TEMA 2: Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam

Bidang Pembelajaran

Air dan Larutan

BAB 5 Water and Solution

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Sifat fizik air seperti takat beku

dan ketumpatan
Physical characteristics of
water such as freezing point
and density
Peringkat dalam sistem Elektrolisis air dan kesan
pembekalan air seperti bendasing terhadap takat
pengenapan dan penurasan lebur dan takat didih air
Stages in the water supply Electrolysis of water and the
system such as effect of impurities on the
sedimentation and filtration melting and boiling points of
water
AIR DAN
Bekalan air seperti kitar LARUTAN
semula air WATER AND
SOLUTION Faktor mempengaruhi kadar
Supply of water such as
penyejatan air dan kadar
recycle of water
keterlarutan seperti suhu
Factors that affect the rate
of evaporation of water and
Kaedah pembersihan air seperti the rate of solubility such as
pendidihan dan penurasan the temperature
Water purification methods such
as boiling and filtration

Larutan, koloid, pelarut air dan bukan air

Solution, colloid, water and organic solvents

APAKAH AIR DAN LARUTAN?

WHAT ARE WATER AND SOLUTION?

Air ialah bahan kimia yang lut sinar dan tidak berwarna yang merupakan komponen utama cecair Bumi.
Larutan merupakan campuran dua bahan, iaitu zat terlarut dan pelarut. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang
larut di dalam cecair dan pelarut ialah cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut.
Water is a transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main component of the Earth’s 
liquid. A solution is a mixture of two substances, i.e. a solute and a solvent. The solute is a substance
that dissolves in liquid and the solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute.

48
 NOTA BESTARI
Sifat Fizik Air
1. Air ialah sebatian kimia yang dapat dipecahkan kepada
hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan elektrik
melalui proses elektrolisis.
2. Takat lebur ais dan takat beku air ialah 0°C. Takat didih
air ialah 100°C.
3. Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi
menurunkan takat beku air atau takat lebur ais.
Penyejatan Air
1. Penyejatan air ialah proses yang berlaku di permukaan
air yang menukarkan air menjadi wap air pada
sebarang suhu.
2. Kelembapan udara, suhu persekitaran, luas
permukaan air yang terdedah dan pergerakan udara
mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air.
Larutan
1. Pelarut ialah cecair yang digunakan untuk melarutkan
suatu bahan (zat terlarut).
2. Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang larut dalam suatu pelarut.
3. Larutan ialah campuran yang terbentuk apabila satu
atau lebih zat terlarut melarut dalam suatu pelarut.
4. Ampaian ialah campuran keruh yang terbentuk daripada
zat terlarut yang tidak larut di dalam suatu pelarut.
Keterlarutan
1. Keterlarutan suatu bahan ialah kuantiti maksimum
zat terlarut yang dapat larut di dalam 100 ml pelarut
pada suhu tertentu.
2. Suhu pelarut, kadar kacauan, saiz zat terlarut dan isi
padu pelarut mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat
terlarut dalam pelarut.
3. Koloid ialah campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut
yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak membentuk
campuran jernih atau mendakan.
Pelarut Bukan Air
1. Air tidak dapat melarutkan kotoran organik seperti
minyak dan gris.
2. Alkohol, kerosin, aseton, turpentin dan eter adalah
contoh-contoh pelarut bukan air yang dapat
melarutkan kotoran organik.
Sistem Pembekalan Air
1. Kaedah pembersihan air termasuklah pendidihan,
penurasan, pengklorinan dan penyulingan.
2. Sebelum dibersihkan, air sungai dan air hujan
dikumpulkan di empangan. Air ini kemudian dipamkan
ke loji pembersihan air.
3. Urutan pembersihan air dalam loji pembersihan air
adalah seperti berikut: takungan air, tangki penapisan,
tangki pengoksidaan, tangki penggumpalan, tangki
pengenapan, tangki penurasan, tangki pengklorinan,
tangki pemfluoridaan dan tangki penyimpanan.
49
Physical Characteristics of Water
1. Water is a chemical compound that can be broken
down into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity
through the process of electrolysis.
2. The melting point of ice and the freezing point of
water is 0°C. The boiling point of water is 100°C.
3. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease
the freezing point of water or melting point of ice.
Evaporation of Water
1. Evaporation of water is a process that occurs on the
surface of water which changes water into water
vapour at any temperature.
2. The humidity, surrounding temperature, exposed
BAB
surface area of water and movement of air affect the
rate of evaporation of water.
Solution 5
1. A solvent is a liquid that is used for dissolving a
substance (solute).
2. A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
3. A solution is a mixture that is formed when one or
more solutes dissolve in a solvent.
4. A suspension is a cloudy mixture formed from the
solute that is insoluble in a solvent.
Solubility
1. The solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity
of solutes which can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at
a certain temperature.
2. The temperature of solvent, rate of stirring, size
of solute and volume of solvent affect the rate of
solubility of a solute in a solvent.
3. A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are
distributed evenly. The colloid does not form a clear or
precipitate mixture.
Organic Solvents
1. Water cannot dissolve organic dirt such as oil and
grease.
2. Alcohol, kerosene, acetone, turpentine and ether are
examples of organic solvents that dissolve organic dirt.
Water Supply System
1. Water purification methods include boiling, filtration,
chlorination and distillation.
2. Before they are purified, rainwater and river water are
collected in reservoirs. The water is then pumped into
water treatment plants.
3. The sequence in water purification in
water treatment plants is as follows:
water reservoir, filtration tank, oxidation
tank, coagulation tank, sedimentation
tank, filtration tank, chlorination tank,
fluoridation tank and storage tank. Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
5.1 Sifat fizik air Tarikh:

5.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sifat fizik air
Physical characteristics of water
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 96 – 97

1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang sifat fizik air.
Complete the table below about the characteristics of water.

(a) Warna air/Colour of water (b) Ketumpatan air/Density of water

Isi padu air/Volume of water = 200 cm3

Jisim air/Mass of water = 200 g
Air
Water
Ketumpatan air = 200 g 3 = 1 g/cm3
Tidak berwarna/Colourless Density of water 200 cm
Warna/Colour:

(c) Tegangan permukaan air (d) Tindakan kapilari air

Surface tension of water Capillary action of water
BAB

Tegangan permukaan membolehkan Kebolehan air untuk bergerak melawan

ayak-ayak terapung di permukaan air. graviti melalui ruang yang sempit.
Surface tension enables a daddy longlegs to The ability of water to move against gravity
float on the surface of water. in narrow spaces.

2 (a) Namakan proses X dan Y. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) perubahan haba semasa air membeku dan
mendidih./Name processes X and Y. Then, mark ( ✗ ) the heat change when water freezes and boils. TP1

Haba diserap Haba diserap

✓
Heat is absorbed Heat is absorbed

Haba dibebaskan Haba dibebaskan

✓ Heat is released Heat is released
Ais/Ice Air/Water Gas/Gas
X Y

Proses X: Pembekuan Proses Y: Pendidihan

Process X: Freezing Process Y: Boiling

(b) Air bertukar menjadi ais pada takat beku

The water changes into ice, at the freezing point.

(c) Air bertukar menjadi gas pada takat didih

The water changes into gas, at the boiling point.

Tegangan permukaan ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air di permukaan air.
Ingat!! Tindakan kapilari ialah daya lekitan antara molekul air dan daya lekatan antara molekul air dengan
dinding bekas melalui saluran sempit.
The surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface of water.
The capillary action is the cohesive force between the molecules of water and the adhesive force between the
molecule of water and the walls of a container through a narrow vessel.

50
 Tarikh:

5.2 EKSPERIMEN Komposisi air PBD

KBAT INKUIRI The composition of water Penemuan
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 97 – 98
Tujuan Menjalankan elektrolisis untuk menentukan
Carry out electrolysis to determine
(a) komposisi air
the composition of water
(b) nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air
the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water

Bahan dan Air suling, asid sulfurik cair (atau asid hidroklorik cair), kayu uji, mancis, set elektrolisis,
Radas
silinder penyukat 10 ml, penitis, pembekal kuasa arus terus 12 V, wayar, klip buaya,
suis, jam randik/Distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid (or dilute hydrochloric acid), wooden
splinter, matches, electrolysis set, 10 ml measuring cylinders, dropper, 12 V direct current
power supply, wires, crocodile clips, switch, stopwatch

Prosedur Y X

BAB
Air suling ditambahkan Silinder penyukat
dengan beberapa titik Measuring cylinder

5
asid sulfurik cair
Distilled water is added
with a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid

Rod karbon (elektrod)

Carbon rods (electrodes)

Suis
Switch
+ -

12 V

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2 Tambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
3 Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus elektrik selama 10 minit.
Turn on the switch and allow electricity to flow for 10 minutes.
4 Catat isi padu gas yang terkumpul di dalam silinder penyukat X dan Y.
Record the volumes of gas that are collected in measuring cylinders X and Y.
5 Matikan suis apabila kedua-dua silinder penyukat itu telah penuh dengan gas.
Turn off the switch when both measuring cylinders are full of gas.
6 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat X dengan kayu uji bernyala.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder X with a burning wooden splinter.
7 Uji gas dalam silinder penyukat Y dengan kayu uji berbara.
Test the gas in measuring cylinder Y with a glowing wooden splinter.
8 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

Galeri Info
fo
Set elektrolisis yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini disebut
sel elektrolitik. Sel elektrolitik menggunakan tenaga
elektrik untuk menguraikan sebatian kimia. Proses yang
berlaku disebut elektrolisis.
The electrolytic set used in this activitiy is called an
electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to
decompose chemical compounds. The process that takes
place is called electrolysis.

51
 Keputusan Silinder Isi padu Jenis gas
penyukat gas (cm3) Ujian bagi gas terbebas
Measuring Volume of Test for gas Type of gas
cylinder gas (cm3) released

Menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’

dengan kayu uji bernyala Hidrogen
X 10 ‘pop’ sound
Produces a with Hydrogen
a burning wooden splinter
Menyalakan kayu uji berbara
Lights up/Ignites a glowing Oksigen
Y 5
Oxygen
wooden splinter
(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)
Perbincangan
Analisis 1 Apakah proses yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the process used in this activity?
Elektrolisis/Electrolysis
BAB

2 Namakan elektrod X dan Y./Name electrodes X and Y. TP1

(a) Elektrod X/Electrode X: Katod/Elektrod negatif/Cathode/Negative electrode
5 (b) Elektrod Y/Electrode Y: Anod/Elektrod positif/Anode/Positive electrode

3 Apakah nisbah isi padu hidrogen kepada oksigen yang terkumpul dalam aktiviti ini?
What is the ratio of the volumes of hydrogen to oxygen collected in this activity? TP2
Hidrogen/Hydrogen : Oksigen/Oxygen
= 10 cm3 : 5 cm3 = 2 : 1
4 Apakah nisbah hidrogen kepada oksigen dalam satu molekul air? TP2
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of water?
2:1

5 Label atom hidrogen dan oksigen dalam rajah. Kemudian, bulatkan jawapan yang
betul. Simbol bagi atom hidrogen dan oksigen masing-masing diwakili oleh H dan O.
Label the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the diagram. Then, circle the correct answers.
The symbols for hydrogen and oxygen atoms are represented by H and O respectively.
TP1
(a) Atom oksigen
Oxygen atom Simbol molekul air
Symbol of the molecule of water
HO HO2 H2O

(b) Atom hidrogen / Hydrogen atoms

6 Apakah tujuan menambahkan beberapa titik asid sulfurik cair ke dalam air suling?
What is the purpose of adding a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid into the distilled
water? TP2
kekonduksian elektrik
Untuk meningkatkan air suling
Praktis electrical conductivity
To increase the of the distilled water
Kendiri
7 Bolehkah air suling tulen dielektrolisiskan? Berikan satu sebab. TP2
Can pure distilled water be electrolysed? Give one reason.
Tidak . Air suling tulen ialah konduktor elektrik yang lemah .
No . Pure distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity .

Kesimpulan Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen .

One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

52
 Tarikh:

5.3 EKSPERIMEN Kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air PBD
KBAT INKUIRI The effect of impurity on the melting point of ice and boiling point of water Penemuan
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 99 – 100
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air
To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water

Bahan dan Air suling, kiub ais, garam biasa, bikar 250 ml, termometer, penunu Bunsen, tungku
Radas
kaki tiga, kasa dawai, kaki retort/Distilled water, ice cubes, common salt, 250 ml beaker,
thermometer, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, retort stand

Prosedur
Termometer/Thermometer

Bikar/Beaker

Air suling/Distilled water

Ais Panaskan
Ice Heat

BAB
Rajah (a)/Diagram (a) Rajah (b)/Diagram (b)

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b). 5
Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b).
2 Catat takat lebur ais (suhu tetap)./Record the melting point of ice (constant temperature).
3 Catat takat didih air suling./Record the boiling point of distilled water.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menambahkan satu spatula garam biasa ke dalam
ais dan air suling bagi setiap aktiviti./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by adding a spatula of
common salt to the ice and distilled water in each activity.

Keputusan Takat lebur ais

= 0 ºC
The melting point of ice
Takat lebur ais + garam biasa –2
The melting point of ice + common salt = ºC

Takat didih air suling 100

The boiling point of distilled water = ºC

Takat didih air suling + garam biasa 102

The boiling point of distilled water + common salt = ºC

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

Perbincangan 1 Apakah kesan penambahan garam biasa terhadap takat lebur ais dan takat didih air?
What is the effect of adding common salt on the melting point of ice and boiling point
of water? TP2
Garam biasa mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih
air.
Praktis Common salt decreases the melting point of ice but increases the boiling
Kendiri point of water.
2 (a) Berapakah takal lebur ais/What is the melting point of ice? TP1
0°C

(b) Ramalkan takal lebur ais jika sedikit garam biasa ditambahkan kepadanya.
Predict the melting point of ice if a little common salt is added to it. TP3/KBAT
Lebih rendah daripada 0°C/Lower than 0°C

Kesimpulan Bendasing mengurangkan takat lebur ais tetapi meningkatkan takat didih air.
Impurities decrease the melting point of ice but increase the boiling point of water.

53
 Tarikh:

5.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian
Evaporation of water in daily life
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 104 – 105

1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
State the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water. Choose the correct answers.
(a) Semakin tinggi kelembapan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the humidity is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(b) Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The higher the temperature is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(c) Semakin kecil luas permukaan air yang terdedah, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The smaller the exposed surface area of water is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.
(d) Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin (rendah, tinggi) kadar penyejatan air.
The faster the movement of air is, the (lower, higher) is the rate of evaporation of water.

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) aplikasi penyejatan air dalam kehidupan harian. TP1

Mark ( ✓ ) the applications of evaporation of water in daily life.

(a) (b) (c)

✓ ✓
BAB

5
Pengeringan ikan atau kelapa Pemprosesan air mineral Pengeringan pakaian basah
Drying fish or coconut Processing of mineral water Drying wet clothes

(d) (e) (f)

✓ ✓

Penghasilan garam Minyak wangi di badan Ubat gegat mengecil

daripada air laut/Production menghasilkan bau/A perfume Mothballs become smaller
of salt from seawater on the body gives out a smell

3 Lengkapkan pernyataan tentang prinsip penyejukan peti sejuk. TP4/KBAT

Complete the statements about the cooling principle of a refrigerator.

Diserap Penyejatan Menyejat Menurun Dibebaskan Praktis

Kendiri
Absorbed Evaporation Evaporates Decrease Released

Sebuah peti sejuk berfungsi berdasarkan prinsip penyejatan cecair penyejuk. Apabila cecair
ini menyejat menjadi wap, suhu akan menurun kerana tenaga haba diserap
daripada persekitaran dalaman dan dibebaskan melalui tiub-tiub logam di belakang peti sejuk.
A refrigerator works on the principle of evaporation of a cooling liquid. When the liquid evaporates
to become vapour, the temperature will decrease as heat energy is absorbed from the
internal surroundings and is released through the metal tubes behind the refrigerator.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar penyejatan air (rujuk silang m.s.189 – 190).
Compulsory Experiment 2: Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water (cross-reference pp. 189 – 190).

54
 Standard Kandungan
5.2 Larutan dan kadar keterlarutan Tarikh:

5.5 EKSPERIMEN Larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu PBD
KBAT INKUIRI Dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions Penemuan
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 106 – 107
Tujuan Menyediakan larutan cair, larutan pekat dan larutan tepu
To prepare a dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution

Bahan dan Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat (garam), air, bikar 50 ml, spatula, rod kaca
Radas Copper(II) sulphate crystal (salt), water, 50 ml beaker, spatula, glass rod

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam 25 cm3 air dan kacau dengan
rod kaca./Add one spatula of copper(II) sulphate crystal to 25 cm3 of water and stir with
a glass rod.
2 Ulang langkah 1 dengan dua spatula hablur kuprum(II) sulfat.
Repeat step 1 with two spatulas of copper(II) sulphate crystals.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dengan menambahkan hablur kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga tidak larut
lagi dalam air./Repeat step 1 by adding copper(II) sulphate crystal until it does not dissolve
any more in water.

BAB
4 Catat pemerhatian anda./Record your observations.

Pemerhatian
Kuantiti kuprum(II) sulfat Warna larutan
Adakah semua
garam larut?
5
Amount of copper(II) sulphate Colour of solution
Does all the salt dissolve?
1 spatula Biru muda Ya
1 spatula Light blue Yes
2 spatula Biru Ya
2 spatulas Blue Yes
Lebih daripada 2 spatula Biru tua Tidak
More than 2 spatulas Dark blue No

Perbincangan Kenal pasti jenis larutan yang terhasil. TP2

Identify the types of solution produced.

Larutan tepu Larutan cair Larutan pekat

Saturated solution Dilute solution Concentrated solution

Larutan terhasil Maksud

Kuantiti garam
Solution Meaning
Amount of salt
produced
Larutan yang mengandungi zat
1 spatula Larutan cair terlarut yang berlebihan.
1 spatula Dilute solution A solution that has excessive
2 spatula Larutan pekat amount of solute.
2 spatulas Concentrated Larutan yang mengandungi sangat
solution sedikit zat terlarut.
A solution that has very little solute.
Lebih daripada Larutan tepu
2 spatula Saturated Larutan yang mengandungi banyak
More than 2 solution zat terlarut.
spatulas A solution that has a lot of solute.

Kesimpulan Terdapat tiga jenis larutan yang mengandungi kuantiti zat terlarut yang berlainan, iaitu
larutan cair , larutan pekat dan larutan tepu .
There are three types of solution that have different amounts of solute, which are
dilute solution , concentrated solution and saturated solution .

55
 Tarikh:

5.6 EKSPERIMEN Larutan dan ampaian PBD

KBAT INKUIRI Solutions and suspensions Penemuan
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 107 – 108
Tujuan Menunjukkan perbezaan antara larutan dengan ampaian
To show the differences between a solution and a suspension

Bahan dan Serbuk natrium klorida, serbuk kanji, air, bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, spatula
Radas Sodium chloride powder, starch powder, water, 100 ml beaker, glass rod, spatula

Prosedur 1 Masukkan satu spatula serbuk natrium klorida ke dalam 50 cm3 air di dalam sebuah
bikar dan kacau dengan rod kaca./Add one spatula of sodium chloride powder to 50 cm3
of water in a beaker and stir with a glass rod.
2 Catat pemerhatian./Record the observation.
3 Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan serbuk kanji.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using starch powder.

Pemerhatian
Bahan Pemerhatian Adakah bahan larut?
BAB

Substance Observation Does the substance dissolve?

5
Serbuk natrium Larutan jernih terbentuk. Ya/Yes
klorida/Sodium
A clear solution is formed.
chloride powder
Serbuk kanji Ampaian terbentuk.
Tidak/No
Starch powder A suspension is formed.

Perbincangan Lengkapkan ruang di bawah. TP2

Complete the spaces below.

2 Zat terlarut/Solute 3 Larutan/Solution Larutan

• Serbuk natrium klorida • Larutan natrium klorida Solution
Sodium chloride powder Sodium chloride solution Zat terlarut
Solute
Ampaian
Suspension
1 Pelarut/Solvent
Pelarut
• Air/Water Solvent

4 Bahan yang melarut dalam suatu cecair. Zat terlarut

A substance that dissolves in a liquid. Solute
5 Cecair yang melarutkan zat terlarut untuk membentuk Pelarut
suatu larutan. Solvent
A liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution.
6 Campuran yang terbentuk apabila zat terlarut melarut Larutan
dalam suatu pelarut. Solution
A mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
7 Campuran keruh yang mengandungi zat terlarut yang Ampaian
Praktis tidak melarut dalam suatu pelarut./A cloudy mixture Suspension
Kendiri containing a solute which is insoluble in a solvent.

Kesimpulan 1 Larutan mengandungi zat terlarut yang larut dalam air.

A solution contains a solute that dissolves in water.
2 Ampaian mengandungi zat terlarut yang tidak larut yang terampai dalam air.
A suspension contains an insoluble solute that is suspended in water.

56
 Tarikh:

5.7 AKTIVITI Keterlaluan zat terlarut, koloid dan pelarut semesta PBD
KBAT PERBINCANGAN The solubility of solute, colloid and universal solvent Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 109 – 112

1 Nyatakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut dalam air. Pilih jawapan
yang betul. TP2
Explain the factors which affect the rate of solubility of a solute in water. Choose the correct answers.

(a) Semakin (kecil, besar) saiz zat terlarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut itu akan larut di dalam air.
The (smaller, bigger) the size of the solute is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(b) Semakin (rendah, tinggi) suhu, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut di dalam air.
The (lower, higher) the temperature is, the faster the solute will dissolve in water.
(c) Zat terlarut lebih mudah larut jika campuran itu (dikacau, tidak dikacau).
A solute dissolves more readily if the mixture is (stirred, not stirred).
(d) Semakin (kecil, besar) isi padu pelarut, semakin cepat zat terlarut akan larut dalam pelarut.
The (smaller, larger) the volume of solvent is, the faster the solute will dissolve in the solvent.
2 Kaji pernyataan di bawah tentang koloid./Study the statements below about colloid.

BAB
Koloid ialah suatu campuran dua atau lebih zat terlarut yang tersebar secara sekata. Koloid tidak
membentuk campuran jernih dan juga tidak terenap.
A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes that are distributed evenly. The colloid does not form
clear mixtures and also does not settle down. 5
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan koloid kepada emulsi dan busa dalam peta dakap di bawah.
Based on the above statements, classify colloids into emulsions and foams in the brace maps below. TP1
Mayonis/Mayonnaise Krim pencukur/Shaving foam
Susu getah/Latex
Gelembung-gelembung dalam Span mandi/Bath sponge
Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil
minuman bergas/Bubbles in
Susu segar/Fresh milk
carbonated drinks
Krim putar/Whipped cream
1442443

Minyak ikan kod/Cod liver oil

Susu segar/Fresh milk
14444244443

Emulsi
Emulsions Susu getah/Latex
Mayonis/Mayonnaise
Jenis koloid
Types of colloid Span mandi/Bath sponge
1442443

Krim pencukur/Shaving foam

Busa Krim putar/Whipped cream
Foams
Gelembung-gelembung dalam minuman bergas Praktis
Bubbles in carbonated drinks Kendiri

3 Air digunakan sebagai pelarut secara domestik dan juga sebagai bahan mentah dalam industri
pembuatan makanan dan minuman, pertanian dan perubatan. Air digunakan untuk melarutkan
pelbagai jenis bahan. Apakah nama yang diberi kepada air sebagai pelarut? TP1
Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a raw material in the manufacture of food and
beverage, agriculture and medicine industries. Water is used for dissolving various types of substances.
What is the name given to water as a solvent?
Pelarut semesta/Universal solvent

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 3: Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan zat terlarut (rujuk silang m.s. 191 – 192).
Compulsory Experiment 3: Factors affecting the rate of solubility (dissolving) of solutes (cross-reference pp. 191 – 192).

57
 Tarikh:

5.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pelarut organik (Pelarut bukan air)
Organic solvents
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 112

Nyatakan jenis pelarut organik berdasarkan kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian. TP2
State the types of organic solvents according to their uses in daily life.
Turpentin Aseton Alkohol Eter Kerosin
Turpentine Aceton Alcohol Ether Kerosene

(a) (b) (c)

Alkohol/Alcohol Turpentin/Kerosin Turpentin/Turpentine

Turpentine/Kerosene
BAB

• Penyediaan syelek • Mencairkan cat

Preparation of shellac • Menanggalkan kesan Diluting paints
5 minyak hitam
Removing tar stains

(d) (e) (f)

Alkohol/Alcohol Aseton/Aceton Aseton/Aceton

• Penyediaan kosmetik • Menanggalkan varnis • Penyediaan lakuer untuk
seperti minyak wangi kuku dan gincu perabot kayu
Preparation of cosmetics Removing nail varnish Preparation of lacquer for
such as perfume and lipstick wooden furniture

(g) (h) (i)

Turpentin/Kerosin Alkohol/Alcohol Eter/Ether

Turpentine/Kerosene
• Melarutkan iodin untuk • Pengekstrakan minyak
• Menanggalkan kotoran cat menghasilkan larutan dan lemak seperti dalam
baharu iodin sebagai antiseptik makanan kucing
Removing dirt of fresh Dissolving iodine to Extraction of oil and fat
paint produce iodine solution as like in cat food
an antiseptic

Galeri Info
fo
t
"MLPIPM
CPMFI
EJHVOBLBO
VOUVL
NFOBOHHBMLBO
LPUPSBO
LMPSPmM
EBO
EBLXBU
LFLBM
QBEB
QBQBO
UVMJT
Alcohol can be used to remove chlorophyll dirt and permanent marker ink on a white board.
Praktis t
"NJM
BTFUBU
KVHB
CPMFI
EJHVOBLBO
VOUVL
NFOBOHHBMLBO
HJODV
EBO
WBSOJT
LVLV
Kendiri Amyl acetate can also be used to remove lipstick and nail varnish.

58
 Standard Kandungan
5.3 Pembersihan dan pembekalan air Tarikh:

5.9 EKSPERIMEN Kaedah pembersihan air PBD

KBAT INKUIRI Water purification methods Penemuan
Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 113 – 115
Tujuan Mengkaji pelbagai kaedah pembersihan air
To study various water purification methods

Bahan dan Air kolam, air klorin, bikar, corong turas, termometer, kaki retort dan penyepit, kertas
Radas turas, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig,
penyumbat berlubang, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, mikroskop
Pond water, chlorine water, beaker, filter funnel, thermometer, retort stand and clamp, filter
paper, glass rod, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, stopper with
a hole, cover slip, glass slide, microscope

Prosedur
Penurasan/Filtration Penyulingan/Distillation

Kertas turas Termometer

Filter paper Thermometer Air keluar
Kondenser Liebig
Water out
Liebig condenser
Air kolam

BAB
Kaki retort
Pond water Retort stand Air kolam
Corong turas Pond water
Filter funnel
Baki
Residue
Serpihan
porselin
Air masuk
Water in 5
Porcelain
chips Panaskan Air suling
Hasil turasan Heat Distilled water
Filtrate

Pendidihan/Boiling Pengklorinan/Chlorination

Air klorin
Chlorine water
Air kolam
Pond water

Panaskan Air
Heat Water

1 Sediakan radas-radas di atas untuk membersihkan air kolam.

Set up the apparatus above to purify pond water.
2 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang air yang dikumpulkan dalam bikar.
Record your observations on the water collected in the beaker.
3 Titiskan setitik air yang dikumpul di atas sisip kaca.
Place one drop of water collected on a glass slide.
4 Tutup dengan penutup kaca dan perhatikannya melalui mikroskop.
Cover it with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope.
5 Bincang bersama guru anda tentang kehadiran mineral.
Discuss with your teacher about the presence of minerals.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berdasarkan Projek (PBP) 4: Audit air di rumah atau sekolah (rujuk silang m.s. 185).
Project-Basic Learning (PBL) 4: Water audit at home and school (cross-reference p. 186).

59
 Pemerhatian Tandakan ( ✓ ) jika bahan itu hadir dan ( ✗ ) jika bahan itu tidak hadir dalam air.
Mark ( ✓ ) if the substance is present and ( ✗ ) if the substance is not present in the water.

Kehadiran/Presence of
Kaedah
Methods Zarah terampai Mikroorganisma Bahan terlarut
Suspended particles Microorganisms Dissolved substances
Penurasan
✗ ✓ ✓
Filtration
Penyulingan
✗ ✗ ✗
Distillation
Pendidihan
✓ ✗ ✓
Boiling
Pengklorinan
✓ ✗ ✓
Chlorination

Perbincangan 1 Apakah kepentingan pembersihan air? TP2

What is the importance of water purification?
Merawat air supaya selamat digunakan
BAB

To treat water so that it is safe to be used

5 Nota
2 Kaedah manakah yang menghasilkan air tulen?
Which method produces pure water?
TP2

Ekstra Penyulingan/Distillation

3 Nyatakan fungsi air klorin./State the function of chlorine water. TP2

Membunuh/To kill mikroorganisma/microorganisms.
4 Mengapakah air suling tidak sesuai untuk diminum? TP2
Why is distilled water not suitable for drinking?
Air suling tidak mengandungi mineral./Distilled water does not contain minerals.
Praktis
Kendiri 5 Negara yang tiada bekalan air dapat menyediakan bekalan air melalui kitar semula
air. Lengkapkan langkah-langkah di bawah tentang kitar semula air. TP4/KBAT
Countries with no water supplies can supply water through the recycling of water.
Complete the steps below about the recycling of water.

Mikroorganisma/Microorganisms Klorin/Chlorine Sisa pepejal/Solid waste

Peringkat primer Peringkat sekunder Peringkat tertier

Primary stage Secondary stage Tertiary stage

Sisa air Air bersih

Waste water Clean water

Menapis keluar semua Mikroorganisma Bahan seperti klorin

sisa pepejal daripada
air.
Filter out all the
solid waste from the
water.
mengurangkan bahan
organik pepejal.
Microorganisms reduce
the solid organic
substances.
ditambah untuk membunuh
mikroorganisma .
A substance such as
chlorine is added
to kill microorganisms .

Kesimpulan Air dapat dibersihkan melalui penurasan , penyulingan , pendidihan dan pengklorinan .
Water can be purified by filtration , distillation , boiling and chlorination .

60
 Tarikh:

5.10 AKTIVITI Sistem pembekalan air PBD

KBAT PERBINCANGAN Water supply system Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 115 – 117

Nyatakan tangki-tangki yang terlibat dalam sistem pembekalan air. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang kosong
di bawah. TP4/KBAT
State the tanks involved in the water supply system. Then, complete the spaces below.
Penurasan Penggumpalan Pemfluoridaan Simpanan Pengklorinan
Filtration Coagulation Fluoridation Storage Chlorination
Pengenapan Membunuh Pengoksidaan Oksigen Zarah terampai
Sedimentation Kills Oxidation Oxygen Suspended particles
Kapur mati Alum Penapisan Pereputan gigi Ultraungu
Slaked lime Alum Screening Tooth decay Ultraviolet

(b) Tangki penapisan (c) Tangki pengoksidaan (d) Tangki penggumpalan

Screening tank Oxidation tank Coagulation tank

• Menyingkirkan Oksigen Alum

BAB
• dilarutkan untuk • menggumpalkan
bendasing pepejal menyingkirkan rasa dan bau Alum
besar. zarah terampai. /
Removes large solid
impurities.
busuk./ Oxygen is
dissolved to remove the •
coagulates the suspended particles.
Kapur mati mengurangkan
5
unpleasant taste and smell.
keasidan air. / Slaked lime
reduces the acidity of the water.
Alum Kapur mati
Alum Slaked lime
Pam
Pump

(a) Takungan/Empangan
Reservoir/Dam
• Menyimpan air sungai.
Stores river water. pengenapan
(e) Tangki / Sedimentation tank
• Sinaran ultraungu
dalam cahaya • Zarah-zarah kotoran yang besar dan berat
matahari membunuh tenggelam di dasar tangki./Big and heavy
sebahagian daripada dirt particles sink to the bottom of the tank.
bakteria dalam air.
Garam fluorida Air klorin
Ultraviolet rays Fluoride salt Chlorine water
in sunlight kills some
of the bacteria in the
water. Pam
Pump

Ke tangki simpanan
To storage tank

(h) Tangki pemfluoridaan (g) Tangki pengklorinan (f) Tangki penurasan

Fluoridation tank Chlorination tank Filtration tank
• Garam fluorida, iaitu natrium • Penapis pasir
• Klorin membunuh
fluorida mengurangkan menyingkirkan
mikroorganisma yang berbahaya
pereputan gigi . zarah terampai .
dalam air.
Fluoride salt, i.e. sodium fluoride kills Sand filters remove
Chlorine dangerous
reduces tooth decay . suspended particles .
microorganisms in the water.

61
 PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 5 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.

Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Antara yang berikut, yang 2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu Apakah gas P?
manakah tujuan pengoksidaan radas untuk mengkaji What is gases P?
dalam proses pembersihan air? elektrolisis air berasid dengan A Hidrogen B Oksigen
Which of the following is the menggunakan elektrod karbon. Hydrogen Oxygen
purpose of oxidation in water Diagram 1 shows an apparatus C Plumbum D Nitrogen
purification process? to study the electrolysis of acidic Lead Nitrogen
I Menyingkirkan bendasing water by using carbon electrodes.
Removes impurities 3 Apakah yang berlaku apabila
II Menambah kandungan P Q sedikit garam ditambah ke
oksigen dalam air?
Increase oxygen content What happens when a little salt
BAB

III Menyingkirkan bau dan rasa is added to water?

yang kurang menyenangkan A Mendidih di atas 100°C
5 Get rid of smells and discomfort
IV Membunuh mikroorganisma
Boil above 100°C
B Membeku di atas 0°C
Kills microorganisms Freeze above 0°C
A I dan II B III dan IV C Menyejat dengan lebih
I and II III and IV cepat
C II dan III D I dan IV Evaporate faster
II and III I and IV Rajah 1/Diagram 1 D Menjadi berasid
Become acidic

Bahagian B/Section B
1 Lengkapkan teka silang kata tentang kaedah pembersihan air.
Complete the crossword puzzle about the water purification methods.
4
C
4
P
H
E
L
N
O
3
P G
R
E K
I
1
P E N Y U L I N G A N
N
D O 3
B A
I R
O T
D I 1
D I S T I L L A T I O N
I N
L O
H A 2
F I L T R A T I O N
2
P E N U R A S A N
N
N
G

Melintang/Horizontal Menegak/Vertical
1 Menyingkirkan semua bahan. 3 Menggunakan haba./Use heat.
Removes all substances. 4 Menambah air klorin./Add chlorine water.
2 Hanya menyingkirkan bendasing terampai.
Only removes suspended impurities.
[4 markah/4 marks]

62
Bahagian C/Section C
2 (a) Gambar foto 1 menunjukkan John meminum air sungai secara terus.
Photograph 1 shows John drinking river water directly.
(i) Adakah tindakan John betul? Berikan satu alasan. TP5/Menilai
Is the John’s action correct? Give a reason.
Tidak. Air sungai masih mengandungi mikroorganisma yang
mungkin menyebabkan penyakit.
No. River water still contains microorganisms that may cause disease.

Gambar Foto 1/Photograph 1 [2 markah/2 marks]

(ii) Cadangkan apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh John sebelum meminum air itu. Terangkan. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Suggest what John needs to do before drinking the water. Explain.
John perlu mendidihkan air sungai untuk membunuh mikroorganisma di dalamnya sebelum
meminum air sungai itu./John must boil the river water to kill the microorganisms in it before drinking
the river water.

BAB
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Gambar foto 2 menunjukkan kebocoran paip air bawah tanah di sebatang jalan raya.
The photograph 2 shows leakage of an underground water pipe on a road. 5
Apakah yang boleh anda lakukan untuk mengatasi masalah yang
ditunjukkan dalam gambar foto di sebelah kiri? TP4/Menganalisis
What can you do to solve the problem shown in the photograph on the left?
Melaporkan kepada jabatan air yang berdekatan tentang kebocoran
paip air bawah tanah./Report to the nearest water department about the
leakage of underground water pipes.

Gambar Foto 2/Photograph 2

[2 markah/2 marks]

(c) Kini, banyak keluarga di Malaysia menggunakan penapis air yang mengandungi turus ultraungu.
Today, many families in Malaysia use water filter containing ultraviolet columns.

Praktis
Formatif
Gambar Foto 3/Photograph 3

(i) Pada pendapat anda, apakah bahan-bahan dalam air pili yang dapat disingkirkan oleh penapis air
ini? Terangkan. TP4/Menganalisis
In your opinion, what are the substances in the tap water that can be removed by this water filter? Explain.
Penapis di dalamnya menyingkirkan zarah-zarah terampai dan sinaran ultraungu membunuh
mikroorganisma./The filter in it removes suspended particles and ultraviolet rays kill microorganisms.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(ii) Bolehkah air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini diminum terus? Terangkan mengapa.
Can the water that comes out through this water filter be drunk directly? Explain why. TP5/Menilai
Ya. Air yang disalur keluar melalui penapis air ini tidak mengandungi mikroorganisma.
Yes. The water that comes out through this water filter does not contain microorganisms.
[2 markah/2 marks]

63