunting, jubin putih
Water, anhydrous calcium chloride, thread, filter paper, bell jar, dropper, 100 ml beaker, sellotape,
a big bottle, electric fan, scissors, white tile

Prosedur dan 1 Sediakan susunan radas A, B, C dan D seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual.
Pemerhatian Set up apparatus A, B, C and D as shown in the table.
2 Dalam setiap eksperimen, letakkan tiga titis air ke atas setiap kertas turas.
For each experiment, drip three drops of water onto a filter paper.
3 Bagi setiap eksperimen, tuliskan kertas turas yang menjadi kering terlebih dahulu
di dalam petak yang disediakan.
For each experiment, write the filter paper which dries up first in the box provided.

A. Kelembapan udara B. Suhu persekitaran

Q R
Humidity Surrounding temperature
pita selofan
sellotape kertas turas
filter paper
serkup kaca
bell jar
benang R S
thread
P kertas turas Q
jubin putih
filter paper almari gelap
white tile
dark cupboard

• Letakkan kertas turas R di bawah

air/water kalsium klorida kontang cahaya matahari (atau lampu meja).
anhydrous calcium chloride Place filter paper R in sunlight (or set
up a table lamp).
• Letakkan susunan radas P dan Q di • Letakkan kertas turas S di dalam
dalam makmal. almari gelap.
Place apparatus P and Q in the Place filter paper S in a dark cupboard.
laboratory.

69

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 69 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 C. Luas permukaan air yang D. Pergerakan udara
Movement of air W
terdedah/Exposed surface
area of water
T
kertas turas
filter paper
kertas turas V W
kertas turas berlipat
filter paper folded filter
paper beg plastik kipas
U
T plastic bag fan

• Simpan kertas turas V di dalam beg

• Gantungkan kertas turas T dan U plastik.
di dalam makmal. Place filter paper V in a plastic bag.
Hang filter paper T and U in the • Halakan kipas ke arah kertas
laboratory. turas W.
Direct a fan at filter paper W.

Analisis
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan penyejatan air?
What is meant by evaporation of water? TP1
BAB

Proses perubahan air menjadi wap air yang berlaku di

5 permukaan air pada sebarang suhu.

The process in which
water
changes into a
water vapour
and it takes
place on the surface of water at any temperature.
2 Apakah fungsi kalsium klorida kontang dalam eksperimen A?
What is the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride in experiment A? TP2
Menyerap wap air dalam udara./Absorbs the water vapour
in the air.
3 Apakah jenis tenaga yang dibekalkan oleh cahaya matahari dalam eksperimen B?
What is the type of energy supplied by the Sun in experiment B? TP1
Tenaga haba/Heat energy
4 Terangkan mengapa kertas turas U dalam eksperimen C dilipat.
Explain why filter paper U in experiment C is folded. TP2
Untuk mengurangkan luas permukaan air yang terdedah.
surface area
To reduce the exposed of water.
5 Terangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air.
Explain the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water. TP2
(a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin rendah kadar penyejatan air.
slower
The higher the humidity is, the is the rate of evaporation of water.
(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar penyejatan air.
higher
The higher the temperature is, the is the rate of evaporation of water.
(c) Semakin besar luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin tinggi kadar
penyejatan air.
higher
The larger the exposed surface area of water is, the is the rate of evaporation
of water.
(d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar penyejatan air.
Praktis higher
Kendiri The faster the movement of air is, the is the rate of evaporation of water.

Kesimpulan 1 Adakah hipotesis diterima?/Is the hypothesis accepted? Ya/Yes

2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat?/What conclusion can be made?

Kadar penyejatan air dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan udara , suhu persekitaran ,
luas permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara .
humidity
The rate of evaporation of water is affected by the ,
surrounding temperature , exposed surface area of water and movement of air .

70

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 70 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 Tarikh:

5.4 AKTIVITI Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian DSKP

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Evaporation of water in daily life Kontekstual

1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian.

Tick ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life. TP1

(a) (b) (c)

✓ ✓

Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Pemprosesan air mineral Pengeringan pakaian basah
Drying fish or coconut Processing of mineral water Drying wet clothes

(d) (e) (f)

✓

BAB
5
Penghasilan garam Minyak wangi di badan Ubat gegat mengecil dan
daripada air laut menghasilkan bau mengeluarkan bau
Production of salt from seawater A perfume on the body gives out Mothballs become smaller and
a smell release a smell

2 Gambar foto di bawah menunjukkan amalan sesetengah petani.

The photograph below shows a practice of some farmers.

(a) Mengapakah petani menutup bahagian bawah

tanamannya dengan penutup plastik?
Why do the farmers cover the bottom part of their plants
with plastic covers? TP3/KBAT
Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air daripada
tanah melalui proses penyejatan

To reduce water loss from the soil through the

process of evaporation

(b) Cadangkan satu bahan yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan penutup plastik untuk
tujuan yang sama.
Suggest one material that can be used to replace the plastic covers for the same purpose. TP3/KBAT
Rumput kering/Dry grass

3 Lengkapkan pernyataan tentang prinsip penyejukan peti sejuk.

Complete the statements about the cooling principle of a refrigerator. TP4/KBAT

Diserap Penyejatan Menyejat Menurun Dibebaskan

Absorbed Evaporation Evaporates Decrease Released

Sebuah peti sejuk berfungsi berdasarkan prinsip penyejatan cecair penyejuk. Apabila cecair
ini menyejat menjadi wap, suhu akan menurun kerana tenaga haba diserap

daripada persekitaran dalaman dan dibebaskan melalui tiub-tiub logam di belakang peti sejuk.
A refrigerator works on the principle of evaporation of a cooling liquid. When the liquid evaporates

to become vapour, the temperature will decrease as heat energy is absorbed from the internal
surroundings and is released through the metal tubes behind the refrigerator.

71

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 71 12/28/17 3:35 PM

 Standard Kandungan
5.2 Larutan dan kadar keterlarutan Tarikh:

5.5 EKSPERIMEN Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu DSKP
KBAT INKUIRI Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu

To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

Bahan dan Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca
Radas Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau
dengan rod kaca.
Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with a glass rod.
2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.
Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak
larut lagi dalam air.
Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve any more in water.
4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.
BAB

Pemerhatian Adakah semua garam

5 Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat
Amount of copper(II) sulphate
Warna larutan
Colour of solution
larut?
Does all the salt dissolve?
1 spatula Biru muda Ya
1 spatula Light blue Yes
2 spatula Biru Ya
2 spatulas Blue Yes
Lebih daripada 2 spatula Biru tua Tidak
More than 2 spatulas Dark blue No

Analisis Daripada pemerhatian dalam aktiviti ini, kenal pasti jenis larutan yang terhasil
berdasarkan kuantiti garam yang ditambah dan padankan dengan maksud larutan itu.
From the observation in this activity, identify the types of solution produced based on the amounts
of salt added and match with the meanings of the solutions. TP2

Larutan tepu Larutan cair Larutan pekat

Saturated solution Dilute solution Concentrated solution

Kuantiti garam Larutan terhasil Maksud

Amount of salt Solution produced Meaning
1 spatula Larutan cair Larutan yang mengandungi zat
1 spatula Dilute solution terlarut yang berlebihan.
A solution that has excessive amount of
solute.
2 spatula Larutan pekat Larutan yang mengandungi sangat
2 spatulas Concentrated sedikit zat terlarut.
solution A solution that has very little solute.
Lebih daripada Larutan tepu Larutan yang mengandungi banyak
2 spatula Saturated solution zat terlarut.
More than 2 A solution that has a lot of solute.
Praktis
Kendiri spatulas

Kesimpulan Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan,
iaitu larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu .
There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are
dilute solution concentrated solution saturated solution
, and .

72

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 72 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.6 EKSPERIMEN Larutan dan ampaian DSKP

KBAT INKUIRI Solutions and suspensions Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Menunjukkan perbezaan antara larutan dengan ampaian

To show the differences between a solution and a suspension

Bahan dan Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula
Radas Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam
sebuah bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to
50 cm3 of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod.
2 Catat pemerhatian dan berikan sebab./Record the observation and give reasons.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder.

Pemerhatian Bahan Pemerhatian Sebab

Substance Observation Reason

BAB
Serbuk natrium Larutan jernih Larut
terbentuk. dalam air.
klorida
Sodium chloride
powder
A clear solution is formed. Dissolves in water.
5
Serbuk kanji Ampaian terbentuk. Tidak larut dalam air.
Starch powder suspension Does not dissolve
A is formed. in water.

Analisis 1 Daripada pemerhatian, lengkapkan ruang di bawah berdasarkan penerangannya.

From the observation, complete the spaces below based on their explanations. TP2

Larutan Zat terlarut Ampaian Pelarut

Solution Solute Suspension Solvent

(b) Zat terlarut/Solute (c) Larutan/Solution

• Serbuk natrium klorida • Larutan natrium klorida
Sodium chloride powder Sodium chloride solution

(a) Pelarut/Solvent
• Air/Water

(d) Bahan yang melarut dalam suatu cecair. Zat terlarut

A substance that dissolves in a liquid. Solute

(e) Cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut untuk membentuk Pelarut

suatu larutan. Solvent
A liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution.
(f) Campuran yang terbentuk apabila zat terlarut melarut Larutan
dalam suatu pelarut. Solution
A mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
(g) Campuran keruh yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang Ampaian
Praktis tidak melarut dalam suatu pelarut./A cloudy mixture Suspension
Kendiri containing a solute which is insoluble in a solvent.

Kesimpulan 1 Larutan mengandungi zat terlarut yang larut dalam air.

A solution contains a solute that dissolves in water.
2 Ampaian mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak larut yang terampai dalam air.
A suspension contains an insoluble solute that is suspended in water.

73

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 73 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.7 EKSPERIMEN Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut DSKP
KBAT BERPANDU Factors that affect the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air
To study the factors that affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water

Pernyataan Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam
Masalah air?
What are the factors that affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water?

Hipotesis Kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air dipengaruhi oleh saiz zat terlarut, suhu
pelarut, kadar kacauan dan isi padu pelarut.
The rate of solubility of a solute in water is affected by the size of solute, temperature of solvent,
the rate of stirring and volume of solvent.

Pemboleh (a) yang dimanipulasikan/that is manipulated:

Ubah
Saiz zat terlarut//Suhu pelarut/Kadar kacauan/Isi padu pelarut
The size of solute/Temperature of solvent/The rate of stirring/Volume of solvent
BAB

(b) yang bergerak balas/that responds:

Kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut/The rate of solubility of the solute
5 (c) yang dimalarkan/that is kept constant:
Kuantiti zat terlarut/Jenis pelarut/The quantity of solute/The type of solvent

Bahan dan Air, garam biasa kasar dan halus, penimbang, bikar 250 ml, rod kaca, kasa dawai,
Radas penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, spatula
Water, coarse and fine common salt, balance, 250 ml beaker, glass rod, wire gauze, Bunsen burner,
tripod stand, spatula

Prosedur 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Bagi setiap eksperimen, tuliskan bikar yang zat terlarutnya larut terlebih dahulu
di dalam petak yang disediakan.
For each experiment, write the beaker in which the solute dissolves first in the box provided.

A. Saiz zat terlarut B. Suhu pelarut

Q S
Size of solute Temperature of solvent

air S
water
rod kaca
glass rod garam halus
fine salt
P Q
R

panaskan
air air heat
water water

garam kasar garam halus garam halus

coarse salt fine salt fine salt

• Masukkan 5 g garam kasar dan • Masukkan 5 g garam halus masing-

5 g garam halus masing-masing
ke dalam dua buah bikar yang berisi
100 cm3 air.
Put 5 g of coarse salt and 5 g of fine salt
into two separate beakers containing
100 cm3 of water.
• Kacau campuran di dalam bikar.
Stir the mixtures in the beakers.
masing ke dalam dua buah bikar
yang berisi 100 cm3 air.
Put 5 g of fine salt into two separate
beakers containing 100 cm3 of water.
• Panaskan salah satu campuran di
dalam bikar.
Heat the mixture in one of the beakers.

74

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 74 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 C. Kadar kacauan D. Isi padu pelarut
T V
Rate of stirring Volume of solvent
rod kaca
rod kaca glass rod
glass rod
T U V 200 ml W
air air
water water 100 ml

garam halus garam halus

fine salt
• Masukkan 5 g garam halus masing-
masing ke dalam dua buah bikar
yang mengandungi 100 cm3 air.
Put 5 g of fine salt into two separate
beakers containing 100 cm3 of water.
• Kacau air di dalam salah satu bikar.
Stir the water in one of the beakers.
fine salt
• Masukkan 5 g garam halus ke
dalam 200 cm3 air dan 100 cm3 air
dalam dua buah bikar yang berbeza.
Add 5 g of fine salt into 200 cm3 and
100 cm3 of water in two separate beakers.
• Kacau campuran di dalam bikar.
Stir the mixtures in the beakers.

Analisis 1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan keterlarutan suatu bahan?

BAB
What is meant by solubility of substance? TP1
Kuantiti maksimum zat terlarut yang dapat larut dalam 100 ml pelarut

pada suhu yang tertentu. 5

maximum solvent
The amount of a solute which can dissolve in 100 ml of
temperature
at a fixed .

2 Terangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air.
Explain the factors which affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water. TP2
(a) Semakin kecil saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu
larut dalam air.
smaller
The the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut larut dalam air.
higher
The the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut dalam pelarut jika campuran dikacau .
stirred
A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is .
(d) Semakin besar isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu larut
larger
dalam pelarut./The the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute
will dissolve in the solvent.

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) cara-cara yang dapat meningkatkan kadar keterlarutan kiub gula

dalam air./Tick ( ✓ ) the methods that can increase the rate of solubility of sugar cubes in
water. TP2
Memecahkan kiub gula Pengacauan
✓ ✓
Break the sugar cubes Stirring
Tambah kiub gula Tambah lebih banyak air
✓
Add sugar cubes Add more water
Tambah air panas
Praktis ✓
Kendiri Add hot water

Kesimpulan 1 Adakah hipotesis diterima?/Is the hypothesis accepted? Ya/Yes

2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat?/What conclusion can be made?

Kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dipengaruhi oleh saiz zat terlarut ,
suhu pelarut , kadar kacauan dan isi padu pelarut .
size of solute temperature of solvent
The rate of solubility of a solute is affected by the , ,
rate of stirring volume of solvent
and .

75

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 75 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Koloid dan pelarut semesta
Colloid and universal solvent
DSKP
Kontekstual

1 Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid.

Koloid merupakan suatu bentuk campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara
sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap.
A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are distributed evenly. The colloid does not form clear
mixtures and also does not settle down.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta bulatan di
bawah.
Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the circle maps below. TP1

Koloid
Colloid

Susu segar
Fresh milk Span mandi
Bath sponge
BAB

5
Susu getah/Latex

Gelembung-
gelembung dalam m
minuman bergas
Minyak ikan kod Krim putar Mayonis Bubbles in Krim pencukur
Cod liver oil Whipped cream Mayonnaise carbonated drinks Shaving foam

(a) (b)

Span mandi
Minyak ikan kod Bath sponge
Cod liver oil

Krim
pencukur
Susu getah Shaving foam Krim putar
Susu segar Busa Whipped cream
Emulsi Latex
Fresh milk
Emulsions Foams

Gelembung-gelembung
Mayonis dalam minuman bergas
Mayonnaise Bubbles in carbonated drinks

2
Air melarutkan kebanyakan bahan. Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik
dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri pembuatan makanan dan minuman,
pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan pelbagai jenis bahan kimia.
Water dissolves most substances. Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material
in the manufacture of food and beverage, agriculture and medicine industries. Water is used for
dissolving various types of chemicals.

Apakah nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut?

What is the name given to water as a solvent? TP1
Praktis
Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent Kendiri

76

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 76 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.9 AKTIVITI Pelarut bukan air DSKP

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Organic solvents Kontekstual

1 Nyatakan jenis pelarut bukan air berdasarkan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian.
State the types of organic solvents according to their uses in daily life. TP2

Turpentin Aseton Alkohol Eter Kerosin

Turpentine Aceton Alcohol Ether Kerosene

(a) (b) (c)

Turpentin/Kerosin
Alkohol/Alcohol Turpentin/Turpentine
Turpentine/Kerosene

BAB
• Penyediaan syelek • Mencairkan cat
Preparation of shellac • Menanggalkan kesan Diluting paints
minyak hitam
Removing tar stains 5
(d) (e) (f)

Alkohol/Alcohol Aseton/Aceton Aseton/Aceton

• Penyediaan kosmetik • Menanggalkan varnis • Penyediaan lakuer
seperti minyak wangi kuku dan gincu untuk perabot kayu
Preparation of cosmetics Removing nail varnish and Preparation of lacquer for
such as perfume lipstick wooden furniture

(g) (h) (i)

Turpentin/Kerosin Alkohol/Alcohol Eter/Ether

Turpentine/Kerosene • Melarutkan iodin untuk • Pengekstrakan minyak
• Menanggalkan kotoran menghasilkan larutan dan lemak seperti
cat baharu iodin sebagai antiseptik dalam makanan kucing
Removing fresh paint Dissolving iodine to Extraction of fat and oil
produce iodine solution as like in cat food.
an antiseptic

Galeri Info
fo
t
"MLPIPM
CPMFI
EJHVOBLBO
VOUVL
NFOBOHHBMLBO
LPUPSBO
LMPSPmM
EBO
EBLXBU
LFLBM
QBEB
QBQBO
UVMJT
Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board.
Praktis t
"NJM
BTFUBU
KVHB
CPMFI
EJHVOBLBO
VOUVL
NFOBOHHBMLBO
HJODV
EBO
WBSOJT
LVLV
Kendiri Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish.

77

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 77 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Standard Kandungan
5.3 Pembersihan dan pembekalan air Tarikh:

5.10 EKSPERIMEN Pembersihan air melalui penurasan DSKP

KBAT INKUIRI Water purification through filtration Penemuan
Inkuiri

Tujuan Mengkaji pembersihan air berlumpur melalui penurasan

To study the purification of muddy water by filtration

Bahan dan Air lumpur, bikar, corong turas, kaki retort, kertas turas
Radas Muddy water, beaker, filter funnel, retort stand, filter paper

Prosedur kertas turas

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti filter paper
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
air lumpur kaki retort
Set up the apparatus as shown in the muddy water retort stand
diagram.
corong turas
2 Tuang sedikit air lumpur ke dalam filter funnel
baki
corong turas. residue
Pour a little muddy water into the filter
funnel.
3 Rekodkan pemerhatian anda. hasil turasan
Record your observations. filtrate
BAB

Pemerhatian Hasil turasan yang jernih terkumpul di dalam bikar. Lumpur tertinggal

5
sebagai sisa dalam kertas turas di dalam corong turas.
clear Mud
A filtrate is collected in the beaker. is left as a residue on the filter
paper in the filter funnel.

Analisis 1 Apakah kepentingan pembersihan air?

What is the importance of water purification? TP2
Merawat air supaya selamat digunakan.
treat safe
To water so that it is to be used.

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) bahan yang terperangkap dalam kertas turas di dalam corong turas.
Tick ( ✓ ) the substances that are trapped on the filter paper in the filter funnel. TP1
Zarah terampai Mikroorganisma Bahan terlarut
✓
Suspended particles Microorganisms Dissolved substance

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) bahan-bahan yang dapat dikesan dalam hasil turasan di dalam

bikar. Berikan satu sebab kepada jawapan anda.
Tick ( ✓ ) the substances that are detected in the filtrate in the beaker. Give one reason for
your answer. TP2
Zarah terampai Mikroorganisma Bahan terlarut
✓ ✓
Suspended particles Microorganisms Dissolved substances
Sebab/Reason:
Mikroorganisma dan bahan terlarut mempunyai saiz yang sangat kecil dan
dapat menembusi kertas turas.
Microorganisms and dissolved substances are very small in size and can pass through
the filter paper.
4 Mengapakah hasil turasan tidak sesuai diminum secara terus?
Why is the filtrate not suitable for direct drinking? TP2
Hasil turasan masih mengandungi mikroorganisma yang mungkin berbahaya
kepada kesihatan.
microorganisms
The filtrate still contains which may be harmful to health.
5 Pada pendapat anda, apakah sumber air semula jadi yang mengandungi paling
kurang bahan terlarut dan paling banyak bahan terlarut?
In your opinion, what are the natural sources of water which contain the least dissolved
substances and the most dissolved substances? TP2
Air hujan dan air laut./Rainwater and seawater
Kesimpulan Air dapat dibersihkan melalui penurasan .
filtration
Water can be purified by .

78

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 78 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.11 AKTIVITI Kaedah lain pembersihan air DSKP

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Other methods of water purification Penemuan

Inkuiri

1 Namakan kaedah-kaedah pembersihan air yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

Name the methods of water purification shown below. TP1

(a) (b) (c) termometer

air klorin thermometer air keluar Nota
kondenser Liebig
chlorine water water out Ekstra
Liebig condenser
air
water
air air masuk
air serpihan lumpur water in
water panaskan porselin muddy
heat porcelain water
chips
panaskan air suling
heat distilled water

Pengklorinan Pendidihan Penyulingan

Chlorination Boiling Distillation

BAB
2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) jika bahan itu hadir dan tandakan ( ✗ ) jika bahan itu tidak hadir dalam air yang
dibersihkan dengan kaedah yang dinyatakan./Put a tick ( ✓ ) if the substance is present and a cross ( ✗ ) if
the substance is not present in the water purified by the methods stated. TP2 5
Kehadiran/Presence of
Kaedah
Methods Zarah terampai Mikroorganisma Bahan terlarut
Suspended particles Microorganisms Dissolved substances
Penurasan
✗ ✓ ✓
Filtration
Penyulingan
✗ ✗ ✗
Distillation
Pendidihan
✓ ✗ ✓
Boiling
Pengklorinan
Chlorination
✓ ✗ ✓

3 Negara yang tiada bekalan air dapat menyediakan bekalan air melalui kitar semula air. Lengkapkan
langkah-langkah di bawah tentang kitar semula air.
Countries with no water supplies can supply water through the recycling of water. Complete the steps below
about the recycling of water. TP4/KBAT

Peringkat primer Peringkat sekunder Peringkat tertier

Primary stage Secondary stage Tertiary stage

Sisa air Air bersih

Waste water Clean water

Menapis keluar semua Mikroorganisma Bahan seperti klorin

sisa pepejal daripada mengurangkan bahan ditambah untuk membunuh
air./Filter out all the organik pepejal. mikroorganisma .
solid waste Microorganisms
from the reduce the A substance such as
water. solid organic substances. chlorine
is added to kill
microorganisms
.

79

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 79 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 Tarikh:

5.12 AKTIVITI Sistem pembekalan air DSKP

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Water supply system Kontekstual

Nyatakan tangki-tangki yang terlibat dalam sistem pembekalan air. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang
kosong.
State the tanks involved in the water supply system. Then, complete the spaces. TP4/KBAT

Penurasan Penggumpalan Pemfluoridaan Simpanan Pengklorinan

Filtration Coagulation Fluoridation Storage Chlorination
Pengenapan Membunuh Pengoksidaan Oksigen Zarah terampai
Sedimentation Kills Oxidation Oxygen Suspended particles
Kapur mati Alum Penapisan Pereputan gigi Ultraungu
Slaked lime Alum Filtration Tooth decay Ultraviolet

(b) Tangki penapisan (c) Tangki pengoksidaan (d) Tangki penggumpalan

Filtration Oxidation Coagulation
tank tank tank
• Menyingkirkan Oksigen Alum
• dilarutkan untuk • menggumpalkan
bendasing pepejal
BAB

menyingkirkan rasa dan bau zarah terampai. / Alum

kasar. Oxygen
Removes large solid busuk./ is dissolved coagulates the suspended particles.

5 impurities. to remove the unpleasant taste and

smell.
• Kapur mati mengurangkan
Slaked lime
keasidan air. /
reduces the acidity of the water.
alum kapur mati
alum slaked lime
pam
pump

(a) Takungan/Empangan
Reservoir/Dam
• Menyimpan air sungai.
Stores river water. pengenapan
(e) Tangki / Sedimentation tank
• Sinaran ultraungu
dalam cahaya • Zarah-zarah kotoran yang besar dan berat
matahari membunuh tenggelam di dasar tangki./Big and heavy dirt
particles sink to the bottom of the tank.
sebahagian daripada
bakteria dalam air.
garam fluorida air klorin
Ultraviolet
rays in fluoride salt chlorine water
sunlight kills some of the
bacteria in the water.
pam
pump
Ke tangki simpanan
storage
To tank

(h) Tangki pemfluoridaan (g) Tangki pengklorinan (f) Tangki penurasan

Fluoridation Chlorination Filtration
tank tank tank
• Garam fluorida, iaitu natrium • Penapis pasir
• Klorin membunuh
fluorida mengurangkan menyingkirkan
mikroorganisma yang
pereputan gigi . zarah terampai .
berbahaya dalam air.
Fluoride salt, i.e. sodium fluoride kills Sand filters remove
Chlorine dangerous
tooth decay suspended particles
reduces . microorganisms in the water. .

80

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 80 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 REVISI EKSPRES 5
1 Bendasing meningkatkan takat didih air tetapi menurunkan takat beku air atau takat
lebur ais.
Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease the freezing point of water or melting
point of ice.

2 Air dapat dipisahkan kepada unsur-unsurnya melalui elektrolisis .

Water can be separated into its elements by electrolysis .
Pembelajaran
3 Isi tempat kosong tentang elektrolisis air./Fill in the blanks on the electrolysis of water. Abad ke-21

(a) Oksigen/Oxygen (b) Hidrogen/Hydrogen

air suling + sedikit

asid sulfurik
distilled water +
a little sulphuric acid

BAB
(c) Elektrod positif/Anod (d) Elektrod negatif/Katod
Positive electrode/Anode Negative electrode/Cathode 5
+ -

(e) Nisbah oksigen dan hidrogen (O : H) ialah:

The ratio of oxygen to hydrogen (O : H) is:
1:2
(f) Satu atom oksigen dan dua atom hidrogen membentuk satu molekul air.
One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms form one molecule of water.
(g) Asid ditambah untuk meningkatkan sifat kekonduksian elektrik air.
Acid is added to increase the electrical conductivity of water.
(h) Oksigen yang terkumpul menyalakan kayu uji berbara.
Oxygen that is collected ignites a glowing wooden splinter.
(i) Hidrogen yang terkumpul menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’ apabila diuji dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Hydrogen that is collected produces a ‘pop’ sound when tested with a burning wooden splinter.

4 Nyatakan empat faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air.

State four factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water.
(a) Suhu persekitaran/Surrounding temperature
(b) Luas permukaan air yang terdedah/Exposed surface area of water
(c) Kelembapan udara/Humidity
(d) Pergerakan udara/Movement of air
5 Nyatakan proses-proses yang berlaku pada air. 6 Label ‘larutan’, ‘pelarut’ atau ‘zat terlarut’.
State the processes that occur in water. Label ‘solution’, ‘solvent’ or ‘solute’.

zarah air
tiub kapilari
water particle
capillary tube
+

air
water

Penyejatan Tindakan kapilari Zat terlarut Pelarut Larutan

Evaporation Capillary action Solute Solvent Solution

81

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 81 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 7 Air ialah pelarut semesta./ Water is a universal solvent.
8 Ampaian ialah cecair yang mempunyai bahan terampai.
A suspension is a liquid that has suspended substances.
9 Label larutan dengan ‘tepu’, ‘cair’ atau ‘pekat’.
Label the solutions as ‘saturated’, ‘dilute’ or ‘concentrated’.

zat
terlarut
solute

Cair/Dilute Pekat/Concentrated Tepu/Saturated

10 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keterlarutan bahan dalam air.

State the factors that affect the solubility of a substance in water.
(a) Saiz zat terlarut/Size of solute (b) Isi padu pelarut/Volume of solvent
(c) Suhu pelarut/Temperature of solvent (d) Kadar kacauan/The rate of stirring

11 (a) Koloid merupakan campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Komponen-
BAB

komponen dalam koloid tidak terenap.

A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that evenly distributed. The components in a colloid
5 do not settle down.
koloid
(b) Susu getah dan krim pencukur adalah contoh-contoh .
Latex and shaving foam are examples of colloids .

12 Nyatakan pelarut bukan air bagi bahan-bahan yang berikut.

State the organic solvents for the following substances.
Bahan Pelarut bukan air Bahan Pelarut bukan air
Substances Organic solvents Substances Organic solvents
(a) Cat Turpentin/Petrol/Kerosin (c) Syelek/Minyak wangi Alkohol
Paint Turpentine/Petrol/Kerosene Shellac/Perfume Alcohol
(b) Varnis kuku Aseton (d) Pencair cat Turpentin
Nail varnish Aceton Paint thinner Turpentine
13 Padankan kaedah pembersihan air dengan kandungan air yang dibersihkan.
Match the water purification methods with the contents of the purified water.
Kaedah/Methods Kandungan/Contents
(a) Penurasan/Filtration • • Tidak ada sebarang bahan
Does not have any substance
(b) Pendidihan/Boiling •
Bahan terlarut dan bahan terampai
• Dissolved substances and suspended substances
(c) Penyulingan/Distillation •
• Mikroorganisma dan bahan terlarut
(d) Pengklorinan/Chlorination • Microorganisms and dissolved substances

14 Susunkan langkah-langkah dalam proses pembersihan air.

Arrange the steps in water purification.
A: Pengklorinan/Chlorination
B: Pengenapan/Sedimentation Susunan langkah/Arrangment of the steps:
C: Penurasan/Filtration G F E B
D: Pemfluoridaan/Fluoridation
E: Penggumpalan/Coagulation
F: Pengoksidaan/Oxidation C A D Simpanan/Storage
G: Penapisan/Filtration

82

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 82 12/28/17 3:36 PM

 PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 5
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all questions.
1 (a) Gambar foto di bawah menunjukkan seorang lelaki meminum air sungai secara terus.
The photograph below shows a man drinking river water directly.
(i) Adakah tindakan lelaki itu betul? Berikan satu alasan.
Is the man’s action correct? Give a reason. TP5/Menilai
Tidak. Air sungai masih mengandungi mikroorganisma yang
mungkin menyebabkan penyakit.
No. River water still contains microorganisms that may cause disease.

[2 markah/2 marks]

(ii) Cadangkan apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh lelaki itu sebelum meminum air itu. Terangkan.

BAB
Suggest what the man needs to do before drinking the water. Explain TP3/Menilai
Lelaki itu perlu mendidihkan air untuk membunuh mikroorganisma di dalamnya sebelum
meminum air sungai itu./The man must boil the river water to kill the microorganisms in it before
drinking the river water.
5
[2 markah/2 marks]

(b) Gambar foto di bawah menunjukkan kebocoran paip air bawah tanah di sebatang jalan raya.
The photograph below shows leakage of an underground water pipe on a road.
Apakah yang boleh anda lakukan untuk mengatasi masalah yang
ditunjukkan pada gambar foto di sebelah kiri? TP4/Menganalisis
What can you do to solve the problem shown in the photograph on the left?
Melaporkan kepada jabatan air yang berdekatan tentang kebocoran
paip air bawah tanah.
Report to the nearest water department about the leakage of underground
water pipes.
[2 markah/2 marks]

(c) Gambar foto di bawah menunjukkan sebuah penapis air yang mengandungi turus ultraungu.
The photograph below shows a water filter containing ultraviolet columns.
(i) Pada pendapat anda, apakah bahan-bahan dalam air pili yang
dapat disingkirkan oleh penapis air ini? Terangkan.
In your opinion, what are the substances in the tap water that can be
removed by this filter? Explain. TP4/Menganalisis
Penapis di dalamnya menyingkirkan zarah-zarah terampai dan
sinaran ultraungu membunuh mikroorganisma.
The filter in it removes suspended particles and ultraviolet rays kill
microorganisms.
[2 markah/2 marks]

(ii) Bolehkah air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini diminum terus? Terangkan mengapa.
Can the water that comes out through this water filter be drunk directly? Explain why. TP5/Menilai
Ya. Air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini tidak mengandungi mikroorganisma.
Yes. The water that comes out through this water filter does not contain microorganisms.
Praktis [2 markah/2 marks]
PT3

83

05 SPS SAINS Tg2 2018-BAB5-Emie2LP.indd 83 12/28/17 3:36 PM